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Geng T, Sun Q, He J, Chen Y, Cheng W, Shen J, Liu B, Zhang M, Wang S, Asan K, Song M, Gao Q, Song Y, Liu R, Liu X, Ding Y, Jing A, Ye X, Ren H, Zeng K, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Ma S, Liu W, Liu S, Ji J. CXXC5 drove inflammation and ovarian cancer proliferation via transcriptional activation of ZNF143 and EGR1. Cell Signal 2024; 119:111180. [PMID: 38642782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
CXXC5, a zinc-finger protein, is known for its role in epigenetic regulation via binding to unmethylated CpG islands in gene promoters. As a transcription factor and epigenetic regulator, CXXC5 modulates various signaling processes and acts as a key coordinator. Altered expression or activity of CXXC5 has been linked to various pathological conditions, including tumorigenesis. Despite its known role in cancer, CXXC5's function and mechanism in ovarian cancer are unclear. We analyzed multiple public databases and found that CXXC5 is highly expressed in ovarian cancer, with high expression correlating with poor patient prognosis. We show that CXXC5 expression is regulated by oxygen concentration and is a direct target of HIF1A. CXXC5 is critical for maintaining the proliferative potential of ovarian cancer cells, with knockdown decreasing and overexpression increasing cell proliferation. Loss of CXXC5 led to inactivation of multiple inflammatory signaling pathways, while overexpression activated these pathways. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we confirmed ZNF143 and EGR1 as downstream transcription factors of CXXC5, mediating its proliferative potential in ovarian cancer. Our findings suggest that the CXXC5-ZNF143/EGR1 axis forms a network driving ovarian cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, and highlight CXXC5 as a potential therapeutic target for ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Qigang Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Affiliated Hainan Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Jingliang He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yulu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Wenhao Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Kadirya Asan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Mengwei Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yizhuo Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Ruotong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Aixin Jing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Hongyu Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Kaile Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Shaojie Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Shunfang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jing Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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Lv M, Xu Y, Chen P, Li J, Qin Z, Huang B, Liu Y, Tao X, Xiang J, Wang Y, Feng Y, Zheng W, Zhang Z, Li L, Liao H. TSLP enhances progestin response in endometrial cancer via androgen receptor signal pathway. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:585-596. [PMID: 38172534 PMCID: PMC10876595 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enriched proteins within in vitro fertilisation (IVF)-generated human embryonic microenvironment could reverse progestin resistance in endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS The expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in EC was evaluated by immunoblot and IHC analysis. Transcriptome sequencing screened out the downstream pathway regulated by TSLP. The role of TSLP, androgen receptor (AR) and KANK1 in regulating the sensitivity of EC to progestin was verified through a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS TSLP facilitates the formation of a BMP4/BMP7 heterodimer, resulting in activation of Smad5, augmenting AR signalling. AR in turn sensitises EC cells to progestin via KANK1. Downregulation of TSLP, loss of AR and KANK1 in EC patients are associated with tumour malignant progress. Moreover, exogenous TSLP could rescue the anti-tumour effect of progestin on mouse in vivo xenograft tumour. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that TSLP enhances the sensitivity of EC to progestin through the BMP4/Smad5/AR/KANK1 axis, and provide a link between embryo development and cancer progress, paving the way for the establishment of novel strategy overcoming progestin resistance using embryo original factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Lv
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200080, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiqin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjie Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200080, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuoshu Qin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Baozhu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200080, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200080, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Tao
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, 200090, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Youji Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200080, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Zhenbo Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China.
| | - Linxia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 358 Datong Road, 200137, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200040, Shanghai, China.
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Almosailleakh M, Bentivegna S, Narcisi S, Benquet SJ, Gillberg L, Montaño-Almendras CP, Savickas S, Schoof EM, Wegener A, Luche H, Jensen HE, Côme C, Grønbæk K. Loss of the KN Motif and AnKyrin Repeat Domain 1 (KANK1) Leads to Lymphoid Compartment Dysregulation in Murine Model. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1947. [PMID: 37895296 PMCID: PMC10605996 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The KN Motif and AnKyrin Repeat Domain 1 (KANK1) is proposed as a tumour suppressor gene, as its expression is reduced or absent in several types of tumour tissue, and over-expressing the protein inhibited the proliferation of tumour cells in solid cancer models. We report a novel germline loss of heterozygosity mutation encompassing the KANK1 gene in a young patient diagnosed with myelodysplastic neoplasm (MDS) with no additional disease-related genomic aberrations. To study the potential role of KANK1 in haematopoiesis, we generated a new transgenic mouse model with a confirmed loss of KANK1 expression. KANK1 knockout mice did not develop any haematological abnormalities; however, the loss of its expression led to alteration in the colony forming and proliferative potential of bone marrow (BM) cells and a decrease in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) population frequency. A comprehensive marker expression analysis of lineage cell populations indicated a role for Kank1 in lymphoid cell development, and total protein analysis suggests the involvement of Kank1 in BM cells' cytoskeleton formation and mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Almosailleakh
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.A.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 4072 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofia Bentivegna
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.A.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 4072 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuele Narcisi
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.A.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 4072 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sébasitien J. Benquet
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.A.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 4072 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linn Gillberg
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.A.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 4072 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carmen P. Montaño-Almendras
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.A.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 4072 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simonas Savickas
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Erwin M. Schoof
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Hérve Luche
- Centre d’Immunophénomique—CIPHE (PHENOMIN), Aix Marseille Université (UMS3367), Inserm (US012), CNRS (UAR3367), 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Henrik E. Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christophe Côme
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.A.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 4072 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Grønbæk
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.A.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 4072 Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Mougeot JLC, Beckman MF, Hovan AJ, Hasséus B, Legert KG, Johansson JE, von Bültzingslöwen I, Brennan MT, Bahrani Mougeot F. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Support Care Cancer 2023; 31:587. [PMID: 37731134 PMCID: PMC10511391 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-08044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a debilitating side effect of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), affecting the quality of life of patients. We used whole exome sequencing to identify candidate SNPs and complete a multi-marker gene-level analysis using a cohort of cGVHD( +) (N = 16) and cGVHD( -) (N = 66) HCT patients. METHODS Saliva samples were collected from HCT patients (N = 82) pre-conditioning in a multi-center study from March 2011 to May 2018. Exome sequencing was performed and FASTQ files were processed for sequence alignments. Significant SNPs were identified by logistic regression using PLINK2v3.7 and Fisher's exact test. One cGVHD( -) patient sample was excluded from further analysis since no SNP was present in at least 10% of the sample population. The FUMA platform's SNP2GENE was utilized to annotate SNPs and generate a MAGMA output. Chromatin state visualization of lead SNPs was completed using Epilogos tool. FUMA's GENE2FUNC was used to obtain gene function and tissue expression from lead genomic loci. RESULTS Logistic regression classified 986 SNPs associated with cGVHD( +). SNP2GENE returned three genomic risk loci, four lead SNPs, 48 candidate SNPs, seven candidate GWAS tagged SNPs, and four mapped genes. Fisher's exact test identified significant homozygous genotypes of four lead SNPs (p < 0.05). GENE2FUNC analysis of multi-marker SNP sets identified one positional gene set including lead SNPs for KANK1 and KDM4C and two curated gene sets including lead SNPs for PTPRD, KDM4C, and/or KANK1. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that SNPs in three genes located on chromosome 9 confer genetic susceptibility to cGVHD in HCT patients. These genes modulate STAT3 expression and phosphorylation in cancer pathogenesis. The findings may have implications in the modulation of pathways currently targeted by JAK inhibitors in cGVHD clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc C Mougeot
- Translational Research Laboratories, Department of Oral Medicine/Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Atrium Health - Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA.
| | - Micaela F Beckman
- Translational Research Laboratories, Department of Oral Medicine/Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Atrium Health - Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Allan J Hovan
- BC Cancer, Oral Oncology and Dentistry, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bengt Hasséus
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Jan-Erik Johansson
- Department of Hematology and Coagulation, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Michael T Brennan
- Translational Research Laboratories, Department of Oral Medicine/Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Atrium Health - Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Farah Bahrani Mougeot
- Translational Research Laboratories, Department of Oral Medicine/Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Atrium Health - Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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Gregg JT, Himes BE, Asselbergs FW, Moore JH. Improving Genetic Association Studies with a Novel Methodology that Unveils the Hidden Complexity of All-Cause Heart Failure. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.08.02.23293567. [PMID: 37577697 PMCID: PMC10418568 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.23293567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Motivation Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) commonly assume phenotypic and genetic homogeneity that is not present in complex conditions. We designed Transformative Regression Analysis of Combined Effects (TRACE), a GWAS methodology that better accounts for clinical phenotype heterogeneity and identifies gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions. We demonstrated with UK Biobank (UKB) data that TRACE increased the variance explained in All-Cause Heart Failure (AHF) via the discovery of novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and SNP-by-environment (i.e. GxE) interaction associations. First, we transformed 312 AHF-related ICD10 codes (including AHF) into continuous low-dimensional features (i.e., latent phenotypes) for a more nuanced disease representation. Then, we ran a standard GWAS on our latent phenotypes to discover main effects and identified GxE interactions with target encoding. Genes near associated SNPs subsequently underwent enrichment analysis to explore potential functional mechanisms underlying associations. Latent phenotypes were regressed against their SNP hits and the estimated latent phenotype values were used to measure the amount of AHF variance explained. Results Our method identified over 100 main GWAS effects that were consistent with prior studies and hundreds of novel gene-by-smoking interactions, which collectively accounted for approximately 10% of AHF variance. This represents an improvement over traditional GWAS whose results account for a negligible proportion of AHF variance. Enrichment analyses suggested that hundreds of miRNAs mediated the SNP effect on various AHF-related biological pathways. The TRACE framework can be applied to decode the genetics of other complex diseases. Availability All code is available at https://github.com/EpistasisLab/latent_phenotype_project.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Gregg
- Department of Biostatistics Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Blanca E. Himes
- Department of Biostatistics Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jason H. Moore
- Department of Computational Biomedicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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6
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Takemon Y, LeBlanc VG, Song J, Chan SY, Lee SD, Trinh DL, Ahmad ST, Brothers WR, Corbett RD, Gagliardi A, Moradian A, Cairncross JG, Yip S, Aparicio SAJR, Chan JA, Hughes CS, Morin GB, Gorski SM, Chittaranjan S, Marra MA. Multi-Omic Analysis of CIC's Functional Networks Reveals Novel Interaction Partners and a Potential Role in Mitotic Fidelity. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2805. [PMID: 37345142 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CIC encodes a transcriptional repressor and MAPK signalling effector that is inactivated by loss-of-function mutations in several cancer types, consistent with a role as a tumour suppressor. Here, we used bioinformatic, genomic, and proteomic approaches to investigate CIC's interaction networks. We observed both previously identified and novel candidate interactions between CIC and SWI/SNF complex members, as well as novel interactions between CIC and cell cycle regulators and RNA processing factors. We found that CIC loss is associated with an increased frequency of mitotic defects in human cell lines and an in vivo mouse model and with dysregulated expression of mitotic regulators. We also observed aberrant splicing in CIC-deficient cell lines, predominantly at 3' and 5' untranslated regions of genes, including genes involved in MAPK signalling, DNA repair, and cell cycle regulation. Our study thus characterises the complexity of CIC's functional network and describes the effect of its loss on cell cycle regulation, mitotic integrity, and transcriptional splicing, thereby expanding our understanding of CIC's potential roles in cancer. In addition, our work exemplifies how multi-omic, network-based analyses can be used to uncover novel insights into the interconnected functions of pleiotropic genes/proteins across cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Takemon
- Genome Science and Technology Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Véronique G LeBlanc
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jungeun Song
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Susanna Y Chan
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Stephen Dongsoo Lee
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Diane L Trinh
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Shiekh Tanveer Ahmad
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - William R Brothers
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Richard D Corbett
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Alessia Gagliardi
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Annie Moradian
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - J Gregory Cairncross
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Samuel A J R Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher S Hughes
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Gregg B Morin
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Sharon M Gorski
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Suganthi Chittaranjan
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
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Kavitha M, Jayachandran D, Aishwarya SY, Md. Younus P, Venugopal A, Suresh Babu HW, Ajay E, Sanjana M, Arul N, Balachandar V. A new insight into the diverse facets of microRNA-31 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) have been reported as an emerging biomarker in many cancer types. They are used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and could be considered therapeutic targets in treating the same.
Main body
Studies have proven that miRNAs play an essential role in molecular cancer pathophysiology, including oral squamous cell carcinoma. Distinct expression profiles of different miRNAs have been demonstrated in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Among the miRNAs, the miR-31 has strong potential as a unique biomarker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and the increased expression was correlated to a poor clinical outcome with a likely contribution to oral carcinogenesis.
Short conclusion
The recent research on different aspects of miR-31 as a biomarker and also its potential application in the development of therapy for oral squamous cell carcinoma has been focused in this review.
Graphical abstract
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8
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Nguyen MT, Lee W. Kank1 Is Essential for Myogenic Differentiation by Regulating Actin Remodeling and Cell Proliferation in C2C12 Progenitor Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132030. [PMID: 35805114 PMCID: PMC9265739 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton dynamics are essential regulatory processes in muscle development, growth, and regeneration due to their modulation of mechanotransduction, cell proliferation, differentiation, and morphological changes. Although the KN motif and ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 1 (Kank1) plays a significant role in cell adhesion dynamics, actin polymerization, and cell proliferation in various cells, the functional significance of Kank1 during the myogenic differentiation of progenitor cells has not been explored. Here, we report that Kank1 acts as a critical regulator of the proliferation and differentiation of muscle progenitor cells. Kank1 was found to be expressed at a relatively high level in C2C12 myoblasts, and its expression was modulated during the differentiation. Depletion of Kank1 by siRNA (siKank1) increased the accumulation of filamentous actin (F-actin). Furthermore, it facilitated the nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) by diminishing YAP1 phosphorylation in the cytoplasm, which activated the transcriptions of YAP1 target genes and promoted proliferation and cell cycle progression in myoblasts. Notably, depletion of Kank1 suppressed the protein expression of myogenic regulatory factors (i.e., MyoD and MyoG) and dramatically inhibited myoblast differentiation and myotube formation. Our results show that Kank1 is an essential regulator of actin dynamics, YAP1 activation, and cell proliferation and that its depletion impairs the myogenic differentiation of progenitor cells by promoting myoblast proliferation triggered by the F-actin-induced nuclear translocation of YAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Korea;
| | - Wan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Korea;
- Channelopathy Research Center, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsan Dong-gu, Gyeonggi-do, Goyang 10326, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-770-2409
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9
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Han H, Jiang G, Kumari R, Silic MR, Owens JL, Hu C, Mittal SK, Zhang G. Loss of smarcad1a accelerates tumorigenesis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in zebrafish. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2021; 60:743-761. [PMID: 34296799 PMCID: PMC9585957 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are a type of sarcoma that generally originates from Schwann cells. The prognosis for this type of malignancy is relatively poor due to complicated genetic alterations and the lack of specific targeted therapy. Chromosome fragment 4q22-23 is frequently deleted in MPNSTs and other human tumors, suggesting tumor suppressor genes may reside in this region. Here, we provide evidence that SMARCAD1, a known chromatin remodeler, is a novel tumor suppressor gene located in 4q22-23. We identified two human homologous smarcad1 genes (smarcad1a and smarcad1b) in zebrafish, and both genes share overlapping expression patterns during embryonic development. We demonstrated that two smarcad1a loss-of-function mutants, sa1299 and p403, can accelerate MPNST tumorigenesis in the tp53 mutant background, suggesting smarcad1a is a bona fide tumor suppressor gene for MPNSTs. Moreover, we found that DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair might be compromised in both mutants compared to wildtype zebrafish, as indicated by pH2AX, a DNA DSB marker. In addition, both SMARCAD1 gene knockdown and overexpression in human cells were able to inhibit tumor growth and displayed similar DSB repair responses, suggesting proper SMARCAD1 gene expression level or gene dosage is critical for cell growth. Given that mutations of SMARCAD1 sensitize cells to poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors in yeast and the human U2OS osteosarcoma cell line, the identification of SMARCAD1 as a novel tumor suppressor gene might contribute to the development of new cancer therapies for MPNSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Guangzhen Jiang
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Present address:
College of Animal Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Rashmi Kumari
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Martin R. Silic
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Jake L. Owens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Chang‐Deng Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease (PI4D)Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - GuangJun Zhang
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease (PI4D)Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience (PIIN)Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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10
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Gu YH, Cui XW, Ren JY, Long MM, Wang W, Wei CJ, Aimaier R, Li YH, Chung MH, Gu B, Li QF, Wang ZC. Selection of internal references for RT-qPCR assays in Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) related Schwann cell lines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0241821. [PMID: 33630851 PMCID: PMC7906369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) has been widely applied in uncovering disease mechanisms and screening potential biomarkers. Internal reference gene selection determines the accuracy and reproducibility of data analyses. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal reference genes for the relative quantitative analysis of RT-qPCR in fourteen NF1 related cell lines, including non-tumor, benign and malignant Schwann cell lines. The expression characteristics of eleven candidate reference genes (RPS18, ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, PPIA, HPRT1, TBP, UBC, RPLP0, TFRC and RPL32) were screened and analyzed by four software programs: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder. Results showed that GAPDH, the most frequently used internal reference gene, was significantly unstable between various cell lines. The combinational use of two reference genes (PPIA and TBP) was optimal in malignant Schwann cell lines and the use of single reference genes (PPIA or PRLP0) alone or in combination was optimal in benign Schwann cell lines. These recommended internal reference gene selections may improve the accuracy and reproducibility of RT-qPCR in gene expression analyses of NF1 related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Wei Cui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Yi Ren
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Man-Mei Long
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Jiang Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rehanguli Aimaier
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Man-Hon Chung
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Feng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (QFL); (ZCW)
| | - Zhi-Chao Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (QFL); (ZCW)
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11
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Digital Image Analysis Applied to Tumor Cell Proliferation, Aggressiveness, and Migration-Related Protein Synthesis in Neuroblastoma 3D Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228676. [PMID: 33212997 PMCID: PMC7698558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer 3D models are a promising tool that will revolutionize personalized cancer therapy but that require previous knowledge of optimal cell growth conditions and the most advantageous parameters to evaluate biomimetic relevance and monitor therapy efficacy. This study aims to establish general guidelines on 3D model characterization phenomena, focusing on neuroblastoma. We generated gelatin-based scaffolds with different stiffness and performed SK-N-BE(2) and SH-SY5Y aggressive neuroblastoma cell cultures, also performing co-cultures with mouse stromal Schwann cell line (SW10). Model characterization by digital image analysis at different time points revealed that cell proliferation, vitronectin production, and migration-related gene expression depend on growing conditions and are specific to the tumor cell line. Morphometric data show that 3D in vitro models can help generate optimal patient-derived cancer models, by creating, identifying, and choosing patterns of clinically relevant artificial microenvironments to predict patient tumor cell behavior and therapeutic responses.
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12
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Pu J, Shen J, Zhong Z, Yanling M, Gao J. KANK1 regulates paclitaxel resistance in lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:639-647. [PMID: 32064933 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2020.1728287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX), a tubulin-binding agent, is widely used and has shown good efficacy in the initial period of treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the relatively rapid acquisition of resistance to PTX treatments that is observed in virtually all cases significantly limits its utility and remains a substantial challenge to the clinical management of NSCLC. The aim of this study was to identify candidate genes and mechanisms that might mediate acquired paclitaxel resistance. In this work, we established paclitaxel-resistant cells (A549-T) from parental cell lines by step-dose selection in vitro. Using methylation chip analysis and transcriptome sequencing, 43,426 differentially methylated genes and 2,870 differentially expressed genes are identified. Six genes (KANK1, ALDH3A1, GALNT14, PIK3R3, LRG1, WEE2), which may be related to paclitaxel resistance in lung adenocarcinoma, were identified. Among these genes, KANK1 exhibited significant differences in methylation and expression between cell lines. Since KANK1 plays an important role in the development of renal cancer and gastric cancer, we hypothesised that it may also play a role in acquired resistance in lung adenocarcinoma. Transient transfection of SiKANK1 significantly reduced the expression of KANK1, reducing apoptosis, increasing cell migration, and enhancing the tolerance of A549 cells to paclitaxel. KANK1 acts as a tumour suppressor gene, mediating the resistance of lung adenocarcinoma A549 to paclitaxel. The reduction of KANK1 expression can increase the paclitaxel resistance of non-small cell lung cancer and increase the difficulty of clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Pu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zihua Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ma Yanling
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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13
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Shen XC, Ni CJ, Xu ST, Zhan SH, Gu GJ. Kank1 and Ki67 expression are associated with poor prognosis in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:2312-2318. [PMID: 33042336 PMCID: PMC7539868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
KN motif and ankyrin repeat domains 1 (Kank1) and ki67 are associated with tumorigenesis and progression. This paper researched the expression of Kank1 and Ki67 and their clinicopathologic significance in pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PA). We monitored the expression of KanK1 and ki67 in 94 cases of human PA and 31 cases of paracancerous tissue by the immunohistochemical method. The results showed that Kank1 protein was detected in 74.2% (41/94) of PA tissues, and they were associated with differentiation (P = 0.025) and lymphatic metastasis (P = 0.002). Kaplan-Meier analysis suggested that patients with low Kank1 expression had shorter overall survival in PA (P = 0.020). Ki67 protein was detected in 79.8% (75/94) of PA tissues, and they were associated with differentiation (P < 0.001), TNM classification (P = 0.007), and lymphatic metastasis (P = 0.044). Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with overexpression of Ki67 had shorter overall survival (P = 0.014). Cox multivariate analysis showed that tumor differentiation, TNM classification, lymphatic metastasis, Kank1, and ki67 expression were independent factors for prognosis of PA (P = 0.012, 0.016, 0.007, 0.021 and P = 0.003 respectively). In conclusion, compared with paracancerous tissues, Kank1 had low expression, while Ki67 was overexpressed in PA. They are closely related to its occurrence and development, and the prognosis of patients with low expression of Kank1 or overexpression of ki67 was poor in PA. Kank1 and Ki67 can be helpful for diagnosing and detecting the prognosis of patients with PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chun Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chong-Jun Ni
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Song-Tao Xu
- Department of Clinical, Luohe Medical CollegeLuohe, Henan, PR China
- Tumor Occurrence and Prevention Research Innovation Team of HenanLuohe, Henan, PR China
| | - Sheng-Hua Zhan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guo-Jian Gu
- Department of Pathology, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityTaicang, Jiangsu, PR China
- Department of Pathology, The First People’s Hospital of TaicangTaicang, Jiangsu, PR China
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14
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Chen X, Wang X, Yi L, Song Y. The KN Motif and Ankyrin Repeat Domains 1/CXXC Finger Protein 5 Axis Regulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation, Metastasis and Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer via Wnt Signaling. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7343-7352. [PMID: 32801759 PMCID: PMC7395690 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s240991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging research indicates that CXXC finger protein 5 (CXXC5) is involved in the development of various cancers. Besides, KN motif and ankyrin repeat domains 1 (KANK1) was proved as a tumor suppressor in multiple cancers. Our study aimed to illustrate the functional role and mechanism of CXXC5 and KANK1 in gastric cancer (GC) pathogenesis. Methods The tissues of 55 GC patients and six GC cell lines were used to investigate CXXC5 and KANK1 expression using RT-qPCR. Western blot assay was conducted to measure the protein levels of CXXC5, KANK1, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) proteins (Vimentin, E-cadherin) and Wnt signaling proteins (β-catenin, Axin2). The correlation between KANK1 and CXXC5 was estimated by Pearson’s correlation analysis. The results of Transwell assays showed the migration and invasion abilities of GC cells, while the apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. Results The expressions of CXXC5 and KANK1 were both decreased in GC tissues and cells, compared with the normal ones (P < 0.01). Overexpressing CXXC5 significantly induced apoptosis (P < 0.05) and inhibited EMT, migration (P < 0.05) and invasion (P < 0.01) in GC cells. Wnt/β-catenin/Axin2 signaling was suppressed by CXXC5 overexpression, and activating Wnt/β-catenin/Axin2 signaling reversed the effects of CXXC5. The expression of KANK1 was found to be positively correlated with CXXC5 (r2 = 0.4024). KANK1 presented similar effects with CXXC5 on GC cells; however, silencing CXXC5 or activating Wnt/β-catenin/Axin2 signaling antagonized the effects of KANK1 overexpression on EMT and apoptosis in GC (P < 0.05). Conclusion Our study suggested that CXXC5 was downregulated in GC and participated in EMT and apoptosis regulations via the Wnt/β-catenin/Axin2 pathway. Besides, the decreased expression of CXXC5 in GC was caused by KANK1 dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Gastroenteric Medicine and Digestive Endoscopy Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 13000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Gastroenteric Medicine and Digestive Endoscopy Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 13000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanjuan Yi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantaishan Hospital of Yantai City, Yantai, Shandong 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Song
- Gastroenteric Medicine and Digestive Endoscopy Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 13000, People's Republic of China
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15
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Joshi HR, Hill HR, Zhou Z, He X, Voelkerding KV, Kumánovics A. Frontline Science: Cxxc5 expression alters cell cycle and myeloid differentiation of mouse hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:469-484. [PMID: 32083332 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1hi0120-169r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CXXC5 is a member of the CXXC-type zinc finger epigenetic regulators. Various hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic roles have been assigned to CXXC5. In the present study, the role of Cxxc5 in myelopoiesis was studied using overexpression and short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown in mouse early stem and progenitor cells defined as Lineage- Sca-1+ c-Kit+ (LSK) cells. Knockdown of Cxxc5 in mouse progenitor cells reduced monocyte and increased granulocyte development in ex vivo culture systems. In addition, ex vivo differentiation and proliferation experiments demonstrated that the expression of Cxxc5 affects the cell cycle in stem/progenitor cells and myeloid cells. Flow cytometry-based analyses revealed that down-regulation of Cxxc5 leads to an increase in the percentage of cells in the S phase, whereas overexpression results in a decrease in the percentage of cells in the S phase. Progenitor cells proliferate more after Cxxc5 knockdown, and RNA sequencing of LSK cells, and single-cell RNA sequencing of differentiating myeloid cells showed up-regulation of genes involved in the regulation of cell cycle after Cxxc5 knockdown. These results provide novel insights into the physiologic function of Cxxc5 during hematopoiesis, and demonstrate for the first time that it plays a role in monocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant R Joshi
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Harry R Hill
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Zemin Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Karl V Voelkerding
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Attila Kumánovics
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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16
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Fan H, Tian H, Cheng X, Chen Y, Liang S, Zhang Z, Liao Y, Xu P. Aberrant Kank1 expression regulates YAP to promote apoptosis and inhibit proliferation in OSCC. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1850-1865. [PMID: 31338836 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The kidney ankyrin repeat-containing protein 1 (Kank1) gene is one of the most important members of the KANK family. Kank1 has hybridity deletion and promoter methylation in the cancer tissues of the brain, lung, kidney and the corresponding cell lines, leading to downregulation of the gene expression. Meanwhile, Kank1 also plays a key role in the occurrence and development of various types of tumors, suggesting that Kank1 may be an anti-oncogene. However, its role and the potential mechanisms in the Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) remain unclear. We examined the expression of Kank1 in OSCC tissues and explored its clinical significance. In addition, we investigated the effects of Kank1 on the biological behavior of OSCC cells and their specific molecular mechanisms. We found that Kank1 was poorly expressed in OSCC tissues and it is correlated with the OSCC stage and the patient's poor prognosis. By overexpression of Kank1, we found that the proliferation ability of the OSCC cells decreased both in vitro and in vivo, the proportion of apoptotic cells increased, and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential decreased. In terms of the molecular mechanism, we confirmed that Kank1 could inhibit the occurrence of OSCC by regulating Yap to inhibit the proliferation and promote apoptosis of the OSCC cells. Moreover, it was found that the overexpression of YAP reversed those effects caused by Kank1 overexpression on the OSCC cells. In conclusion, the research indicated that Kank1 might play an anti-oncogenic role in OSCC and it could be considered to be a target for the diagnosis and the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fan
- Hainan Provincial Stomatology Centre, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Hepatoliliary Surgery, Xiehe Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Hainan Provincial Stomatology Centre, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Shoujian Liang
- Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenjian Zhang
- Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xingtai People's Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Pu Xu
- Hainan Provincial Stomatology Centre, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
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17
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Xiong X, Tu S, Wang J, Luo S, Yan X. CXXC5: A novel regulator and coordinator of TGF-β, BMP and Wnt signaling. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:740-749. [PMID: 30479059 PMCID: PMC6349197 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CXXC5 is a member of the CXXC-type zinc-finger protein family. Proteins in this family play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation by binding to unmethylated CpG islands in gene promoters through their characteristic CXXC domain. CXXC5 is a short protein (322 amino acids in length) that does not have any catalytic domain, but is able to bind to DNA and act as a transcription factor and epigenetic factor through protein-protein interactions. Intriguingly, increasing evidence indicates that expression of the CXXC5 gene is controlled by multiple signaling pathways and a variety of transcription factors, positioning CXXC5 as an important signal integrator. In addition, CXXC5 is capable of regulating various signal transduction processes, including the TGF-β, Wnt and ATM-p53 pathways, thereby acting as a novel and crucial signaling coordinator. CXXC5 plays an important role in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In keeping with these functions, aberrant expression or altered activity of CXXC5 has been shown to be involved in several human diseases including tumourigenesis. This review summarizes the current understanding of CXXC5 as a transcription factor and signaling regulator and coordinator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuo Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shiwen Luo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaohua Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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18
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Liu YT, Zong D, Jiang XS, Yin L, Wang LJ, Wang TT, Zhu J, He X. miR-32 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis by targeting CXXC5. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:6250-6263. [PMID: 30362164 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-32 (miR-32) functioned as a tumor oncogene in some cancer, which control genes involved in important biological and pathological functions and facilitate the tumor growth and metastasis. However, the role of miR-32 modulates esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) malignant transformation has not been clarified. Here, we focused on the function and the underlying molecular mechanism of miR-32 in ESCC. Results discovered a significant increased expression of miR-32 in ESCC tissues and cells. Downregulation of miR-32 inhibited the migration, invasion, adhesion of ESCC cell lines (EC9706 and KYSE450), and the levels of EMT protein in vitro. In vivo, miR-32 inhibitors decrease tumor size, tumor weight, and the number of metastatic nodules. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) results revealed that inhibition of miR-32 attenuate lung metastasis. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assay showed increased level of E-cadherin and decreased level of N-cadherin and Vimentin with treatment of miR-32 inhibitors. Furthermore, miR-32 targeted the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of CXXC5, and inhibited the level of mRNA and protein of CXXC5. There is a negative correlation between the expressions of CXXC5 and miR-32. Then, after EC9706 and KYSE450 cells cotransfected with si-CXXC5 and miR-32 inhibitors, the ability of cell migration, invasion, and adhesion was significantly reduced. In addition, the protein expression of EMT and TGF-β signaling was also depressed. Collectively, these data supply an insight into the positive role of miR-32 in ESCC progression and metastasis, and its biological effects may attribute the inhibition of TGF-β signaling mediated by CXXC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Tian Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Zong
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-Song Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia He
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
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Fang L, Wang Y, Gao Y, Chen X. Overexpression of CXXC5 is a strong poor prognostic factor in ER+ breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:395-401. [PMID: 29928427 PMCID: PMC6006432 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CXXC5 is a newly identified CXXC-type zinc finger family protein, which is encoded by the CXXC5 gene localised to the 5q31.3 chromosomal region. Previous studies revealed that CXXC5 is associated with various malignant tumours. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognosis prediction of CXXC5 in different breast cancer subtypes via the Gene Expression Omnibus database and bc-GenExMiner. CXXC5 overexpression was observed as associated with a poor prognosis for oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. Basal-like breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer also suggest a poor prognosis, however their CXXC5 expression was low and could not be used as a prognostic factor. The CXXC5 correlated genes and their enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms were obtained. Among those enriched GO terms, GO:0070062 (extracellular exosome) had the greatest number of associated genes and the associated genes of GO:0000122 (negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter) and GO:0008134 (transcription factor binding) contained CXXC5. These results suggest that overexpression of CXXC5 is a strongly poor prognostic factor in ER+ breast cancer. However, the role of CXXC5 in breast cancer requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Radiology and NFCR Center for Molecular Imaging, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-5065, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
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20
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Identification of RECK as an evolutionarily conserved tumor suppressor gene for zebrafish malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23494-23504. [PMID: 29805750 PMCID: PMC5955097 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are a type of sarcoma with poor prognosis due to their complex genetic changes, invasive growth, and insensitivity to chemo- and radiotherapies. One of the most frequently lost chromosome arms in human MPNSTs is chromosome 9p. However, the cancer driver genes located on it remain largely unknown, except the tumor suppressor gene, p16 (INK4)/CDKN2A. Previously, we identified RECK as a tumor suppressor gene candidate on chromosome 9p using zebrafish-human comparative oncogenomics. In this study, we investigated the tumorigenesis of the reck gene using zebrafish genetic models in both tp53 and ribosomal protein gene mutation background. We also examined the biological effects of RECK gene restoration in human MPNST cell lines. These results provide the first genetic evidence that reck is a bona fide tumor suppressor gene for MPNSTs in zebrafish. In addition, restoration of the RECK gene in human MPNST cells leads to growth inhibition suggesting that the reactivation of RECK could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for MPNSTs.
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21
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Kubota N, Yokoyama T, Hoshi N, Suyama M. Identification of a candidate enhancer for DMRT3 involved in spastic cerebral palsy pathogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:133-139. [PMID: 29305858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a major neuronal disease and the most common movement disorder in children. Although environmental factors leading to CP have been greatly investigated, the genetic mechanism underlying CP is not well understood. Here we focused on two clinical reports that characterized a deletion involving the KANK1 gene locus in the 9p24.3 region. One report shows spastic CP and the other shows no spastic CP phenotype. Based on the epigenetic status and evolutionary conservation, we first found a functional genomic element at the noncoding region that was deleted only in patients with spastic CP. This element contains the retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor (RAR/RXR) complex-binding motif that is widely conserved among placental mammals. RAR/RXR ChIP-seq data from mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells that were treated with trans-retinoic acids showed that the element has a binding ability. In addition, data regarding chromosome conformation capture from mouse neural progenitor and ES cells suggested that the element spatially interacts with the Doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 3 (Dmrt3) gene promoter that is located approximately 120 kb downstream of the RAR/RXR-binding site. Dmrt3 is detected in the developing mouse forebrain and in some interneurons in the spinal cord, and it works as a locomotion coordinator in horses and mice. Thus, the deletion of the cis-regulatory element for DMRT3 in humans may cause impaired development of the forebrain and gait abnormalities, resulting in spastic CP. In conclusion, this study provides new mechanistic insights into the genetic basis of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Kubota
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Mikita Suyama
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Pan W, Sun K, Tang K, Xiao Q, Ma C, Yu C, Wei Z. Structural insights into ankyrin repeat-mediated recognition of the kinesin motor protein KIF21A by KANK1, a scaffold protein in focal adhesion. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1944-1956. [PMID: 29217769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney ankyrin repeat-containing proteins (KANK1/2/3/4) belong to a family of scaffold proteins, playing critical roles in cytoskeleton organization, cell polarity, and migration. Mutations in KANK proteins are implicated in cancers and genetic diseases, such as nephrotic syndrome. KANK proteins can bind various target proteins through different protein regions, including a highly conserved ankyrin repeat domain (ANKRD). However, the molecular basis for target recognition by the ANKRD remains elusive. In this study, we solved a high-resolution crystal structure of the ANKRD of KANK1 in complex with a short sequence of the motor protein kinesin family member 21A (KIF21A), revealing that the highly specific target-binding mode of the ANKRD involves combinatorial use of two interfaces. Mutations in either interface disrupted the KANK1-KIF21A interaction. Cellular immunofluorescence localization analysis indicated that binding-deficient mutations block recruitment of KIF21A to focal adhesions by KANK1. In conclusion, our structural study provides mechanistic explanations for the ANKRD-mediated recognition of KIF21A and for many disease-related mutations identified in human KANK proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Pan
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Kang Sun
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Kun Tang
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China, and
| | - Qingpin Xiao
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chenxue Ma
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Yu
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China,
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