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Xie X, Fu G, Liu Y, Fan C, Tan S, Huang H, Yan J, Jin L. Hedgehog pathway negatively regulated depleted uranium-induced nephrotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3833-3845. [PMID: 38546377 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) retains the radiological toxicities, which accumulates preferentially in the kidneys. Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a critical role in tissue injury. However, the role of Hh in DU-induced nephrotoxicity was still unclear. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Gli2, which was an important transcription effector of Hh signaling, on DU induced nephrotoxicity. To clarify it, CK19 positive tubular epithelial cells specific Gli2 conditional knockout (KO) mice model was exposed to DU, and then histopathological damage and Hh signaling pathway activation was analyzed. Moreover, HEK-293 T cells were exposed to DU with Gant61 or Gli2 overexpression, and cytotoxicity of DU as analyzed. Results showed that DU caused nephrotoxicity accompanied by activation of Hh signaling pathway. Meanwhile, genetic KO of Gli2 reduced DU-induced nephrotoxicity by normalizing biochemical indicators and reducing Hh pathway activation. Pharmacologic inhibition of Gli1/2 by Gant61 reduced DU induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis, ROS formation and Hh pathway activation. However, overexpression of Gli2 aggravated DU-induced cytotoxicity by increasing the levels of apoptosis and ROS formation. Taken together, these results revealed that Hh signaling negatively regulated DU-inducted nephrotoxicity, and that inhibition of Gli2 might serve as a promising nephroprotective target for DU-induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Xie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoquan Fu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caixia Fan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanshan Tan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huarong Huang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junyan Yan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifang Jin
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
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Zhao B, Zhang J, Zhao K, Zhao W, Shi Y, Liu J, Zeng L, Wang C, Zeng X, Shi J. Study on the mechanism of vitamin E alleviating non-alcoholic fatty liver function based on non-targeted metabolomics analysis in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4299-4307. [PMID: 38091076 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Vitamin E (VE) has antioxidant properties and can mediate lipid metabolism. Non-targeted metabolomics technology was employed to uncover comprehensively the metabolome of VE in NAFLD rats. NAFLD model was created with a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFD) in rats. NAFLD rats in the VE group were given 75 mg/(kg day) VE. The metabolites in the serum of rats were identified via UPLC and Q-TOF/MS analysis. KEGG was applied for the pathway enrichment. VE improved the liver function, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress in NAFLD rats induced by HFD. Based on the metabolite profile data, 132 differential metabolites were identified between VE group and the HFD group, mainly including pyridoxamine, betaine, and bretylium. According to the KEGG results, biosynthesis of cofactors was a key metabolic pathway of VE in NAFLD rats. VE can alleviate NAFLD induced by HFD, and the underlying mechanism is associated with the biosynthesis of cofactors, mainly including pyridoxine and betaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyun Zhao
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Kaiyue Zhao
- Medical Department, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Zhao
- Medical Department, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajuan Shi
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, 126 Wenzhou Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoxuan Wang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University School, Nanjing, China
| | - Junping Shi
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, 126 Wenzhou Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China.
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Elmileegy IMH, Waly HSA, Alghriany AAI, Abou Khalil NS, Mahmoud SMM, Negm EA. Gallic acid rescues uranyl acetate induced-hepatic dysfunction in rats by its antioxidant and cytoprotective potentials. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:423. [PMID: 37993853 PMCID: PMC10664358 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver was identified as a primary target organ for the chemo-radiological effects of uranyl acetate (UA). Although the anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of gallic acid (GA) make it a promising phytochemical to resist its hazards, there is no available data in this area of research. METHODS To address this issue, eighteen rats were randomly and equally divided into three groups. One group was received carboxymethyl cellulose (vehicle of GA) and kept as a control. The UA group was injected intraperitoneally with UA at a single dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. The third group (GA + UA group) was treated with GA orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 14 days before UA exposure. UA was injected on the 15th day of the experiment in either the UA group or the GA + UA group. The biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical findings in the GA + UA group were compared to both control and UA groups. RESULTS The results showed that UA exposure led to a range of adverse effects. These included elevated plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, globulin, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein and decreased plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The exposure also disrupted the redox balance, evident through decreased plasma total antioxidant capacity and hepatic nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase and increased hepatic oxidized glutathione and malondialdehyde. Plasma levels of albumin and alanine aminotransferase did not significantly change in all groups. Histopathological analysis revealed damage to liver tissue, characterized by deteriorations in tissue structure, excessive collagen accumulation, and depletion of glycogen. Furthermore, UA exposure up-regulated the immuno-expression of cleaved caspase-3 and down-regulated the immuno-expression of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 in hepatic tissues, indicating an induction of apoptosis and oxidative stress response. However, the pre-treatment with GA proved to be effective in mitigating these negative effects induced by UA exposure, except for the disturbances in the lipid profile. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that GA has the potential to act as a protective agent against the adverse effects of UA exposure on the liver. Its ability to restore redox balance and inhibit apoptosis makes it a promising candidate for countering the harmful effects of chemo-radiological agents such as UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtisam M H Elmileegy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Hanan S A Waly
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Nasser S Abou Khalil
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Merit University, Sohag, Egypt.
| | - Sara M M Mahmoud
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Eman A Negm
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
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Shu C, Li J, Liu S, Li Y, Ran Y, Zhao Y, Li J, Hao Y. Depleted uranium induces thyroid damage through activation of ER stress via the thrombospondin 1-PERK pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110592. [PMID: 37270086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) can cause damage to the body, but its effects on the thyroid are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the DU-induced thyroid damage and its potential mechanism in order to find new targets for detoxification after DU poisoning. A model of acute exposure to DU was constructed in rats. It was observed that DU accumulated in the thyroid, induced thyroid structure disorder and cell apoptosis, and decreased the serum T4 and FT4 levels. Gene screening showed that thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) was a sensitive gene of DU, and the expression of TSP-1 decreased with the increase of DU exposure dose and time. TSP-1 knockout mice exposed to DU had more severe thyroid damage and lower serum FT4 and T4 levels than wild-type mice. Inhibiting the expression of TSP-1 in FRTL-5 cells aggravated DU-induced apoptosis, while exogenous TSP-1 protein alleviated the decreased viability in FRTL-5 cells caused by DU. It was suggested that DU may caused thyroid damage by down-regulating TSP-1. It was also found that DU increased the expressions of PERK, CHOP, and Caspase-3, and 4-Phenylbutyric (4-PBA) alleviated the DU-induced FRTL-5 cell viability decline and the decrease levels of rat serum FT4 and T4 caused by DU. After DU exposure, the PERK expression was further up-regulated in TSP-1 knockout mice, and the increased expression of PERK was alleviated in TSP-1 over-expressed cells, as well as the increased expression of CHOP and Caspase-3. Further verification showed that inhibition of PERK expression could reduce the DU-induced increased expression of CHOP and Caspase-3. These findings shed light on the mechanism that DU may activate ER stress via the TSP 1-PERK pathway, thereby leading to thyroid damage, and suggest that TSP-1 may be a potential therapeutic target for DU-induced thyroid damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Suiyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yonghong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yazhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuhui Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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5
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Byrnes I, Rossbach LM, Brede DA, Grolimund D, Ferreira Sanchez D, Nuyts G, Čuba V, Reinoso-Maset E, Salbu B, Janssens K, Oughton D, Scheibener S, Teien HC, Lind OC. Synchrotron-Based X-ray Fluorescence Imaging Elucidates Uranium Toxicokinetics in Daphnia magna. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5296-5305. [PMID: 36921214 PMCID: PMC10062025 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A combination of synchrotron-based elemental analysis and acute toxicity tests was used to investigate the biodistribution and adverse effects in Daphnia magna exposed to uranium nanoparticle (UNP, 3-5 nm) suspensions or to uranium reference (Uref) solutions. Speciation analysis revealed similar size distributions between exposures, and toxicity tests showed comparable acute effects (UNP LC50: 402 μg L-1 [336-484], Uref LC50: 268 μg L-1 [229-315]). However, the uranium body burden was 3- to 5-fold greater in UNP-exposed daphnids, and analysis of survival as a function of body burden revealed a ∼5-fold higher specific toxicity from the Uref exposure. High-resolution X-ray fluorescence elemental maps of intact, whole daphnids from sublethal, acute exposures of both treatments revealed high uranium accumulation onto the gills (epipodites) as well as within the hepatic ceca and the intestinal lumen. Uranium uptake into the hemolymph circulatory system was inferred from signals observed in organs such as the heart and the maxillary gland. The substantial uptake in the maxillary gland and the associated nephridium suggests that these organs play a role in uranium removal from the hemolymph and subsequent excretion. Uranium was also observed associated with the embryos and the remnants of the chorion, suggesting uptake in the offspring. The identification of target organs and tissues is of major importance to the understanding of uranium and UNP toxicity and exposure characterization that should ultimately contribute to reducing uncertainties in related environmental impact and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Byrnes
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Lisa Magdalena Rossbach
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Dag Anders Brede
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss
Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Gert Nuyts
- AXIS
Group, NANOlab Center of Excellence, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Václav Čuba
- Faculty
of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 166 36 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Estela Reinoso-Maset
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Brit Salbu
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Koen Janssens
- AXIS
Group, NANOlab Center of Excellence, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Deborah Oughton
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Shane Scheibener
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Hans-Christian Teien
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
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6
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Grison S, Souidi M. Use of omics analysis for low-dose radiotoxicology and health risk assessment: the case of uranium. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2022; 8:dvac025. [PMID: 36518874 PMCID: PMC9743459 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental pollution and the increase in the incidence of multifactorial diseases in the population have become health problems for industrialized countries. In this context, the question of the health impact of exposure to these pollutants is not clearly identified in the low-dose range. This article looks at this problem using the example of preclinical studies of the effects of chronic low-dose exposure to uranium in rats. These studies demonstrate the value of molecular screening analyses (omics) and multimodal integrative approaches, of which the extreme sensitivity and breadth of observation spectrum make it possible to observe all the biological processes affected and the mechanisms of action triggered at the molecular level by exposure to low doses. They also show the value of these analytical approaches for finding diagnostic biomarkers or indicators of prognosis, which can be necessary to evaluate a risk. Finally, the results of these studies raise the question of the health risk caused by epigenomic deregulations occurring during critical developmental phases and their potential contribution to the development of chronic diseases that are metabolic in origin or to the development of certain cancer liable in the long term to affect the exposed adult and possibly its progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Grison
- *Correspondence address. Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PSE-SANTE, F-92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France. Tel: +331-58-35-91-23; E-mail:
| | - Maâmar Souidi
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PSE-SANTE, F-92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
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7
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Chen D, Weng H, Li H, Lu Y. Oral subacute nephrotoxicity of aristololactam I in rats. Toxicology 2022; 475:153228. [PMID: 35690179 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aristolactams (ALs) have been recognized as one kind of metabolites of aristolochic acids (AAs), the nephrotoxic components of Aristolochiaceae plants, and are more widely distributed than AAs in herbal medicines. This study evaluated the oral subacute nephrotoxicity of aristolactam I (AL I), a representative compound of ALs. AL I was intragastrically administered to rats at 20 mg·kg-1·d-1 for 10 or 20 days, with aristolochic acid I (AA I) used as positive control at the same dose. After 10-day treatment, AL I led to a significant increase in early renal injury-related indices in urine and obvious histopathological lesions in kidneys, including degeneration of tubular epithelial cells, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. The lesions induced by AL I were significantly aggravated after 20-day exposure. However, AL I induced less histopathological damage in kidneys than AA I in both 10- and 20-day groups. Our results indicated that oral AL I caused nephrotoxicity by inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and overactivation of the complement system as AA I did. Three detected apoptosis-associated indicators were not affected by AL I but remarkably increased by AA I. In summary, oral AL I induced evident renal damage in rats after only 10 days of treatment, and the damage was aggravated after 20 days. However, AL I was obviously less nephrotoxic than AA I via oral gavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyue Wang
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daofeng Chen
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbo Weng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Guéguen Y, Frerejacques M. Review of Knowledge of Uranium-Induced Kidney Toxicity for the Development of an Adverse Outcome Pathway to Renal Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084397. [PMID: 35457214 PMCID: PMC9030063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a conceptual construct of causally and sequentially linked events, which occur during exposure to stressors, with an adverse outcome relevant to risk assessment. The development of an AOP is a means of identifying knowledge gaps in order to prioritize research assessing the health risks associated with exposure to physical or chemical stressors. In this paper, a review of knowledge was proposed, examining experimental and epidemiological data, in order to identify relevant key events and potential key event relationships in an AOP for renal impairment, relevant to stressors such as uranium (U). Other stressors may promote similar pathways, and this review is a necessary step to compare and combine knowledge reported for nephrotoxicants. U metal ions are filtered through the glomerular membrane of the kidneys, then concentrate in the cortical and juxtaglomerular areas, and bind to the brush border membrane of the proximal convoluted tubules. U uptake by epithelial cells occurs through endocytosis and the sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter (NaPi-IIa). The identified key events start with the inhibition of the mitochondria electron transfer chain and the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, due to cytochrome b5/cytochrome c disruption. In the nucleus, U directly interacts with negatively charged DNA phosphate, thereby inducing an adduct formation, and possibly DNA strand breaks or cross-links. U also compromises DNA repair by inhibiting zing finger proteins. Thereafter, U triggers the Nrf2, NF-κB, or endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. The resulting cellular key events include oxidative stress, DNA strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations, apoptosis, and pro-inflammatory effects. Finally, the main adverse outcome is tubular damage of the S2 and S3 segments of the kidneys, leading to tubular cell death, and then kidney failure. The attribution of renal carcinogenesis due to U is controversial, and specific experimental or epidemiological studies must be conducted. A tentative construction of an AOP for uranium-induced kidney toxicity and failure was proposed.
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9
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Hao Y, Huang J, Ran Y, Wang S, Li J, Zhao Y, Ran X, Lu B, Liu J, Li R. Ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 initiates overactive autophagy in depleted uranium-induced cytotoxicity in the human embryonic kidney 293 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22669. [PMID: 33274826 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is the target of the acute toxicity of depleted uranium (DU). However, the mechanism of DU-induced cytotoxicity is not clear. The study was to demonstrate the role of autophagy in DU-induced cytotoxicity and to determine the potential mechanism. We confirmed that after a 4-h exposure to DU, the autophagic vacuoles and the autophagy marker light chain 3-II in the human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293) increased, and cytotoxicity decreased by abrogation of excessive autophagy using autophagy inhibitor. We also found activation of nucleus p53 and inhibiting mTOR pathways in DU-treated HEK293 cells. Meanwhile, ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 (ETHE1) decreased as the exposure dose of DU increased, with increasing autophagy flux. We suggested that by reducing ETHE1, activation of the p53 pathway, and inhibiting mTOR pathways, DU might induce overactive autophagy, which affected the cytotoxicity. This study will provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of DU-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yazhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinze Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Binghui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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10
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Ma M, Wang R, Xu L, Xu M, Liu S. Emerging health risks and underlying toxicological mechanisms of uranium contamination: Lessons from the past two decades. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106107. [PMID: 32932066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Uranium contamination is a global health concern. Regarding natural or anthropogenic uranium contamination, the major sources of concern are groundwater, mining, phosphate fertilizers, nuclear facilities, and military activities. Many epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated that environmental and occupational uranium exposure can induce multifarious health problems. Uranium exposure may cause health risks because of its chemotoxicity and radiotoxicity in natural or anthropogenic scenarios: the former is generally thought to play a more significant role with regard to the natural uranium exposure, and the latter is more relevant to enriched uranium exposure. The understanding of the health risks and underlying toxicological mechanisms of uranium remains at a preliminary stage, and many controversial findings require further research. In order to present state-of-the-art status in this field, this review will primarily focus on the chemotoxicity of uranium, rather than its radiotoxicity, as well as the involved toxicological mechanisms. First, the natural or anthropogenic uranium contamination scenarios will be briefly summarized. Second, the health risks upon natural uranium exposure, for example, nephrotoxicity, bone toxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity, will be discussed based on the reported epidemiological cases and laboratory studies. Third, the recent advances regarding the toxicological mechanisms of uranium-induced chemotoxicity will be highlighted, including oxidative stress, genetic damage, protein impairment, inflammation, and metabolic disorder. Finally, the gaps and challenges in the knowledge of uranium-induced chemotoxicity and underlying mechanisms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lining Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Yang CC, Lin CI, Lee SS, Wang CL, Dai CY, Chuang HY. The association of blood lead levels and renal effects may be modified by genetic combinations of Metallothionein 1A 2A polymorphisms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9603. [PMID: 32541800 PMCID: PMC7295782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is a protein with function of heavy metal detoxification. However, studies about how single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MT genes influence lead nephropathy are relatively scarce. Therefore, our aim is to investigate the association between blood lead levels and renal biomarkers and to study whether this association is influenced by the combination of MT1A and MT2A SNPs. Blood lead, urinary uric acid (UA), and urinary N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) levels were analyzed from 485 participants. Genotyping were performed on MT1A SNPs (rs11640851 and rs8052394) and MT2A SNPs (rs10636 and rs28366003). The combined MT1A 2A SNPs were divided into 16 groups. Among renal biomarkers, urinary UA was negatively significant associated with the time-weighted index of cumulative blood lead (TWICL), while urinary NAG was positively significant with TWICL. Furthermore, the association between urinary UA and TWICL was significantly modified by group 6 of combined SNPs (MT1A 2 A SNPs combination were AAAGGGAA, ACAGGGAA, and ACGGGGAA). In conclusion, the negative association of urinary UA and TWICL is modified by group 6, which means participants of group 6 are more susceptible to lead nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Cheng Yang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Shin Lee
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ling Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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12
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Wang L, Cheng B, Li H, Wang Y. Proteomics analysis of preadipocytes between fat and lean broilers. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:522-529. [PMID: 31132862 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1621989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
1. Reducing excessive chicken body fat deposition is a main goal of the poultry industry. Preadipocytes are important in adipose tissue growth and development. 2. To discover proteins related to chicken fat deposition, two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in preadipocytes derived from Northeast Agricultural University broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content (NEAUHLF). 3. A total of 46 differentially expressed protein spots were found in the preadipocytes between fat and lean broilers. Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis showed the protein spots corresponded to 33 different proteins. The proteins were mainly related to biological oxidation, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton, lipid metabolism, molecular chaperone, protein synthesis and signal transduction. 4. From the perspective of protein expression, these results lay a foundation for further study of the genetic mechanism of broiler adipose tissue growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding , Harbin , P. R. China.,Department of Education of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction , Harbin , P. R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - B Cheng
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding , Harbin , P. R. China.,Department of Education of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction , Harbin , P. R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - H Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding , Harbin , P. R. China.,Department of Education of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction , Harbin , P. R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - Y Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding , Harbin , P. R. China.,Department of Education of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction , Harbin , P. R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
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13
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Al-Naimi MS, Rasheed HA, Hussien NR, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI. Nephrotoxicity: Role and significance of renal biomarkers in the early detection of acute renal injury. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2019; 10:95-99. [PMID: 31334089 PMCID: PMC6621352 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_336_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is defining as rapid deterioration in the kidney function due to toxic effect of medications and chemicals. There are various forms, and some drugs may affect renal function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity. Different mechanisms lead to nephrotoxicity, including renal tubular toxicity, inflammation, glomerular damage, crystal nephropathy, and thrombotic microangiopathy. The traditional markers of nephrotoxicity and renal dysfunction are blood urea and serum creatinine which are regarded as low sensitive in the detection of early renal damage. Thus, the detection of the initial renal injures required new biomarkers which are more sensitive and highly specific that gives an insight into the site of underlying renal damage. Kidney injury molecule-1, Cystatin C, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin sera levels are more sensitive than blood urea and serum creatinine in the detection of acute kidney injury during nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa S Al-Naimi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Huda A Rasheed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nawar R Hussien
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medicine and Therapeutic, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medicine and Therapeutic, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
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14
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Wang N, Zhu F, Chen L, Chen K. Proteomics, metabolomics and metagenomics for type 2 diabetes and its complications. Life Sci 2018; 212:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Carugo O. Structural features of uranium-protein complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 189:1-6. [PMID: 30149122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Uranium toxicity depends on its chemical properties rather than on its radioactivity and involves its interaction with macromolecules. Here, a systematic survey of the structural features of the uranyl sites observed in protein crystal structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank is reported. Beside the two uranyl oxygens, which occupy the axial positions, uranium tends to be coordinated by five other oxygen atoms, which occupy the equatorial vertices of a pentagonal bipyramid. Even if one or more of these equatorial positions are sometime empty, they can be occupied only by oxygen atoms that belong to the carboxylate groups of Glu and Asp side-chains, usually acting as monodentate ligands, to water molecules, or to acetate anions. Although several uranium sites appear undefined or unrefined, with a single uranium atom that lacks the two uranyl oxygen atoms, this problem seems to become less frequent in recent years. However, it is clear that the crystallographic refinements of the uranyl sites are not always well restrained and a better parametrization of these restraints seems to be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliviero Carugo
- Chemistry Department, University of Pavia, Italy; Department of Structural and Computational Biology, University of Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Ren J, Hao Y, Gao R, Zhang Y, Ran Y, Liu J, Dai X, Xiong W, Su Y, Li R. Effect of a novel polyethylene glycol compound on lung lavage in dogs after the inhalation of depleted uranium dust. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:462-471. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1446228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhui Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotian Dai
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Ghrelin protects against depleted uranium-induced bone damage by increasing osteoprotegerin/RANKL ratio. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 343:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Theobald J, Ghanem A, Wallisch P, Banaeiyan AA, Andrade-Navarro MA, Taškova K, Haltmeier M, Kurtz A, Becker H, Reuter S, Mrowka R, Cheng X, Wölfl S. Liver-Kidney-on-Chip To Study Toxicity of Drug Metabolites. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:78-89. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jannick Theobald
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Ghanem
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Wallisch
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amin A. Banaeiyan
- Biological
Physics, Department of Physics, Chalmers Campus, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Miguel A. Andrade-Navarro
- Computational
Biology and Data Mining Group, Institute for Molecular Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Katerina Taškova
- Computational
Biology and Data Mining Group, Institute for Molecular Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Kurtz
- Berlin-Brandenburg
Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Holger Becker
- Microfluidic ChipShop GmbH, Stockholmer
Strasse 20, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reuter
- Experimentelle
Nephrologie, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Nonenplan 4, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Ralf Mrowka
- Experimentelle
Nephrologie, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Nonenplan 4, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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