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Bekele-Alemu A, Girma-Tola D, Ligaba-Osena A. The Potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to Circumvent the Risk Factor Neurotoxin β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid Limiting Wide Acceptance of the Underutilized Grass Pea ( Lathyrus sativus L.). Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:10570-10589. [PMID: 39329978 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46090626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a protein-rich crop that is resilient to various abiotic stresses, including drought. However, it is not cultivated widely for human consumption due to the neurotoxin β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) and its association with neurolathyrism. Though some varieties with low β-ODAP have been developed through classical breeding, the β-ODAP content is increasing due to genotype x environment interactions. This review covers grass pea nutritional quality, β-ODAP biosynthesis, mechanism of paralysis, traditional ways to reduce β-ODAP, candidate genes for boosting sulfur-containing amino acids, and the potential and targets of gene editing to reduce β-ODAP content. Recently, two key enzymes (β-ODAP synthase and β-cyanoalanine synthase) have been identified in the biosynthetic pathway of β-ODAP. We proposed four strategies through which the genes encoding these enzymes can be targeted and suppressed using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Compared to its homology in Medicago truncatula, the grass pea β-ODAP synthase gene sequence and β-cyanoalanine synthase showed 62.9% and 95% similarity, respectively. The β-ODAP synthase converts the final intermediate L-DAPA into toxic β-ODAP, whist β-cyanoalanine synthase converts O-Acetylserine into β-isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl-alanine. Since grass pea is low in methionine and cysteine amino acids, improvement of these amino acids is also needed to boost its protein content. This review contains useful resources for grass pea improvement while also offering potential gene editing strategies to lower β-ODAP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abreham Bekele-Alemu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - Deribew Girma-Tola
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Salale University, Fitche P.O. Box 245, Ethiopia
| | - Ayalew Ligaba-Osena
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
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Yegrem L, Fikre A, Alelign S. Scenario on Production, Processing, and Utilization of Grasspea ( Lathyrus sativus L.) in Agromarginal Geographies and Its Future Prospects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2024; 2024:8247993. [PMID: 39263236 PMCID: PMC11390239 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8247993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Grasspeas are environmentally successful and robust legumes with major traits of interest for food and nutrition security. It is a critical crop in areas prone to drought, overmoisture stress, and famine, hence, regarded as an "insurance crop" because of its inherent resilience of climatic calamities. The current status and prospects of grasspea, as well as various breeding and food processing approaches to improve this crop for integration in diverse and sustainable agrifood systems, are discussed in this review. Grasspeas are often the source of important micronutrients and proteins (18%-34%), saving peoples' lives during famine. Grasspea consumption is increasing in some countries; however, uninterrupted consumption of grasspea should be avoided, especially when they are green or unripe and when they are raw. Effective food processing techniques are essential to reduce the neurotoxic hazards associated with eating grasspea. Several effective processing steps can be used to reduce toxicity in addition to the development of toxin-free varieties for production and consumption. With advances in the scientific investigation of the grasspea, integration of genetics, processing, and behavioral components has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamesgen Yegrem
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Deber Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Deber Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Asnake Fikre
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Deber Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Deber Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Shashitu Alelign
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Deber Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Deber Zeit, Ethiopia
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Goldsmith M, Barad S, Knafo M, Savidor A, Ben-Dor S, Brandis A, Mehlman T, Peleg Y, Albeck S, Dym O, Ben-Zeev E, Barbole RS, Aharoni A, Reich Z. Identification and characterization of the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the neurotoxin β-ODAP in grass pea. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101806. [PMID: 35271851 PMCID: PMC9061259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a grain legume commonly grown in Asia and Africa for food and forage. It is a highly nutritious and robust crop, capable of surviving both droughts and floods. However, it produces a neurotoxic compound, β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP), which can cause a severe neurological disorder when consumed as a primary diet component. While the catalytic activity associated with β-ODAP formation was demonstrated more than 50 years ago, the enzyme responsible for this activity has not been identified. Here, we report on the identity, activity, 3D structure, and phylogenesis of this enzyme—β-ODAP synthase (BOS). We show that BOS belongs to the benzylalcohol O-acetyltransferase, anthocyanin O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, anthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase, deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase superfamily of acyltransferases and is structurally similar to hydroxycinnamoyl transferase. Using molecular docking, we propose a mechanism for its catalytic activity, and using heterologous expression in tobacco leaves (Nicotiana benthamiana), we demonstrate that expression of BOS in the presence of its substrates is sufficient for β-ODAP production in vivo. The identification of BOS may pave the way toward engineering β-ODAP–free grass pea cultivars, which are safe for human and animal consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Goldsmith
- Dept. of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Shiri Barad
- Dept. of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Maor Knafo
- Dept. of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Alon Savidor
- De Botton Institute for Protein Profiling, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Brandis
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Tevie Mehlman
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yoav Peleg
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Shira Albeck
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Orly Dym
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Efrat Ben-Zeev
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ranjit S Barbole
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel; Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ziv Reich
- Dept. of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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Yu XT, Wang F, Ding JT, Cai B, Xing JJ, Guo GH, Guo F. Tandem mass tag-based serum proteomic profiling revealed diabetic foot ulcer pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. Bioengineered 2022; 13:3171-3182. [PMID: 35068329 PMCID: PMC8974021 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2027173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus, is associated with a high amputation rate and decreased life quality. The impact of blood serum proteins on the occurrence and development of DFU has attracted a lot of interest. In this study, we aimed to define and compare the serum proteome of patients with DFU and healthy control (HC) to provide new insights into DFU pathogenesis. DFU patients and age- and sex-matched HCs were enrolled in this study (n = 54). We screened alterations in blood serum proteins from DFU patients and HC using a tandem mass tag (TMT) method based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) quantitative proteomics, and the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were further validated by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 173 DEPs (100 up-regulated and 73 down-regulated) were identified between the DFU and HC groups (P < 0.05). Proteomic and bioinformatics analyses indicated that the proteins in the DFU group were mainly related to extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction and complement and coagulation cascades. The up-regulated DEPs were further verified by PRM and ELISA. LRG1, CD5L, CRP, IGHA1, and LBP were proved upregulated in DFU and these proteins are mainly related to immune response and complement activation. Our findings help to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of DFU and new insight into potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Yu
- Burns Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, JiangXi, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Ningbo Institute for Medicine & Biomedical Engineering Combined Innovation, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Tong Ding
- Burns Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, JiangXi, China
| | - Bo Cai
- Burns Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, JiangXi, China
| | - Juan-Juan Xing
- Burns Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, JiangXi, China
| | - Guang-Hua Guo
- Burns Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, JiangXi, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Burns Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, JiangXi, China
- Ningbo Institute for Medicine & Biomedical Engineering Combined Innovation, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Goldsmith M, Barad S, Peleg Y, Albeck S, Dym O, Brandis A, Mehlman T, Reich Z. The identification and characterization of an oxalyl-CoA synthetase from grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.). RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:320-333. [PMID: 35359497 PMCID: PMC8905533 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00202c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxalic acid is a small metabolite that can be found in many plants in which it serves as protection from herbivores, a chelator of metal ions, a regulator of calcium...
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Goldsmith
- Dept. of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel +972-8-9344118 +972-8-9343278 +972-8-9342982
| | - Shiri Barad
- Dept. of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel +972-8-9344118 +972-8-9343278 +972-8-9342982
| | - Yoav Peleg
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Shira Albeck
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Orly Dym
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Alexander Brandis
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Tevie Mehlman
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Ziv Reich
- Dept. of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel +972-8-9344118 +972-8-9343278 +972-8-9342982
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6
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Verma A, Nidhi N, Kaur G, Mantri S, Sharma TR, Pandey AK, Kandoth PK. Contrasting β-ODAP content correlates with stress gene expression in Lathyrus cultivars. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13616. [PMID: 35199360 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lathyrus sativus, commonly known as grass pea, is a nutrient-rich pulse crop with remarkable climate-resilient attributes. However, wide use of this nutritious crop is not adopted owing to the presence of a non-protein amino acid β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP), which is neurotoxic if consumed in large quantities. We conducted a de novo transcriptomic profiling of two ODAP contrasting cultivars, Pusa-24 and its somaclonal variant Ratan, to understand the genetic changes leading to and associated with β-ODAP levels. Differential gene expression analysis showed that a variety of genes are downregulated in low β-ODAP cultivar Ratan and include genes involved in biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, redox metabolism, hormonal metabolism, and sucrose, and starch metabolism. Several genes related to chromatin remodeling are differentially expressed in cultivar Ratan. β-ODAP biosynthetic genes in these cultivars showed differential upregulation upon stress. ODAP content of these cultivars varied differentially upon stress and development. Physiological experiments indicate reduced relative water content and perturbed abscisic acid levels in the low ODAP cultivar. Altogether, our results suggest that the low ODAP cultivar may have a reduced stress tolerance. The dataset provides insight into the biological role of ODAP and will be helpful for hypothesis-driven experiments to understand ODAP biosynthesis and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Verma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Nidhi Nidhi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Gazaldeep Kaur
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
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Das A, Parihar AK, Barpete S, Kumar S, Gupta S. Current Perspectives on Reducing the β-ODAP Content and Improving Potential Agronomic Traits in Grass Pea ( Lathyrus sativus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:703275. [PMID: 34733297 PMCID: PMC8558212 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.703275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Grass pea is well-established as one of the most resilient and versatile crops that can thrive under extreme climatic circumstances such as cold, heat, drought, salt-affected soils, submergence, and excessive rainfall along with resistance to several diseases and pests. However, despite the awareness of its virtues, its cultivation globally has decreased recently owing to the presence of a neurotoxin, β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP), in the seedlings and seeds of this legume, which has been reported to cause neurolathyrism, a non-reversible neurological disorder in humans and animals. Significant repositories of Lathyrus germplasm are available across countries that have provided access to a wide range of agro-morphological traits as well as the low β ODAP content. Efforts have been made worldwide to use these germplasms for the genetic enhancement of grass pea to make this food safe for human consumption. Efforts on molecular breeding of this crop are also lagging. However, during the last decade, the research scenario has changed with some efforts being made toward improving this climate resilient pulse in terms of genomic resources. Molecular markers have also been used to evaluate the interspecific diversity as well as the phylogenetic relationship among the species and mapping studies. Intron-targeted amplified polymorphic, genomic simple sequence repeat, resistance genes analogs, and disease resistance markers developed for other legume species have been successfully cross-amplified in grass pea. Transcriptomic studies have recently been undertaken on grass pea by deploying several second-generation sequencing techniques. In addition, a few studies have attempted to unveil the genes and the underlying mechanism conferring biotic and abiotic stress or regulating the pathway of β-ODAP in grass pea. Proteomics has accelerated the identification studies on differential proteomes in response to salinity and low-temperature stress conditions for unveiling the common signaling pathways involved in mitigating these abiotic stresses and in discovering differentially regulated proteins. In grass pea, a metabolomics approach has been used to identify the metabolic processes associated with β-ODAP synthesis. Genome sequencing of grass pea is under way which is expected to be vital for whole-genome re-sequencing and gene annotation toward the identification of genes with novel functions. Recently, a draft genome sequence of grass pea was developed, and some efforts are underway to re-sequence a diverse panel of grass pea comprising 384 germplasm lines. Owing to the scantiness of a successful transformation protocol, research on the application of modern approaches of genome editing like the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) or CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system for the engineering of signaling pathways or regulatory mechanisms seeks immediate attention to reduce the β-ODAP content in seeds and to improve the potential agronomic traits in grass pea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Das
- Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, India
| | | | - Surendra Barpete
- Food Legumes Research Platform (FLRP), International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Sehore, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat-Institutes, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
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Plants with neurotoxic potential in undernourished subjects. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2019; 175:631-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Shi H, Wang H, Yao J, Lin C, Wei Q, Lu Y, Cao X. Comparative transcriptome analysis of auditory OC-1 cells and zebrafish inner ear tissues in the absence of human OSBPL2 orthologues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:42-49. [PMID: 31629475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 2 (OSBPL2) was first identified as a new deafness-causative gene contribute to non-syndromic hearing loss. However, the underlying mechanism of OSBPL2-induced hearing loss remains unknown. Here, we used hearing-specific cells and tissues OC-1 cells and zebrafish inner ear tissues as models to identify common transcriptome changes in genes and pathways in the absence of human OSBPL2 orthologues by RNA-seq analysis. In total, 2112 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between wild-type (WT) and Osbpl2-/- OC-1 cells, and 877 DEGs were identified between WT and osbpl2b-/- zebrafish inner ear tissues. Functional annotation implicated Osbpl2/osbpl2b in lipid metabolism, cell adhesion and the extracellular matrix in both OC-1 cells and zebrafish inner ear tissues. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis indicated that Osbpl2/osbpl2b were also involved in ubiquitination. Further experiments showed that Osbpl2-/- OC-1 cells exhibited an abnormal focal adhesion morphology characterized by inhibited FAK activity and impaired cell adhesion. In conclusion, we identified novel pathways modulated by OSBPL2 orthologues, providing new insight into the mechanism of hearing loss induced by OSBPL2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Shi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongshun Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changsong Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinjun Wei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Miranda C, Xu Q, Oehrle NW, Islam N, Garrett WM, Natarajan SS, Gillman JD, Krishnan HB. Proteomic Comparison of Three Extraction Methods Reveals the Abundance of Protease Inhibitors in the Seeds of Grass Pea, a Unique Orphan Legume. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10296-10305. [PMID: 31464437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Grass pea is an orphan legume that is grown in many places in the world. It is a high-protein, drought-tolerant legume that is capable of surviving extreme environmental challenges and can be a sole food source during famine. However, grass pea produces the neurotoxin β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP), which can cause a neurological disease. This crop is promising as a food source for both animals and humans if β-ODAP levels and other antinutritional factors such as protease inhibitors are lowered or removed. To understand more about these proteins, a proteomic analysis of grass pea was conducted using three different extraction methods to determine which was more efficient at isolating antinutritional factors. Seed proteins extracted with Tris-buffered saline (TBS), 30% ethanol, and 50% isopropanol were identified by mass spectrometry, resulting in the documentation of the most abundant proteins for each extraction method. Mass spectrometry spectral data and BLAST2GO analysis led to the identification of 1376 proteins from all extraction methods. The molecular function of the extracted proteins revealed distinctly different protein functional profiles. The majority of the TBS-extracted proteins were annotated with nutrient reservoir activity, while the isopropanol extraction yielded the highest percentage of endopeptidase proteinase inhibitors. Our results demonstrate that the 50% isopropanol extraction method was the most efficient at isolating antinutritional factors including protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Miranda
- Plant Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Quanle Xu
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , China
| | - Nathan W Oehrle
- Plant Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Nazrul Islam
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory , USDA-ARS , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Wesley M Garrett
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory , USDA-Agricultural Research Service , Beltsville 20705 , United States
| | - Savithiry S Natarajan
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory , USDA-ARS , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Jason D Gillman
- Plant Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Hari B Krishnan
- Plant Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
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Lambein F, Travella S, Kuo YH, Van Montagu M, Heijde M. Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.): orphan crop, nutraceutical or just plain food? PLANTA 2019; 250:821-838. [PMID: 30719530 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-03084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although grass pea is an environmentally successful robust legume with major traits of interest for food and nutrition security, the genetic potential of this orphan crop has long been neglected. Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a Neolithic plant that has survived millennia of cultivation and has spread over three continents. It is a robust legume crop that is considered one of the most resilient to climate changes and to be survival food during drought-triggered famines. The hardy penetrating root system allows the cultivation of grass pea in various soil types, including marginal ones. As an efficient nitrogen fixer, it meets its own nitrogen requirements and positively benefits subsequent crops. However, already in ancient India and Greece, overconsumption of the seeds and a crippling neurological disorder, later coined neurolathyrism, had been linked. Overemphasis of their suspected toxic properties has led to disregard the plant's exceptionally positive agronomic properties and dietary advantages. In normal socio-economic and environmental situations, in which grass pea is part of a balanced diet, neurolathyrism is virtually non-existent. The etiology of neurolathyrism has been oversimplified and the deficiency in methionine in the diet has been overlooked. In view of the global climate change, this very adaptable and nutritious orphan crop deserves more attention. Grass pea can become a wonder crop if the double stigma on its reputation as a toxic plant and as food of the poor can be disregarded. Additionally, recent research has exposed the potential of grass pea as a health-promoting nutraceutical. Development of varieties with an improved balance in essential amino acids and diet may be relevant to enhance the nutritional value without jeopardizing the multiple stress tolerance of this promising crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand Lambein
- International Plant Biotechnology Outreach, VIB, Technologiepark 122, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Silvia Travella
- International Plant Biotechnology Outreach, VIB, Technologiepark 122, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yu-Haey Kuo
- International Plant Biotechnology Outreach, VIB, Technologiepark 122, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Montagu
- International Plant Biotechnology Outreach, VIB, Technologiepark 122, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Heijde
- International Plant Biotechnology Outreach, VIB, Technologiepark 122, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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Xu Q, Qu J, Song B, Liu F, Chen P, Krishnan HB. Lathyrus sativus Originating from Different Geographical Regions Reveals Striking Differences in Kunitz and Bowman-Birk Inhibitor Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8119-8129. [PMID: 31265283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is an important legume commonly grown in arid and semi-arid regions. This protein-rich legume performs well even under harsh environmental conditions and is considered to be a strategic famine food in developing countries. Unfortunately, its potential usage is greatly limited as a result of the presence of antinutritional factors, including the neuroexcitatory amino acid β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) and protease inhibitors. β-ODAP is responsible for a neurodegenerative syndrome that results in the paralysis of lower limbs, while protease inhibitors affect protein digestibility, resulting in reduced growth. Concerted research efforts have led to development of grass pea cultivars with reduced β-ODAP content. In contrast, very little information is available on the protease inhibitors of L. sativus. In this study, we have conducted biochemical characterization of 51 L. sativus accessions originating from different geographical regions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of seed globulins and prolamins revealed striking similarity in their protein profile, although geographic-specific variations in profiles was also evident. Measurement of Bowman-Birk chymotrypsin inhibitor (BBi) and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTi) activities in accessions revealed striking differences among them. Amino acid sequence alignment of grass pea BBi and KTi revealed significant homology to protease inhibitors from several legumes. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated high-level expression of BBi and KTi in dry seeds and weak expression in other organs. Our study demonstrates substantial variation in BBi and KTi among grass pea accessions that could be exploited in breeding programs for the development of grass pea lines that are devoid of these antinutritional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanle Xu
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
- Plant Genetics Research, United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Jinmiao Qu
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Song
- Plant Genetics Research, United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology at the Chinese Ministry of Education , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hari B Krishnan
- Plant Genetics Research, United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
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