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Babu B, Pawar S, Mittal A, Kolanthai E, Neal CJ, Coathup M, Seal S. Nanotechnology enabled radioprotectants to reduce space radiation-induced reactive oxidative species. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1896. [PMID: 37190884 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Interest in space exploration has seen substantial growth following recent launch and operation of modern space technologies. In particular, the possibility of travel beyond low earth orbit is seeing sustained support. However, future deep space travel requires addressing health concerns for crews under continuous, longer-term exposure to adverse environmental conditions. Among these challenges, radiation-induced health issues are a major concern. Their potential to induce chronic illness is further potentiated by the microgravity environment. While investigations into the physiological effects of space radiation are still under investigation, studies on model ionizing radiation conditions, in earth and micro-gravity conditions, can provide needed insight into relevant processes. Substantial formation of high, sustained reactive oxygen species (ROS) evolution during radiation exposure is a clear threat to physiological health of space travelers, producing indirect damage to various cell structures and requiring therapeutic address. Radioprotection toward the skeletal system components is essential to astronaut health, due to the high radio-absorption cross-section of bone mineral and local hematopoiesis. Nanotechnology can potentially function as radioprotectant and radiomitigating agents toward ROS and direct radiation damage. Nanoparticle compositions such as gold, silver, platinum, carbon-based materials, silica, transition metal dichalcogenides, and ceria have all shown potential as viable radioprotectants to mitigate space radiation effects with nanoceria further showing the ability to protect genetic material from oxidative damage in several studies. As research into space radiation-induced health problems develops, this review intends to provide insights into the nanomaterial design to ameliorate pathological effects from ionizing radiation exposure. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaashwin Babu
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Shreya Pawar
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Agastya Mittal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Elayaraja Kolanthai
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Craig J Neal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Melanie Coathup
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- College of Medicine, Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Assessment of Angular Spectral Distributions of Laser Accelerated Particles for Simulation of Radiation Dose Map in Target Normal Sheath Acceleration Regime of High Power Laser-Thin Solid Target Interaction—Comparison with Experiments. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An adequate simulation model has been used for the calculation of angular and energy distributions of electrons, protons, and photons emitted during a high-power laser, 5-µm thick Ag target interaction. Their energy spectra and fluencies have been calculated between 0 and 360 degrees around the interaction point with a step angle of five degrees. Thus, the contribution of each ionizing species to the total fluency value has been established. Considering the geometry of the experimental set-up, a map of the radiation dose inside the target vacuum chamber has been simulated, using the Geant4 General Particle Source code, and further compared with the experimental one. Maximum values of the measured dose of the order of tens of mGy per laser shot have been obtained in the direction normal to the target at about 30 cm from the interaction point.
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Advances in Spectral Distribution Assessment of Laser Accelerated Protons using Multilayer CR-39 Detectors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9102052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We show that a spectral distribution of laser-accelerated protons can be extracted by analyzing the proton track diameters observed on the front side of a second CR-39 detector arranged in a stack. The correspondence between the proton track diameter and the incident energy on the second detector is established by knowing that protons with energies only higher than 10.5 MeV can fully deposit their energy in the second CR-39 detector. The correlation between the laser-accelerated proton track diameters observed on the front side of the second CR-39 detector and the proton incident energy on the detector stack is also presented. By calculating the proton number stopped in the CR-39 stack, we find out that its dependence on the proton energy in the 1–15 MeV range presents some discontinuities at energies higher than 9 MeV. Thus, we build a calibration curve of the track diameter as a function of the proton incident energy within the 1–9 MeV range, and we infer the associated analytical function as the calculations performed indicate best results for proton spectra within the 1–9 MeV range. The calibration curve is used as a tool to ascertain the pits identified on the surfaces of both CR-39 detectors to proton tracks. The proton tracks spatial distribution analyzed by optical and atomic force microscopy is correlated with the peculiarity of the used targets.
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Bin JH, Ji Q, Seidl PA, Raftrey D, Steinke S, Persaud A, Nakamura K, Gonsalves A, Leemans WP, Schenkel T. Absolute calibration of GafChromic film for very high flux laser driven ion beams. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:053301. [PMID: 31153260 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on the calibration of GafChromic HD-v2 radiochromic film in the extremely high dose regime up to 100 kGy together with very high dose rates up to 7 × 1011 Gy/s. The absolute calibration was done with nanosecond ion bunches at the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment II particle accelerator at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and covers a broad dose dynamic range over three orders of magnitude. We then applied the resulting calibration curve to calibrate a laser driven ion experiment performed on the BELLA petawatt laser facility at LBNL. Here, we reconstructed the spatial and energy resolved distributions of the laser-accelerated proton beams. The resulting proton distribution is in fair agreement with the spectrum that was measured with a Thomson spectrometer in combination with a microchannel plate detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Bin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Q Ji
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P A Seidl
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Raftrey
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Steinke
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Persaud
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Nakamura
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Gonsalves
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W P Leemans
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Schenkel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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I-BEAT: Ultrasonic method for online measurement of the energy distribution of a single ion bunch. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6714. [PMID: 31040311 PMCID: PMC6491586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42920-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of a wave carries all information about the spatial and temporal structure of its source, given that the medium and its properties are known. Most modern imaging methods seek to utilize this nature of waves originating from Huygens' principle. We discuss the retrieval of the complete kinetic energy distribution from the acoustic trace that is recorded when a short ion bunch deposits its energy in water. This novel method, which we refer to as Ion-Bunch Energy Acoustic Tracing (I-BEAT), is a refinement of the ionoacoustic approach. With its capability of completely monitoring a single, focused proton bunch with prompt readout and high repetition rate, I-BEAT is a promising approach to meet future requirements of experiments and applications in the field of laser-based ion acceleration. We demonstrate its functionality at two laser-driven ion sources for quantitative online determination of the kinetic energy distribution in the focus of single proton bunches.
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Bobeica M, Aogaki S, Asavei T, Cernaianu MO, Ghenuche P, Stutman D. Dose calculations in a cell monolayer for high-throughput irradiation with proton beams generated by PW lasers for space applications. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2018; 19:68-75. [PMID: 30482285 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the specific properties of laser-driven radiation is a broadband energy spectrum, which is also a feature of the space radiation fields. This property can be used in materials science studies or radiobiology experiments to simulate the energy spectrum of space radiation exposures in a ground-based laboratory. However, the differences in effects between the higher dose rates of laser generated radiation and the lower dose rates of space radiation have to be investigated in separate, prior studies. A design for a high-throughput irradiation experiment and the associated Monte Carlo dose calculations for a broadband energy proton beam depositing energy in a cell monolayer is presented. Dose control and dose uniformity in the cell monolayer was achieved in the simulations using a variable thickness Ni attenuator. A set of target doses from 0.2 Gy to 4 Gy was obtained and dose uniformity was optimized to less than 4% variability. This work opens the possibility of single or multiple exposures, controllable, high-throughput irradiation experiments on biological samples or materials, using broadband energy particle beams generated by lasers, with relevance for space applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bobeica
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics ELI-NP, 30 Reactorului Street, RO-077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania.
| | - Sohichiroh Aogaki
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics ELI-NP, 30 Reactorului Street, RO-077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - Theodor Asavei
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics ELI-NP, 30 Reactorului Street, RO-077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - Mihail O Cernaianu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics ELI-NP, 30 Reactorului Street, RO-077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - Petru Ghenuche
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics ELI-NP, 30 Reactorului Street, RO-077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - Dan Stutman
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics ELI-NP, 30 Reactorului Street, RO-077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania; Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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ELIMAIA: A Laser-Driven Ion Accelerator for Multidisciplinary Applications. QUANTUM BEAM SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/qubs2020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Green JS, Booth N, Dance RJ, Gray RJ, MacLellan DA, Marshall A, McKenna P, Murphy CD, Ridgers CP, Robinson APL, Rusby D, Scott RHH, Wilson L. Time-resolved measurements of fast electron recirculation for relativistically intense femtosecond scale laser-plasma interactions. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540743 PMCID: PMC5852165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A key issue in realising the development of a number of applications of high-intensity lasers is the dynamics of the fast electrons produced and how to diagnose them. We report on measurements of fast electron transport in aluminium targets in the ultra-intense, short-pulse (<50 fs) regime using a high resolution temporally and spatially resolved optical probe. The measurements show a rapidly (≈0.5c) expanding region of Ohmic heating at the rear of the target, driven by lateral transport of the fast electron population inside the target. Simulations demonstrate that a broad angular distribution of fast electrons on the order of 60° is required, in conjunction with extensive recirculation of the electron population, in order to drive such lateral transport. These results provide fundamental new insight into fast electron dynamics driven by ultra-short laser pulses, which is an important regime for the development of laser-based radiation and particle sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Green
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK.
| | - N Booth
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - R J Dance
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - R J Gray
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - D A MacLellan
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - A Marshall
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - P McKenna
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - C D Murphy
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - C P Ridgers
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - A P L Robinson
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - D Rusby
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK.,Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - R H H Scott
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - L Wilson
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
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Metabolic Pathways of the Warburg Effect in Health and Disease: Perspectives of Choice, Chain or Chance. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122755. [PMID: 29257069 PMCID: PMC5751354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Focus on the Warburg effect, initially descriptive of increased glycolysis in cancer cells, has served to illuminate mitochondrial function in many other pathologies. This review explores our current understanding of the Warburg effect’s role in cancer, diabetes and ageing. We highlight how it can be regulated through a chain of oncogenic events, as a chosen response to impaired glucose metabolism or by chance acquisition of genetic changes associated with ageing. Such chain, choice or chance perspectives can be extended to help understand neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer’s disease, providing clues with scope for therapeutic intervention. It is anticipated that exploration of Warburg effect pathways in extreme conditions, such as deep space, will provide further insights crucial for comprehending complex metabolic diseases, a frontier for medicine that remains equally significant for humanity in space and on earth.
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