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Cracco L, Cali I, Cohen ML, Aslam R, Notari S, Kong Q, Newell KL, Ghetti B, Appleby BS, Gambetti P. Efficient transmission of human prion diseases to a glycan-free prion protein-expressing host. Brain 2024; 147:1539-1552. [PMID: 38000783 PMCID: PMC10994570 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that the association of glycans with the prion protein (PrP), a major post-translational modification, significantly impacts the pathogenesis of prion diseases. A recent bioassay study has provided evidence that the presence of PrP glycans decreases spongiform degeneration and disease-related PrP (PrPD) deposition in a murine model. We challenged (PRNPN181Q/197Q) transgenic (Tg) mice expressing glycan-free human PrP (TgGlyc-), with isolates from sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease subtype MM2 (sCJDMM2), sporadic fatal insomnia and familial fatal insomnia, three human prion diseases that are distinct but share histotypic and PrPD features. TgGlyc- mice accurately replicated the basic histotypic features associated with the three diseases but the transmission was characterized by high attack rates, shortened incubation periods and a greatly increased severity of the histopathology, including the presence of up to 40 times higher quantities of PrPD that formed prominent deposits. Although the engineered protease-resistant PrPD shared at least some features of the secondary structure and the presence of the anchorless PrPD variant with the wild-type PrPD, it exhibited different density gradient profiles of the PrPD aggregates and a higher stability index. The severity of the histopathological features including PrP deposition appeared to be related to the incubation period duration. These findings are clearly consistent with the protective role of the PrP glycans but also emphasize the complexity of the conformational changes that impact PrPD following glycan knockout. Future studies will determine whether these features apply broadly to other human prion diseases or are PrPD-type dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cracco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ignazio Cali
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mark L Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rabail Aslam
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Silvio Notari
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brian S Appleby
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Chen Z, Chu M, Zhang J, Kong Y, Xie K, Cui Y, Ye H, Liu L, Li J, Wang L, Wu L. Clinical profiles and ethnic heterogeneity of sporadic fatal insomnia. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:813-822. [PMID: 36617541 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study was undertaken to elucidate the clinical profile of sporadic fatal insomnia (sFI), assess the similarities and differences between sFI and fatal familial insomnia (FFI), and evaluate the influence of ethnicity on the phenotype of sFI patients. METHODS The data of sFI and FFI patients were retrieved from our case series and through literature review. The clinical and diagnostic features of sFI and FFI were compared, as were the phenotypes of Asian and Caucasian sFI patients. RESULTS We identified 44 sFI and 157 FFI cases. The prevalence of sleep-related, neuropsychiatric, and autonomic symptoms among the sFI patients were 65.9%, 100.0%, and 43.2%, respectively. Compared to FFI, sFI exhibited longer disease duration and a higher proportion of neuropsychiatric symptoms, whereas FFI was characterized by a higher incidence of sleep-related and autonomic symptoms in the early stages of the disease or throughout its course. In addition, a higher proportion of the sFI patients showed hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and periodic sharp wave complexes on electroencephalography compared to the FFI patients, especially those presenting with pathological changes associated with MM2-cortical type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The Asian sFI patients had a higher proportion of males and positivity for cerebrospinal fluid 14-3-3 protein, and fewer sleep-related symptoms compared to Caucasian sFI patients. The age at onset and duration of sFI differed between ethnic groups, but the difference failed to reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Despite its similarities to FFI, sFI is characterized by longer disease duration, higher proportion of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and hyperintensity on MRI, along with differences in the clinical characteristics based on ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Xie
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Hallinan GI, Ozcan KA, Hoq MR, Cracco L, Vago FS, Bharath SR, Li D, Jacobsen M, Doud EH, Mosley AL, Fernandez A, Garringer HJ, Jiang W, Ghetti B, Vidal R. Cryo-EM structures of prion protein filaments from Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:509-520. [PMID: 35819518 PMCID: PMC9381446 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) aggregation and formation of PrP amyloid (APrP) are central events in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. In the dominantly inherited prion protein amyloidosis known as Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease, plaques made of PrP amyloid are present throughout the brain. The c.593t > c mutation in the prion protein gene (PRNP) results in a phenylalanine to serine amino acid substitution at PrP residue 198 (F198S) and causes the most severe amyloidosis among GSS variants. It has been shown that neurodegeneration in this disease is associated with the presence of extracellular APrP plaques and neuronal intracytoplasmic Tau inclusions, that have been shown to contain paired helical filaments identical to those found in Alzheimer disease. Using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we determined for the first time the structures of filaments of human APrP, isolated post-mortem from the brain of two symptomatic PRNP F198S mutation carriers. We report that in GSS (F198S) APrP filaments are composed of dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric left-handed protofilaments with their protomers sharing a common protein fold. The protomers in the cross-β spines consist of 62 amino acids and span from glycine 80 to phenylalanine 141, adopting a previously unseen spiral fold with a thicker outer layer and a thinner inner layer. Each protomer comprises nine short β-strands, with the β1 and β8 strands, as well as the β4 and β9 strands, forming a steric zipper. The data obtained by cryo-EM provide insights into the structural complexity of the PrP filament in a dominantly inherited human PrP amyloidosis. The novel findings highlight the urgency of extending our knowledge of the filaments' structures that may underlie distinct clinical and pathologic phenotypes of human neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace I. Hallinan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Kadir A. Ozcan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA
| | - Md Rejaul Hoq
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA
| | - Laura Cracco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Frank S. Vago
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA
| | - Sakshibeedu R. Bharath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA
| | - Daoyi Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA
| | - Max Jacobsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Emma H. Doud
- Center for Proteome Analysis and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Amber L. Mosley
- Center for Proteome Analysis and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Anllely Fernandez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Holly J. Garringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Ruben Vidal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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4
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Luan X, Zhang X, Zhou Y. The Role and Clinical Observation of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Relieving Senile Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9484095. [PMID: 35601141 PMCID: PMC9122729 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9484095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess the role and clinical observation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in relieving senile insomnia and conduct a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis. Methods We searched Chinese literatures from some database, including the China Knowledge Network database, Chongqing CQVIP Chinese database, Wanfang database, and Chinese Biomedical Literature database. In addition, English literature retrieval database PubMed and the Cochrane Library were included in this meta-analysis. The randomized controlled trial (RCT) of cognitive behavioral therapy was found in the treatment of chronic insomnia. All articles were current up to December 1, 2021, and references in the literature were hand searched. Results About 16 studies were included, involving 1260 elderly patients with insomnia. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with the control group, the sleep latency of the experimental group MD = -8.02, 95% CI (10.95, 5.01), the number of awakenings of the experimental group MD = -0.41, 95% CI (0.68, 0.14), the total sleep time of the experimental group MD = 39.41, 95% CI (27.05, 51.71), the sleep efficiency of the experimental group MD = 7.82, 95% CI (1.87, 13.75) the Pittsburgh sleep quality index of the experimental group MD = 2.41, 95% CI (3.12, 1.46), the effective rate of the experimental group: OR = 3.12, 95% CI (1.76, 5.48), and the insomnia severity index of the experimental group MD = 1.05, 95% CI (2.04, 0.52). Conclusion Our current study has indicated that TCM may play a central role in relieving senile insomnia and may be effective when treating insomnia. However, due to the low quality of trial methodology and publication bias, it cannot be fully confirmed. Further high-quality trials are needed to be investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luan
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yixin Zhou
- Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 200120, Shanghai 200120, China
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Bartz JC. Environmental and host factors that contribute to prion strain evolution. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:5-16. [PMID: 33899132 PMCID: PMC8932343 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prions are novel pathogens that are composed entirely of PrPSc, the self-templating conformation of the host prion protein, PrPC. Prion strains are operationally defined as a heritable phenotype of disease that are encoded by strain-specific conformations of PrPSc. The factors that influence the relative distribution of strains in a population are only beginning to be understood. For prions with an infectious etiology, environmental factors, such as strain-specific binding to surfaces and resistance to weathering, can influence which strains are available for transmission to a naïve host. Strain-specific differences in efficiency of infection by natural routes of infection can also select for prion strains. The host amino acid sequence of PrPC has the greatest effect on dictating the repertoire of prion strains. The relative abundance of PrPC, post-translational modifications of PrPC and cellular co-factors involved in prion conversion can also provide conditions that favor the prevalence of a subset of prion strains. Additionally, prion strains can interfere with each other, influencing the emergence of a dominant strain. Overall, both environmental and host factors may influence the repertoire and distribution of strains within a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Bartz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
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6
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Shafiq M, Zafar S, Younas N, Noor A, Puig B, Altmeppen HC, Schmitz M, Matschke J, Ferrer I, Glatzel M, Zerr I. Prion protein oligomers cause neuronal cytoskeletal damage in rapidly progressive Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:11. [PMID: 33618749 PMCID: PMC7898440 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-density oligomers of the prion protein (HDPs) have previously been identified in brain tissues of patients with rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease (rpAD). The current investigation aims at identifying interacting partners of HDPs in the rpAD brains to unravel the pathological involvement of HDPs in the rapid progression. Methods HDPs from the frontal cortex tissues of rpAD brains were isolated using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Proteins interacting with HDPs were identified by co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry. Further verifications were carried out using proteomic tools, immunoblotting, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results We identified rpAD-specific HDP-interactors, including the growth arrest specific 2-like 2 protein (G2L2). Intriguingly, rpAD-specific disturbances were found in the localization of G2L2 and its associated proteins i.e., the end binding protein 1, α-tubulin, and β-actin. Discussion The results show the involvement of HDPs in the destabilization of the neuronal actin/tubulin infrastructure. We consider this disturbance to be a contributing factor for the rapid progression in rpAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-021-00422-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Shafiq
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Neelam Younas
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Aneeqa Noor
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Clemens Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologica, Servei Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa LLarga sn, 08907, Hospitalet de LLobregat, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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7
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Nemani SK, Xiao X, Cali I, Cracco L, Puoti G, Nigro M, Lavrich J, Bharara Singh A, Appleby BS, Sim VL, Notari S, Surewicz WK, Gambetti P. A novel mechanism of phenotypic heterogeneity in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:85. [PMID: 32560672 PMCID: PMC7304206 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
One of remarkable features of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the great phenotypic variability. Understanding the molecular basis of this variability has important implications for the development of therapeutic approaches. It is well established that, in many cases, phenotypic heterogeneity of sCJD is under control of two determinants: the genotype at the methionine (M)/valine (V) polymorphic codon 129 of the human prion protein gene and the type, 1 or 2, of the pathogenic and disease-related form of the prion protein, PrPD. However, this scenario fails to explain the existence of distinct heterozygous sCJDMV2 subtypes, where heterogeneity occurs without any variation of the 129 allotype and PrPD type. One of these subtypes, denoted sCJDMV2C, associated with PrPD type 2, is characterized by widespread spongiform degeneration of the cerebral cortex (C). The second variant, denoted sCJDMV2K, features prominent deposition of PrPD amyloid forming kuru type (K) plaques. Here we used a mass spectrometry based approach to test the hypothesis that phenotypic variability within the sCJDMV2 subtype is at least partly determined by the abundance of 129 M and 129 V polymorphic forms of proteinase K-resistant PrPD (resPrPD). Consistent with this hypothesis, our data demonstrated a strong correlation of the MV2C and MV2K phenotypes with the relative populations of protease-resistant forms of the pathogenic prion proteins, resPrPD-129 M and resPrPD-129 V, where resPrPD-129 M dominated in the sCJDMV2C variant and resPrPD-129 V in the sCJDMV2K variant. This finding suggests an important, previously unrecognized mechanism for phenotypic determination in human prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K. Nemani
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Xiangzhu Xiao
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Ignazio Cali
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Laura Cracco
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Gianfranco Puoti
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Nigro
- Department of Mental Health and Emergency Psychiatry, P. O. “Maresca”, Asl Napoli 3 Sud, 80059 Torre del Greco, Italy
| | - Jody Lavrich
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Anuradha Bharara Singh
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Brian S. Appleby
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Valerie L. Sim
- grid.17089.37Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G2M8 Canada
| | - Silvio Notari
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Witold K. Surewicz
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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8
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Areškevičiūtė A, Broholm H, Melchior LC, Bartoletti-Stella A, Parchi P, Capellari S, Scheie D, Lund EL. Molecular Characterization of the Danish Prion Diseases Cohort With Special Emphasis on Rare and Unique Cases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 78:980-992. [PMID: 31553446 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to perform an updated reclassification of all definite prion disease cases with available fresh-frozen samples referred to the Danish Reference Center over the past 40 years, putting a special emphasis on the molecular characterization of novel disease subtypes. Investigation of the Danish prion diseases cohort revealed rare sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cases with mixed subtypes and subtypes with previously uncharacterized white matter plaques, a new case of sporadic fatal insomnia, and 3 novel mutations, including 2 large octapeptide repeat insertions, and a point mutation in the prion protein gene. The evaluation of methionine and valine distribution at codon 129 among the prion disease patients in the cohort revealed the increased prevalence of methionine homozygotes compared to the general population. This observation was in line with the prevalence reported in other Caucasian prion disease cohort studies. Reclassification of the old prion diseases cohort revealed unique cases, the molecular characterization of which improves prion diseases classification, diagnostic accuracy, genetic counseling of affected families, and the understanding of disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušrinė Areškevičiūtė
- Department of Pathology, Danish Reference Center for Prion Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Helle Broholm
- Department of Pathology, Danish Reference Center for Prion Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Linea C Melchior
- Department of Pathology, Danish Reference Center for Prion Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Bartoletti-Stella
- Department of Pathology, Danish Reference Center for Prion Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- Department of Pathology, Danish Reference Center for Prion Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabina Capellari
- Department of Pathology, Danish Reference Center for Prion Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - David Scheie
- Department of Pathology, Danish Reference Center for Prion Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Eva L Lund
- Department of Pathology, Danish Reference Center for Prion Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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9
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Takeuchi A, Mohri S, Kai H, Tamaoka A, Kobayashi A, Mizusawa H, Iwasaki Y, Yoshida M, Shimizu H, Murayama S, Kuroda S, Morita M, Parchi P, Kitamoto T. Two distinct prions in fatal familial insomnia and its sporadic form. Brain Commun 2019; 1:fcz045. [PMID: 32954274 PMCID: PMC7425372 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal familial insomnia is a genetic prion disease, which is associated with the aspartic acid to asparagine substitution at codon 178 of the prion protein gene. Although the hallmark pathological feature is thalamic and olivary degeneration, there is a patient with an atypical fatal familial insomnia without the hallmark feature. The cause of the pathological variability is unclear. We analysed a Japanese fatal familial insomnia kindred and compared one atypical clinicopathological fatal familial insomnia phenotype case and typical fatal familial insomnia phenotype cases with transmission studies using multiple lines of knock-in mice and with protein misfolding cyclic amplification. We also analysed the transmissibility and the amplification properties of sporadic fatal insomnia. Transmission studies revealed that the typical fatal familial insomnia with thalamic and olivary degeneration showed successful transmission only using knock-in mice expressing human-mouse chimeric prion protein gene. The atypical fatal familial insomnia with spongiform changes showed successful transmission only using knock-in mice expressing bank vole prion protein gene. Two sporadic fatal insomnia cases with thalamic and olivary degeneration showed the same transmissibility as the typical fatal familial insomnia phenotype. Interestingly, one sporadic fatal insomnia case with thalamic/olivary degeneration and spongiform changes showed transmissibility of both the typical and atypical fatal familial insomnia phenotypes. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification could amplify both typical fatal familial insomnia cases and sporadic fatal insomnia cases but not the atypical fatal familial insomnia phenotype or other sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease subtypes. In addition to clinical findings and neuropathological features, the transmission properties and the amplification properties were different between the typical and atypical fatal familial insomnia phenotypes. It is suggested that two distinct prions were associated with the diversity in the fatal familial insomnia phenotype, and these two prions could also be detected in sporadic fatal insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Takeuchi
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kai
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Tamaoka
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- The National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neurology and Neuropathology (The Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | | | - Masanori Morita
- Research and Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Piero Parchi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna 40123, Italy
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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10
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Cracco L, Xiao X, Nemani SK, Lavrich J, Cali I, Ghetti B, Notari S, Surewicz WK, Gambetti P. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease revisited: accumulation of covalently-linked multimers of internal prion protein fragments. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:85. [PMID: 31142381 PMCID: PMC6540574 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their phenotypic heterogeneity, most human prion diseases belong to two broadly defined groups: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS). While the structural characteristics of the disease-related proteinase K-resistant prion protein (resPrPD) associated with the CJD group are fairly well established, many features of GSS-associated resPrPD are unclear. Electrophoretic profiles of resPrPD associated with GSS variants typically show 6-8 kDa bands corresponding to the internal PrP fragments as well as a variable number of higher molecular weight bands, the molecular nature of which has not been investigated. Here we have performed systematic studies of purified resPrPD species extracted from GSS cases with the A117V (GSSA117V) and F198S (GSSF198S) PrP gene mutations. The combined analysis based on epitope mapping, deglycosylation treatment and direct amino acid sequencing by mass spectrometry provided a conclusive evidence that high molecular weight resPrPD species seen in electrophoretic profiles represent covalently-linked multimers of the internal ~ 7 and ~ 8 kDa fragments. This finding reveals a mechanism of resPrPD aggregate formation that has not been previously established in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cracco
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiangzhu Xiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Satish K Nemani
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jody Lavrich
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ignazio Cali
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Silvio Notari
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Witold K Surewicz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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11
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Rossi M, Baiardi S, Parchi P. Understanding Prion Strains: Evidence from Studies of the Disease Forms Affecting Humans. Viruses 2019; 11:E309. [PMID: 30934971 PMCID: PMC6520670 DOI: 10.3390/v11040309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a unique group of rare neurodegenerative disorders characterized by tissue deposition of heterogeneous aggregates of abnormally folded protease-resistant prion protein (PrPSc), a broad spectrum of disease phenotypes and a variable efficiency of disease propagation in vivo. The dominant clinicopathological phenotypes of human prion disease include Creutzfeldt⁻Jakob disease, fatal insomnia, variably protease-sensitive prionopathy, and Gerstmann⁻Sträussler⁻Scheinker disease. Prion disease propagation into susceptible hosts led to the isolation and characterization of prion strains, initially operatively defined as "isolates" causing diseases with distinctive characteristics, such as the incubation period, the pattern of PrPSc distribution, and the regional severity of neuropathological changes after injection into syngeneic hosts. More recently, the structural basis of prion strains has been linked to amyloid polymorphs (i.e., variant amyloid protein conformations) and the concept extended to all protein amyloids showing polymorphic structures and some evidence of in vivo or in vitro propagation by seeding. Despite the significant advances, however, the link between amyloid structure and disease is not understood in many instances. Here we reviewed the most significant contributions of human prion disease studies to current knowledge of the molecular basis of phenotypic variability and the prion strain phenomenon and underlined the unsolved issues from the human disease perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Rossi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna 40139, Italy.
| | - Simone Baiardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40123, Italy.
| | - Piero Parchi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna 40139, Italy.
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.
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12
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Baldelli L, Provini F. Fatal familial insomnia and Agrypnia Excitata: Autonomic dysfunctions and pathophysiological implications. Auton Neurosci 2019; 218:68-86. [PMID: 30890351 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) is a hereditary prion disease caused by a mutation at codon 178 of the prion-protein gene leading to a D178N substitution in the protein determining severe and selective atrophy of mediodorsal and anteroventral thalamic nuclei. FFI is characterized by physiological sleep loss, which polygraphically appears to be a slow wave sleep loss, autonomic and motor hyperactivation with peculiar episodes of oneiric stupor. Alteration of autonomic functions is a great burden for FFI patients consisting in sympathetic overactivation, dysregulation of its physiological responses and disruption of circadian rhythms. The cardiovascular system is the most frequently and severely affected confirming the increased sympathetic drive with preserved parasympathetic responses. Sleep loss, autonomic and motor hyperactivation define Agrypnia Excitata (AE), which is not exclusive to FFI, but it has been canonically described also in Morvan Syndrome and Delirium Tremens. These three conditions present different pathophysiological mechanisms but share the same thalamo-limbic impairment of which AE is one of the possible clinical presentations. FFI, and consequently also AE, is a model for the investigation of the essential role of the thalamus in the organization of body homeostasis, integrating both sleep and autonomic function control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Baldelli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Provini
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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13
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Baiardi S, Rossi M, Capellari S, Parchi P. Recent advances in the histo-molecular pathology of human prion disease. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:278-300. [PMID: 30588685 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are progressive neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans and other mammalian species. The term prion, originally put forward to propose the concept that a protein could be infectious, refers to PrPSc , a misfolded isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC ) that represents the pathogenetic hallmark of these disorders. The discovery that other proteins characterized by misfolding and seeded aggregation can spread from cell to cell, similarly to PrPSc , has increased interest in prion diseases. Among neurodegenerative disorders, however, prion diseases distinguish themselves for the broader phenotypic spectrum, the fastest disease progression and the existence of infectious forms that can be transmitted through the exposure to diseased tissues via ingestion, injection or transplantation. The main clinicopathological phenotypes of human prion disease include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, by far the most common, fatal insomnia, variably protease-sensitive prionopathy, and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease. However, clinicopathological manifestations extend even beyond those predicted by this classification. Because of their transmissibility, the phenotypic diversity of prion diseases can also be propagated into syngenic hosts as prion strains with distinct characteristics, such as incubation period, pattern of PrPSc distribution and regional severity of histopathological changes in the brain. Increasing evidence indicates that different PrPSc conformers, forming distinct ordered aggregates, encipher the phenotypic variants related to prion strains. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances concerning the histo-molecular pathology of human prion disease focusing on the phenotypic spectrum of the disease including co-pathologies, the characterization of prion strains by experimental transmission and their correlation with the physicochemical properties of PrPSc aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Baiardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello Rossi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabina Capellari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Nemani SK, Notari S, Cali I, Alvarez VE, Kofskey D, Cohen M, Stern RA, Appleby B, Abrams J, Schonberger L, McKee A, Gambetti P. Co-occurrence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy and prion disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:140. [PMID: 30563563 PMCID: PMC6299534 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with repetitive traumatic brain injury (TBI). CTE is generally found in athletes participating in contact sports and military personnel exposed to explosive blasts but can also affect civilians. Clinically and pathologically, CTE overlaps with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a term mostly used in a clinical context. The histopathology of CTE is defined by the deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurons and astrocytes preferentially with perivascular distribution and at the depths of the cortical sulci. In addition to hyperphosphorylated tau, other pathologic proteins are deposited in CTE, including amyloid β (Aβ), transactive response (TAR) DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) and α-synuclein. However, the coexistence of prion disease in CTE has not been observed. We report three cases of histopathologically validated CTE with co-existing sporadic prion disease. Two were identified in a cohort of 55 pathologically verified cases of CTE submitted to the CTE Center of Boston University. One was identified among brain tissues submitted to the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center of Case Western Reserve University. The histopathological phenotype and properties of the abnormal, disease-related prion protein (PrPD) of the three CTE cases were examined using lesion profile, immunohistochemistry, electrophoresis and conformational tests. Subjects with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) matched for age, PrP genotype and PrPD type were used as controls. The histopathology phenotype and PrPD properties of the three CTE subjects showed no significant differences from their respective sCJD controls suggesting that recurring neurotrauma or coexisting CTE pathology did not detectably impact the prion disease phenotype and PrPD conformational characteristics. Based on the reported incidence of sporadic prion disease, the detection of two cases with sCJD in the CTE Center series of 55 CTE cases by chance alone would be highly unlikely (p = 8.93*10- 6). Nevertheless, examination of a larger cohort of CTE is required to conclusively determine whether the risk of CJD is significantly increased in patients with CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Nemani
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Silvio Notari
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Ignazio Cali
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Victor E Alvarez
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Center and CTE Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Diane Kofskey
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mark Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Robert A Stern
- Alzheimer's Disease Center and CTE Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Brian Appleby
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Joseph Abrams
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Lawrence Schonberger
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Ann McKee
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Center and CTE Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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15
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Kim C, Xiao X, Chen S, Haldiman T, Smirnovas V, Kofskey D, Warren M, Surewicz K, Maurer NR, Kong Q, Surewicz W, Safar JG. Artificial strain of human prions created in vitro. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2166. [PMID: 29867164 PMCID: PMC5986862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism that determines under physiological conditions transmissibility of the most common human prion disease, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is unknown. We report the synthesis of new human prion from the recombinant human prion protein expressed in bacteria in reaction seeded with sCJD MM1 prions and cofactor, ganglioside GM1. These synthetic human prions were infectious to transgenic mice expressing non-glycosylated human prion protein, causing neurologic dysfunction after 459 and 224 days in the first and second passage, respectively. The neuropathology, replication potency, and biophysical profiling suggest that a novel, particularly neurotoxic human prion strain was created. Distinct biological and structural characteristics of our synthetic human prions suggest that subtle changes in the structural organization of critical domains, some linked to posttranslational modifications of the pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc), play a crucial role as a determinant of human prion infectivity, host range, and targetting of specific brain structures in mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Kim
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xiangzhu Xiao
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Shugui Chen
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Rd., King of Prussia, PA19406, UK
| | - Tracy Haldiman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Vitautas Smirnovas
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graiciuno 8, Vilnius, 02241, Lithuania
| | - Diane Kofskey
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Miriam Warren
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Krystyna Surewicz
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Nicholas R Maurer
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Witold Surewicz
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jiri G Safar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and sporadic fatal insomnia (sFI), or thalamic form of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease MM2 (sCJDMM2T), are prion diseases originally named and characterized in 1992 and 1999, respectively. FFI is genetically determined and linked to a D178N mutation coupled with the M129 genotype in the prion protein gene (PRNP) at chromosome 20. sFI is a phenocopy of FFI and likely its sporadic form. Both diseases are primarily characterized by progressive sleep impairment, disturbances of autonomic nervous system, and motor signs associated with severe loss of nerve cells in medial thalamic nuclei. Both diseases harbor an abnormal disease-associated prion protein isoform, resistant to proteases with relative mass of 19 kDa identified as resPrPTSE type 2. To date at least 70 kindreds affected by FFI with 198 members and 18 unrelated carriers along with 25 typical cases of sFI have been published. The D178N-129M mutation is thought to cause FFI by destabilizing the mutated prion protein and facilitating its conversion to PrPTSE. The thalamus is the brain region first affected. A similar mechanism triggered spontaneously may underlie sFI.
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17
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Diack AB, Bartz JC. Experimental models of human prion diseases and prion strains. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 153:69-84. [PMID: 29887156 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63945-5.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prion strains occur in natural prion diseases, including prion diseases of humans. Prion strains can correspond with differences in the clinical signs and symptoms of disease and the distribution of prion infectivity in the host and are hypothesized to be encoded by strain-specific differences in the conformation of the disease-specific isoform of the host-encoded prion protein, PrPTSE. Prion strains can differ in biochemical properties of PrPTSE that can include the relative sensitivity to digestion with proteinase K and conformational stability in denaturants. These strain-specific biochemical properties of field isolates are maintained upon transmission to experimental animal models of prion disease. Experimental human models of prion disease include traditional and gene-targeted mice that express endogenous PrPC. Transgenic mice that express different polymorphs of human PrPC or mutations in human PrPC that correspond with familial forms of human prion disease have been generated that can recapitulate the clinical, pathologic, and biochemical features of disease. These models aid in understanding disease pathogenesis, evaluating zoonotic potential of animal prion diseases, and assessing human-to-human transmission of disease. Models of sporadic or familial forms of disease offer an opportunity to define mechanisms of disease, identify key neurodegenerative pathways, and assess therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail B Diack
- Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom.
| | - Jason C Bartz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
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