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Xiong R, Shen Q, Li Y, Jin S, Dong T, Song X, Guan C. NAcM-OPT protects keratinocytes from H 2O 2-induced cell damage by promoting autophagy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024. [PMID: 38922711 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of NAcM-OPT, a small molecule inhibitor of defective in cullin neddylation 1 (DCN1), on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in keratinocytes. Immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were treated with NAcM-OPT and exposed to oxidative stress. CCK-8 assays were used to measure cell viability. The mGFP-RFP-LC3 dual fluorescent autophagy indicator system was utilized to evaluate changes in autophagic flux. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of the autophagy-related proteins LC3 and Beclin 1. Keratinocytes were treated with the autophagy activator rapamycin, and HaCaT cell supernatant was added to PIG1 cells (immortalized human melanocytes), followed by evaluation of tyrosinase (TYR) expression via qRT-PCR. NAcM-OPT increased cell viability and cell proliferation. Furthermore, this molecule promoted autophagic flux through increased expression of autophagy-related proteins under H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Additionally, rapamycin increased the mRNA levels of TYR in PIG1 cells. Moreover, NAcM-OPT alleviated mitochondrial damage, restored mitochondrial function, and upregulated the expression of NFE2L2, HO1, NQO1, and GCLM. Importantly, NAcM-OPT also increased epidermal thickness, follicle length, and melanin synthesis under oxidative stress in vivo. These findings suggest that NAcM-OPT may be a promising small molecule antioxidant drug for the treatment of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxue Xiong
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingmei Shen
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Jin
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingru Dong
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuiping Guan
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Lin Y, Wu X, Yang Y, Wu Y, Xiang L, Zhang C. The multifaceted role of autophagy in skin autoimmune disorders: a guardian or culprit? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343987. [PMID: 38690268 PMCID: PMC11058840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that functions to maintain intracellular homeostasis via the degradation and recycling of defective organelles or damaged proteins. This dynamic mechanism participates in various biological processes, such as the regulation of cellular differentiation, proliferation, survival, and the modulation of inflammation and immune responses. Recent evidence has demonstrated the involvement of polymorphisms in autophagy-related genes in various skin autoimmune diseases. In addition, autophagy, along with autophagy-related proteins, also contributes to homeostasis maintenance and immune regulation in the skin, which is associated with skin autoimmune disorders. This review aims to provide an overview of the multifaceted role of autophagy in skin autoimmune diseases and shed light on the potential of autophagy-targeting therapeutic strategies in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chengfeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kang P, Wang Y, Chen J, Chang Y, Zhang W, Cui T, Yi X, Li S, Li C. TRPM2-dependent autophagy inhibition exacerbates oxidative stress-induced CXCL16 secretion by keratinocytes in vitiligo. J Pathol 2024; 262:441-453. [PMID: 38186269 DOI: 10.1002/path.6247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a depigmented skin disease due to the destruction of melanocytes. Under oxidative stress, keratinocyte-derived chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 16 (CXCL16) plays a critical role in recruiting CD8+ T cells, which kill melanocytes. Autophagy serves as a protective cell survival mechanism and impairment of autophagy has been linked to increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines. However, the role of autophagy in the secretion of CXCL16 under oxidative stress has not been investigated. Herein, we initially found that autophagy was suppressed in both keratinocytes of vitiligo lesions and keratinocytes exposed to oxidative stress in vitro. Autophagy inhibition also promoted CXCL16 secretion. Furthermore, upregulated transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2 (TRPM2) functioned as an upstream oxidative stress sensor to inhibit autophagy. Moreover, TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ influx activated calpain to shear autophagy related 5 (Atg5) and Atg12-Atg5 conjugate formation was blocked to inhibit autophagy under oxidative stress. More importantly, Atg5 downregulation enhanced the binding of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to the CXCL16 promoter region by activating Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), thus promoting CXCL16 secretion. These findings suggested that TRPM2-restrained autophagy promotes CXCL16 secretion via the Atg5-TBK1-IRF3 signaling pathway under oxidative stress. Inhibition of TRPM2 may serve as a potential target for the treatment of vitiligo. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yinghan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jianru Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yuqian Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Weigang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiuli Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
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Hamada R, Funasaka Y, Saeki H, Serizawa N, Hagino T, Yano Y, Mitsui H, Kanda N. Dietary habits in adult Japanese patients with vitiligo. J Dermatol 2024; 51:491-508. [PMID: 38421796 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease with acquired depigmentation. Dietary habits may modulate the pathogenesis of vitiligo. We evaluated dietary habits in adult Japanese patients with nonsegmental vitiligo, and compared their results with those of age- and sex-matched controls. We also examined the relationship between dietary habits and Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI), or vitiligo on different anatomical sites. The intakes of energy, nutrients, and foods in the participants were analyzed using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Patients with vitiligo showed higher body mass index (BMI) and lower intakes of manganese, vitamin D, pulses, and confection, compared with controls. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that vitiligo was associated with high BMI. VASI was higher in males than in females, and negatively correlated with age or intakes of potatoes and vegetables other than green/yellow vegetables. Linear multivariate regression analysis showed that high VASI was associated with younger age. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that moderate to severe vitiligo (VASI ≥ 4.25) was associated with male sex and longer disease duration. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed the following association with vitiligo on respective anatomical sites: high intake of eggs and dairy products and high VASI on the head or neck, high intake of oils and fats and high VASI on the trunk, high intake of cereals and high VASI on the upper limbs, male sex and high VASI on the lower limbs, and high BMI and high VASI on the hands or feet. In conclusion, the control of obesity might have prophylactic or therapeutic effects on vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Hamada
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Funasaka
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Saeki
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naotaka Serizawa
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan
| | - Teppei Hagino
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan
| | | | | | - Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan
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Zhao Y, Ge K, Cheng Y, Zhang RZ. Bioinformatic Analysis of Genes Associated with Autophagy in Vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol 2024; 69:123-131. [PMID: 38841253 PMCID: PMC11149808 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_655_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As vitiligo progresses, autophagy becomes more and more important. Objectives To validate potential genes associated with autophagy in vitiligo through bioinformatics analysis and experimental testing. Materials and Methods Dataset GSE75819 of mRNA expression profiles was obtained from GEO. After data normalisation, gene set enrichment analyse enrichment analysis and abundance analysis of infiltrating immune cells were performed. A list of autophagy-related differentially expressed genes (ARDEGs) associated with vitiligo was generated using R software. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, correlation analysis, and enrichment analysis on gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopaedia of genes and genome (KEGG) pathways were conducted on the ARDEG data. The microRNAs associated with hub genes were predicted using the TargetScan database. Finally, RNA expression of 10 hub genes and Western blotting (WB) of autophagy pathway factors were further verified. Results From the lesions of 15 vitiligo patients, 44 ARDEGs were identified. PPI analysis demonstrated that these ARDEGs interacted with each other. GO and KEGG analyses of ARDEGs revealed that several enriched terms were associated with macroautophagy (biological process), vacuolar membranes (cellular components), cysteine-type peptidase activity (molecular function), and autophagy in animals, neurodegeneration-multiple disease pathways, and apoptosis. In vitiligo lesions, qRT-PCR and sequencing validation analyses showed expression levels of CCL2, RB1CC1, TP53, and ATG9A that were consistent with bioinformatic analysis of the microarray. WB results also showed that autophagy-related proteins were differentially expressed. Conclusions Forty-four potential ARDEGs were identified in vitiligo by bioinformatic analysis. Vitiligo may be affected by autophagy regulation through CCL2, RB1CC1, TP53, and ATG9A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Zhao
- From the Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Ge
- Jiaxing Key Discipiline of Medcine Dermatology and Venereology (2023-FC-006), The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru-zhi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and STD, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
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Liu LY, He SJ, Chen Z, Ge M, Lyu CY, Gao D, Yu JP, Cai MH, Yuan JX, Zhang JL. The Role of Regulatory Cell Death in Vitiligo. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:61-73. [PMID: 38153369 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is one of the common chronic autoimmune skin diseases in clinic, which is characterized by localized or generalized depigmentation and seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients. At present, the pathogenesis of vitiligo is not clear; mainly, heredity, autoimmunity, oxidative stress, melanocyte (MC) self-destruction, and the destruction, death, or dysfunction of MCs caused by various reasons are always the core of vitiligo. Regulatory cell death (RCD) is an active and orderly death mode of cells regulated by genes, which widely exists in various life activities, plays a pivotal role in maintaining the homeostasis of the organism, and is closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. With the deepening of the research and understanding of RCD, people gradually found that there are many different forms of RCD in the lesions and perilesional skin of vitiligo patients, such as apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and so on. Different cell death modes have different mechanisms in vitiligo, and different RCDs can interact and regulate each other. In this article, the mechanism related to RCD in the pathogenesis of vitiligo is reviewed, which provides new ideas for exploring the pathogenesis and targeted treatment of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyu-Ye Liu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Jia He
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Chen
- First Clinical Medical College Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Ge
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yi Lyu
- First Clinical Medical College Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Gao
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Peng Yu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Han Cai
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xiang Yuan
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ling Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Lin Y, Ding Y, Wu Y, Yang Y, Liu Z, Xiang L, Zhang C. The underestimated role of mitochondria in vitiligo: From oxidative stress to inflammation and cell death. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e14856. [PMID: 37338012 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentary disorder characterized by the depletion of melanocytes in the skin. Mitochondria shoulder multiple functions in cells, such as production of ATP, maintenance of redox balance, initiation of inflammation and regulation of cell death. Increasing evidence has implicated the involvement of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Mitochondria alteration will cause the abnormalities of mitochondria functions mentioned above, ultimately leading to melanocyte loss through various cell death modes. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a critical role in mitochondrial homeostasis, and the downregulation of Nrf2 in vitiligo may correlate with mitochondria damage, making both mitochondria and Nrf2 promising targets in treatment of vitiligo. In this review, we aim to discuss the alterations of mitochondria and its role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuecen Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leihong Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengfeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wang W, Xu D, Huang Y, Tao X, Fan Y, Li Z, Ding X. Identification of the role of autophagy-related TNFSF10/ hsa-let-7a-5p axis in vitiligo development and potential herbs exploring based on a bioinformatics analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23220. [PMID: 38149194 PMCID: PMC10750083 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitiligo is a common clinical disorder caused by the destruction of epidermal melanocytes, which is often associated with autoimmune mechanisms. Autophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and exhibits close associations with various autoimmune disorders. While dysautophagy of melanocytes is associated with vitiligo pathogenesis, there is a lack of studies on autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in blood samples from individuals with vitiligo. Methods Blood samples from individuals with vitiligo and healthy controls were compared to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were subsequently subjected to further analysis. Then, miRNAs correlated with core genes were predicted by five distinct online tools, and those miRNAs that appeared in three or more tools at the same time were chosen for further enrichment analysis. Furthermore, in vitro experiments of targeting core genes were conducted. Results The results showed that there were a total of 30 ARGs among DEGs, with 13 up-regulated genes and 17 down-regulated genes. Based on the functional enrichment analysis of DEGs and projected miRNAs, we hypothesized that autophagy and apoptosis may synergistically contribute to the progression of vitiligo, with the TNFSF10/hsa-let-7a-5p axis potentially playing an important role that should not be ignored. In addition, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was found to be the common component in BAI GUO, CHA YE, and MEI ZHOU JIN LV MEI, which were discovered to be potential in vitiligo treatment by inducing cell autophagy and apoptosis targeting TNFSF10. Conclusion It was the first time that TNFSF/hsa-let-7a-5p was discovered to be involved in the development of vitiligo through autophagy and apoptosis. Meanwhile, we observed that BAI GUO, CHA YE, and MEI ZHOU JIN LV MEI were promising to treat vitiligo by regulating autophagy and apoptosis via TNFSF10. These findings could lead to new directions for investigating the pathogenesis and therapy of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Danfeng Xu
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Youming Huang
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Xiaohua Tao
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Yibin Fan
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiaoxia Ding
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
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Białczyk A, Wełniak A, Kamińska B, Czajkowski R. Oxidative Stress and Potential Antioxidant Therapies in Vitiligo: A Narrative Review. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:723-739. [PMID: 37737953 PMCID: PMC10590312 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a chronic skin disorder characterised by the loss of melanocytes and subsequent skin depigmentation. Although many theories have been proposed in the literature, none alone explains the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Oxidative stress has been identified as a potential factor in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. A growing body of evidence suggests that antioxidant therapies may offer a promising approach to managing this condition. This review summarises the potential mechanisms of oxidative stress and the types of melanocyte death in vitiligo. We also provide a brief overview of the most commonly studied antioxidants. Melanocytes in vitiligo are thought to be damaged by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species to destroy the structural and functional integrity of their DNA, lipids, and proteins. Various causes, including exogenous and endogenous stress factors, an imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants, disruption of antioxidant pathways, and gene polymorphisms, lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Although necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and oxeiptosis are newer types of cell death that may contribute to the pathophysiology of vitiligo, apoptosis remains the most studied cell death mechanism in vitiligo. According to studies, vitamin E helps to treat lipid peroxidation of the skin caused by psoralen ultra-violet A treatment. In addition, Polypodium leucotomos increased the efficacy of psoralen ultra-violet A or narrow-band ultraviolet B therapy. Our review provides valuable insights into the potential role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis and antioxidant-based supporting therapies in treating vitiligo, offering a promising avenue for further research and the development of effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Białczyk
- Students' Scientific Club of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 9 Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Adam Wełniak
- Students' Scientific Club of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 9 Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Barbara Kamińska
- Students' Scientific Club of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 9 Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Rafał Czajkowski
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Kassab A, Khalij Y, Ayed Y, Dar-Odeh N, Kokandi AA, Denguezli M, Youssef M. Serum Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in Patients with Vitiligo. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5861. [PMID: 37762802 PMCID: PMC10532328 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a common chronic hypomelanotic skin disorder. An intricate pool of markers associated with a complex combination of biological and environmental factors is thought to be implicated in etiology. This study aims to investigate the most important markers associated with vitiligo pathogenesis, including redox status, inflammation, and immune profile, in patients with vitiligo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included a total of 96 subjects: 30 patients with active non-segmental vitiligo, 30 patients with stable non-segmental vitiligo, and 36 controls. The vitiligo area severity index (VASI) and vitiligo disease activity score (VIDA) were determined. The following serum parameters were assessed: antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), catalase activity (CAT), glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase activity (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), C reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-15 (IL-15), and chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10). RESULTS The VASI score was not significantly different between active and stable vitiligo patients, as it was approximately 0.1. TAS, CAT, GPx, and GST were significantly lower in vitiligo patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). They were also significantly lower in active vitiligo when compared to stable vitiligo (p < 0.05). However, SOD levels were significantly higher in vitiligo patients than in controls and in the active vitiligo group than in the stable vitiligo group (p < 0.05). MDA and AOPP levels were significantly higher in patients with active and stable vitiligo compared to controls (p < 0.05). However, they did not significantly differ between active and stable vitiligo patients (p < 0.05). In both active and stable vitiligo, CRP and IL-15 were significantly higher than controls (p < 0.05). Whereas CRP was significantly higher in active (range = 2.0-7.2, mean = 4.46 ± 1.09) than in stable vitiligo (range = 1.6-6.7, mean = 3.75 ± 1.08) (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in IL-15 levels between active and stable vitiligo. In both active and stable vitiligo, CXCL9 and CXCL10 were significantly higher than controls (p < 0.05), and they were significantly higher in active than stable vitiligo (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In vitiligo, oxidative damage induces an increase in pro-inflammatory IL-15, which in turn promotes IFN-γ-inducible chemokines such as CXCL9 and CXCL10. Further, there seems to be a link between the VASI score and IL-15 levels. These data imply that inhibiting IL-15 could be a promising method for developing a potentially targeted treatment that suppresses the early interplay between oxidant stress and IL-15 keratinocyte production, as well as between resident and recirculating memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Kassab
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia;
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia; (Y.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Yassine Khalij
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia;
| | - Yosra Ayed
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia; (Y.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Najla Dar-Odeh
- Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Periodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Amal A. Kokandi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meriam Denguezli
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia; (Y.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Monia Youssef
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of Fattouma Bourguiba, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia;
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Xie B, Zhu Y, Shen Y, Xu W, Song X. Treatment update for vitiligo based on autoimmune inhibition and melanocyte protection. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:189-206. [PMID: 36947026 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2193329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of vitiligo remains challenging due to the complexity of its pathogenesis, influenced by genetic factors, oxidative stress and abnormal cell adhesion that collectively impact melanocyte survival and trigger immune system attacks, resulting in melanocyte death. Melanocytes in vitiligo are believed to exhibit genetic susceptibility and defects in cellular mechanisms, such as defects in autophagy, that reduce their ability to resist oxidative stress, leading to increased expression of the pro-inflammatory protein HSP70. The low expression of adhesion molecules, such as DDR1 and E-cadherin, accelerates melanocyte damage and antigen exposure. Consequently, autoimmune attacks centered on IFN-γ-CXCR9/10-CXCR3-CD8+ T cells are initiated, causing vitiligo. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the latest knowledge on the pathogenesis of vitiligo and potential therapeutic targets from the perspective of suppressing autoimmune attacks and activating melanocytes functions. EXPERT OPINION Vitiligo is one of the most challenging dermatological diseases due to its complex pathogenesis with diverse therapeutic targets. Immune suppression, such as corticosteroids and emerging JAK inhibitors, has proven effective in disease progression. However, during the early stages of the disease, it is also important to optimize therapeutic strategies to activate melanocytes for alleviating oxidative stress and improving treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; West Lake Ave 38, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; West Lake Ave 38, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Binwen Rd 548, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; West Lake Ave 38, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Binwen Rd 548, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; West Lake Ave 38, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Yuhangtang Rd 866, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; West Lake Ave 38, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
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12
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Md Jaffri J. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant System in Selected Skin Disorders. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:7-20. [PMID: 36875194 PMCID: PMC9984103 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin has a solid protective system that includes the stratum corneum as the primary barrier and a complete antioxidant defence system to maintain the skin's normal redox homeostasis. The epidermal and dermal cells are continuously exposed to physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) originating from cellular metabolic activities. Environmental insults, such as ultraviolet (UV) rays and air pollutants, also generate ROS that can contribute to structural damage of the skin. The antioxidant defence system ensures that the ROS level remains within the safe limit. In certain skin disorders, oxidative stress plays an important role, and there is an established interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation in the development of the condition. Lower levels of skin antioxidants indicate that oxidative stress may mediate the pathogenesis of the disorder. Accordingly, the total antioxidant level was also found to be lower in individuals with skin disorders in individuals with normal skin conditions. This review attempts to summarise the skin oxidant sources and antioxidant system. In addition, both skin and total antioxidant status of individuals with psoriasis, acne vulgaris, vitiligo and atopic dermatitis (AD), as well as their associations with the progression of these disorders will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Md Jaffri
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
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13
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Gund R, Christiano AM. Impaired autophagy promotes hair loss in the C3H/HeJ mouse model of alopecia areata. Autophagy 2023; 19:296-305. [PMID: 35652954 PMCID: PMC9809940 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2074104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) involves an aberrant immune attack on the hair follicle (HF), which leads to hair loss. Previous genetic data from our lab pointed to a connection between macroautophagy/autophagy and AA pathogenesis, and GWAS identified STX17, CLEC16A and BCL2L11/BIM as risk factors for AA. Additionally, AA patients have copy number deletions in region spanning the ATG4B gene. To test whether autophagy might contribute to disease pathogenesis in AA, we investigated autophagic activity in C3H/HeJ mouse model. We found that autophagy protein SQSTM1 accumulated in HF of AA mice, while in immune cells from AA skin-draining lymph nodes SQSTM1 was not altered, suggesting that autophagic activity is inhibited in the HF of AA mice. Induction of autophagy with Tat-BECN1 peptide attenuated AA, while treatment with the autophagy blocker chloroquine promoted disease, compared to untreated AA mice. Together, our findings suggest the involvement of impaired autophagy in disease pathogenesis of AA.Abbreviations: AA: alopecia areata; CQ: chloroquine; GWAS: genome-wide association studies; HF: hair follicle; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; SDLN: skin-draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Gund
- Department of Dermatology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New YorkUSA
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Dermatology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New YorkUSA
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Lyu C, Sun Y. Immunometabolism in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1055958. [PMID: 36439174 PMCID: PMC9684661 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1055958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common depigmenting skin disorder characterized by the selective loss of melanocytes. Autoimmunity, genetic, environmental, and biochemical etiology have been proposed in vitiligo pathogenesis. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of vitiligo development and progression are unclear, particularly for immunometabolism. Sporadic studies have suggested mitochondrial dysfunction, enhanced oxidative stress, and specific defects in other metabolic pathways can promote dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in vitiligo. These abnormalities appear to be driven by genetic and epigenetic factors modulated by stochastic events. In addition, glucose and lipid abnormalities in metabolism have been associated with vitiligo. Specific skin cell populations are also involved in the critical role of dysregulation of metabolic pathways, including melanocytes, keratinocytes, and tissue-resident memory T cells in vitiligo pathogenesis. Novel therapeutic treatments are also raised based on the abnormalities of immunometabolism. This review summarizes the current knowledge on immunometabolism reprogramming in the pathogenesis of vitiligo and novel treatment options.
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15
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Wei G, Pan Y, Wang J, Xiong X, He Y, Xu J. Role of HMGB1 in Vitiligo: Current Perceptions and Future Perspectives. CLINICAL, COSMETIC AND INVESTIGATIONAL DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:2177-2186. [PMID: 36267690 PMCID: PMC9576603 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s381432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a chronic depigmenting disorder of the skin and mucosa caused by the destruction of epidermal melanocytes. Although the exact mechanism has not been elucidated, studies have shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. High mobility group box protein B1 (HMGB1) is a major nonhistone protein and an extracellular proinflammatory or chemotactic molecule that is actively secreted or passively released by necrotic cells. Recent data showed that HMGB1 is overexpressed in both blood and lesional specimens from vitiligo patients. Moreover, oxidative stress triggers the release of HMGB1 from keratinocytes and melanocytes, indicating that HMGB1 may participate in the pathological process of vitiligo. Overall, this review mainly focuses on the role of HMGB1 in the potential mechanisms underlying vitiligo depigmentation under oxidative stress. In this review, we hope to provide new insights into vitiligo pathogenesis and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmin Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center Hospital of Qionglai City, Qionglai, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghao Pan
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingying Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanmin He
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jixiang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Jixiang Xu, Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 of Taiping Road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Ma J, Teng Y, Huang Y, Tao X, Fan Y. Autophagy plays an essential role in ultraviolet radiation-driven skin photoaging. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:864331. [PMID: 36278173 PMCID: PMC9582953 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.864331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoaging is characterized by a chronic inflammatory response to UV light. One of the most prominent features of cutaneous photoaging is wrinkling, which is due primarily to a loss of collagen fibers and deposits of abnormal degenerative elastotic material within the dermis (actinic elastosis). These changes are thought to be mediated by inflammation, with subsequent upregulation of extracellular matrix-degrading proteases and down-regulation of collagen synthesis. Autophagy is a vital homeostatic cellular process of either clearing surplus or damaged cell components notably lipids and proteins or recycling the content of the cells’ cytoplasm to promote cell survival and adaptive responses during starvation and other oxidative and/or genotoxic stress conditions. Autophagy may also become a means of supplying nutrients to maintain a high cellular proliferation rate when needed. It has been suggested that loss of autophagy leads to both photodamage and the initiation of photoaging in UV exposed skin. Moreover, UV radiation of sunlight is capable of regulating a number of autophagy-linked genes. This review will focus on the protective effect of autophagy in the skin cells damaged by UV radiation. We hope to draw attention to the significance of autophagy regulation in the prevention and treatment of skin photoaging.
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17
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Shining Light on Autophagy in Skin Pigmentation and Pigmentary Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192999. [PMID: 36230960 PMCID: PMC9563738 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital process for cell survival and it preserves homeostasis by recycling or disassembling unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular constituents. Autophagy ameliorates skin integrity, regulating epidermal differentiation and constitutive pigmentation. It induces melanogenesis and contributes to skin color through melanosome turnover. Autophagy activity is involved in skin phenotypic plasticity and cell function maintenance and, if altered, it concurs to the onset and/or progression of hypopigmentary and hyperpigmentary disorders. Overexpression of autophagy exerts a protective role against the intrinsic metabolic stress occurring in vitiligo skin, while its dysfunction has been linked to the tuberous sclerosis complex hypopigmentation. Again, autophagy impairment reduces melanosome degradation by concurring to pigment accumulation characterizing senile lentigo and melasma. Here we provide an updated review that describes recent findings on the crucial role of autophagy in skin pigmentation, thus revealing the complex interplay among melanocyte biology, skin environment and autophagy. Hence, targeting this process may also represent a promising strategy for treating pigmentary disorders.
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18
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Hlača N, Žagar T, Kaštelan M, Brajac I, Prpić-Massari L. Current Concepts of Vitiligo Immunopathogenesis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071639. [PMID: 35884944 PMCID: PMC9313271 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an acquired immune-mediated disorder of pigmentation clinically characterized by well-defined depigmented or chalk-white macules and patches on the skin. The prevalence of vitiligo varies by geographical area, affecting 0.5% to 2% of the population. The disease imposes a significant psychological burden due to its major impact on patients’ social and emotional aspects of life. Given its autoimmune background, vitiligo is frequently associated with other autoimmune diseases or immune-mediated diseases. Vitiligo is a multifaceted disorder that involves both genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. In recent years, major predisposing genetic loci for the development of vitiligo have been discovered. The current findings emphasize the critical role of immune cells and their mediators in the immunopathogenesis of vitiligo. Oxidative-stress-mediated activation of innate immunity cells such as dendritic cells, natural killer, and ILC-1 cells is thought to be a key event in the early onset of vitiligo. Innate immunity cells serve as a bridge to adaptive immunity cells including T helper 1 cells, cytotoxic T cells and resident memory T cells. IFN-γ is the primary cytokine mediator that activates the JAK/STAT pathway, causing keratinocytes to produce the key chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10. Complex interactions between immune and non-immune cells finally result in apoptosis of melanocytes. This paper summarizes current knowledge on the etiological and genetic factors that contribute to vitiligo, with a focus on immunopathogenesis and the key cellular and cytokine players in the disease’s inflammatory pathways.
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19
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Romano-Lozano V, Cruz-Avelar A, Peralta-Pedrero M. [Translated article] Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 in Vitiligo. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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20
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Factor nuclear eritroide similar al factor 2 en el vitíligo. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2022; 113:705-711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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21
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Lee KW, Kim M, Lee SH, Kim KD. The Function of Autophagy as a Regulator of Melanin Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132085. [PMID: 35805169 PMCID: PMC9265842 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanosomes are melanocyte-specific organelles that protect cells from ultraviolet (UV)-induced deoxyribonucleic acid damage through the production and accumulation of melanin and are transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes. The relatively well-known process by which melanin is synthesized from melanocytes is known as melanogenesis. The relationship between melanogenesis and autophagy is attracting the attention of researchers because proteins associated with autophagy, such as WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, autophagy-related (ATG)7, ATG4, beclin-1, and UV-radiation resistance-associated gene, contribute to the melanogenesis signaling pathway. Additionally, there are reports that some compounds used as whitening cosmetics materials induce skin depigmentation through autophagy. Thus, the possibility that autophagy is involved in the removal of melanin has been suggested. To date, however, there is a lack of data on melanosome autophagy and its underlying mechanism. This review highlights the importance of autophagy in melanin homeostasis by providing an overview of melanogenesis, autophagy, the autophagy machinery involved in melanogenesis, and natural compounds that induce autophagy-mediated depigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Lee
- PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Minju Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Si Hyeon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1365; Fax: +82-55-772-1359
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22
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Peng L, Lu Y, Zhong J, Ke Y, Li Y, Liang B, Li H, Zhu H, Li Z. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide promotes proliferation of human melanocytes via activating the Nrf2/p62 signaling pathway by inducing autophagy in vitro. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14301. [PMID: 35765891 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a skin disease characterized by lack of functional melanocytes. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) has been demonstrated to preserve keratinocytes and fibroblasts against oxidative stress. This study aimed to explore the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of LBP on autophagy in H2 O2 -damaged human melanocytes. Cellular viability was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double staining. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and electron microscopy were performed to detect autophagy. The protein expression level of Nrf2 and p62 were assessed by western blotting. Plasmid transfection and lentiviral infection were used to overexpress and silence Nrf2 in PIG1 cells. LBP promoted the proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of H2 O2 -damaged PIG1 cells. LBP increased the proliferation of H2 O2 -damaged PIG1 cells via induction of autophagy, and Nrf2 shRNA experiment confirmed that LBP activated the Nrf2/p62 signal pathway. These results suggest that LBP may be used for the treatment of vitiligo. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Goji berry is the mature and dried fruit of Lycium barbarum L., which is a common food with a long history in China, as well as a Traditional Chinese Medicine. Our previous research found that LBP could activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway in an ultraviolet (UV)-induced photodamage model of keratinocytes, and increase the levels of phase II detoxification and antioxidant enzymes. We firstly confirmed the anti-vitiligo effects of L. barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) by inducing autophagy and promoted proliferation of human melanocytes, and LBP induced autophagy via activating the Nrf2/p62 signaling pathway in this study. These results proved that LBP can be an effective therapy for vitiligo treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yue Lu
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jinyao Zhong
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Ke
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bihua Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huaping Li
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huilan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjie Li
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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23
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Sevilla A, Chéret J, Slominski RM, Slominski AT, Paus R. Revisiting the role of melatonin in human melanocyte physiology: A skin context perspective. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12790. [PMID: 35133682 PMCID: PMC8930624 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily ancient methoxyindoleamine, melatonin, has long perplexed investigators by its versatility of functions and mechanisms of action, which include the regulation of vertebrate pigmentation. Although first discovered through its potent skin-lightening effects in amphibians, melatonin's role in human skin and hair follicle pigmentation and its impact on melanocyte physiology remain unclear. Synthesizing our limited current understanding of this role, we specifically examine its impact on melanogenesis, oxidative biology, mitochondrial function, melanocyte senescence, and pigmentation-related clock gene activity, with emphasis on human skin, yet without ignoring instructive pointers from nonhuman species. Given the strict dependence of melanocyte functions on the epithelial microenvironment, we underscore that melanocyte responses to melatonin are best interrogated in a physiological tissue context. Current evidence suggests that melatonin and some of its metabolites inhibit both, melanogenesis (via reducing tyrosinase activity) and melanocyte proliferation by stimulating melatonin membrane receptors (MT1, MT2). We discuss whether putative melanogenesis-inhibitory effects of melatonin may occur via activation of Nrf2-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling, estrogen receptor-mediated and/or melanocortin-1 receptor- and cAMP-dependent signaling, and/or via melatonin-regulated changes in peripheral clock genes that regulate human melanogenesis, namely Bmal1 and Per1. Melatonin and its metabolites also accumulate in melanocytes where they exert net cyto- and senescence-protective as well as antioxidative effects by operating as free radical scavengers, stimulating the synthesis and activity of ROS scavenging enzymes and other antioxidants, promoting DNA repair, and enhancing mitochondrial function. We argue that it is clinically and biologically important to definitively clarify whether melanocyte cell culture-based observations translate into melatonin-induced pigmentary changes in a physiological tissue context, that is, in human epidermis and hair follicles ex vivo, and are confirmed by clinical trial results. After defining major open questions in this field, we close by suggesting how to begin answering them in clinically relevant, currently available preclinical in situ research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sevilla
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Pathology Laboratory Service, Veteran Administration Medical Center at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294, USA
- Corresponding authors: Ralf Paus, MD, DSc: ; Andrzej T. Slominski, MD, PhD:
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
- CUTANEON – Skin & Hair Innovations, Hamburg, Germany
- Corresponding authors: Ralf Paus, MD, DSc: ; Andrzej T. Slominski, MD, PhD:
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24
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Yang Y, Wu X, Lu X, Wang C, Xiang L, Zhang C. Identification and Validation of Autophagy-Related Genes in Vitiligo. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071116. [PMID: 35406685 PMCID: PMC8997611 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common depigmented disease with unclear pathogenesis. Autophagy is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and has been linked to a variety of autoimmune disorders; however, there have been no reports exploring the involvement of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in vitiligo using bioinformatics methodologies. In this study, RNA-sequencing technology was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the Human Autophagy Database (HADb) was overlapped to identify differentially expressed autophagy-related genes (DEARGs) in stable non-segmental vitiligo (NSV). Bioinformatics analyses were conducted with R packages and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA). DEARGs were further confirmed with qRT-PCR. Critical autophagy markers were detected with Western blotting analysis. We identified a total of 39 DEARGs in vitiligo lesions. DEARGs-enriched canonical pathways, diseases and bio functions, upstream regulators, and networks were discovered. qRT-PCR confirmed the significant increases in FOS and RGS19 in vitiligo lesions. Lower microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC3) II/LC3I ratio and higher sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1, p62) expression were found in vitiligo lesions. In conclusion, this study provided a new insight that autophagy dysregulation appeared in stable vitiligo lesions and might be involved in the etiology of vitiligo by taking part in multiple pathways and bio functions.
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25
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Kawakami T. Surgical procedures and innovative approaches for vitiligo regenerative treatment and melanocytorrhagy. J Dermatol 2022; 49:391-401. [PMID: 35178747 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Surgical treatments for vitiligo are a safe and effective treatment modality for select patients with vitiligo. Many techniques of vitiligo surgery exist, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. We reviewed the various surgical therapies and innovative approaches for vitiligo regenerative treatment reported in the literature. Surgical therapies can be subdivided into tissue grafting methods and cellular grafting methods. Tissue grafting methods mainly include mini punch grafts, suction blister roof grafts, and hair follicle grafts. Cellular grafting methods include cultured and non-cultured treatments. The efficacy needs to be improved largely due to the poor proliferation and quality of the autologous melanocytes. Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor enhances primary melanocyte culture proliferation from vitiligo patients to prevent apoptosis. Innovative approaches using stem cell methods could prove invaluable in developing a novel cell therapy for patients suffering from vitiligo. We succeeded in inducing melanin pigmentation in mice skin in vivo using our human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived melanocytes. In addition, we reviewed melanocytorrhagy, detachment and transepidermal loss of melanocytes, and melanocyte-related adhesion molecules. These adhesion molecules include epithelial cadherin, discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 1, glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B, macrophage migration inhibiting factor, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, and E26 transformation-specific 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamihiro Kawakami
- Division of Dermatology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Vitiligo: A Culprit for Melanocyte Death. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8498472. [PMID: 35103096 PMCID: PMC8800607 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8498472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common chronic acquired pigmentation disorder characterized by loss of pigmentation. Among various hypotheses proposed for the pathogenesis of vitiligo, oxidative stress-induced immune response that ultimately leads to melanocyte death remains most widely accepted. Oxidative stress which causes elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to dysfunction of molecules and organelles, triggering further immune response, and ultimately melanocyte death. In recent years, a variety of cell death modes have been studied, including apoptosis, autophagy and autophagic cell death, ferroptosis, and other novel modes of death, which will be discussed in this review in detail. Oxidative stress is also strongly linked to these modes of death. Under oxidative stress, ROS could induce autophagy by activating the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway of melanocytes. However, persistent stimulation of ROS might eventually lead to excessive activation of Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, which in turn will inactivate autophagy. Moreover, ferroptosis may be triggered by oxidative-related transcriptional production, including ARE, the positive feedback loop related to p62, and the reduced activity and expression of GPX4. Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that these modes of death are involved in the oxidative stress response, and that oxidative stress also acts as an initiator for various modes of death through some complex mechanisms. In this study, we aim to summarize the role of oxidative stress in vitiligo and discuss the corresponding mechanisms of interaction between various modes of cell death and oxidative stress. These findings may provide new ideas for exploring the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of vitiligo.
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Cui T, Wang Y, Song P, Yi X, Chen J, Yang Y, Wang H, Kang P, Guo S, Liu L, Li K, Jian Z, Li S, Li C. HSF1-Dependent Autophagy Activation Contributes to the Survival of Melanocytes Under Oxidative Stress in Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1659-1669.e4. [PMID: 34780715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a protective role in oxidative stress‒induced melanocyte death. Dysregulated autophagy increases the sensitivity of melanocytes in response to oxidative damage and promotes melanocyte degeneration in vitiligo. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process is not fully understood. In this study, using RNA-sequencing technology, we compared the transcriptome change between normal and vitiligo melanocytes with or without treatment of oxidative stress. We found that ATG5 and ATG12, the critical components for autophagosome formation, were significantly reduced in vitiligo melanocytes under oxidative stress. Mechanistically, HSF1 is the prime transcription factor for both ATG5 and ATG12, accounting for the reduced level of ATG5 and ATG12 in vitiligo melanocytes. Deficiency of HSF1 led to accumulation of intracellular ROS, imbalance of mitochondrion membrane potential, and apoptosis in melanocytes exposure to oxidative stress. Furthermore, overexpression of HSF1 could ameliorate oxidative stress‒induced melanocytes death through the activation of autophagy by upregulating ATG5 and ATG12. These findings suggested that targeting HSF1-ATG5/12 axis could prevent oxidative stress‒induced melanocyte death and may be used as a therapeutic strategy for vitiligo treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinghan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuli Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaxi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huina Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Jian
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Chen C, Wang S, Yu L, Mueller J, Fortunato F, Rausch V, Mueller S. H 2O 2-mediated autophagy during ethanol metabolism. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102081. [PMID: 34343907 PMCID: PMC8350071 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the most common liver disease worldwide and its underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Moreover, conflicting data have been reported on potentially protective autophagy, the exact role of ethanol-metabolizing enzymes and ROS. METHODS Expression of LC3B, CYP2E1, and NOX4 was studied in a mouse model of acute ethanol exposure by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Autophagy was further studied in primary mouse hepatocytes and huh7 cells in response to ethanol and its major intermediator acetaldehyde. Experiments were carried out in cells overexpressing CYP2E1 and knock down of NOX4 using siRNA. The response to external H2O2 was studied by using the GOX/CAT system. Autophagic flux was monitored using the mRFP-GFP-LC3 plasmid, while rapamycin and chloroquine served as positive and negative controls. RESULTS Acute ethanol exposure of mice over 24 h significantly induced autophagy as measured by LC3B expression but also induced the ROS-generating CYP2E1 and NOX4 enzymes. Notably, ethanol but not its downstream metabolite acetaldehyde induced autophagy in primary mouse hepatocytes. In contrast, autophagy could only be induced in huh7 cells in the presence of overexpressed CYP2E1. In addition, overexpression of NOX4 also significantly increased autophagy, which could be blocked by siRNA mediated knock down. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) also efficiently blocked CYP2E1-and NOX4-mediated induction of autophagy. Finally, specific and non-toxic production of H2O2 by the GOX/CAT system as evidenced by elevated peroxiredoxin (Prx-2) also induced LC3B which was efficiently blocked by NAC. H2O2 strongly increased the autophagic flux as measured by mRFP-GFP-LC3 plasmid. CONCLUSION We here provide evidence that short-term ethanol exposure induces autophagy in hepatocytes both in vivo and in vitro through the generation of ROS. These data suggest that suppression of autophagy by ethanol is most likely due to longer alcohol exposure during chronic alcohol consumption with the accumulation of e.g. misfolded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Center for Alcohol Research and Salem Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shijin Wang
- Center for Alcohol Research and Salem Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Linna Yu
- Center for Alcohol Research and Salem Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Mueller
- Center for Alcohol Research and Salem Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franco Fortunato
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Rausch
- Center for Alcohol Research and Salem Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mueller
- Center for Alcohol Research and Salem Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Targeting Lysosomes to Reverse Hydroquinone-Induced Autophagy Defects and Oxidative Damage in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169042. [PMID: 34445748 PMCID: PMC8396439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), hydroquinone (HQ)-induced oxidative damage in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is believed to be an early event contributing to dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) homeostasis. However, the roles of antioxidant mechanisms, such as autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, in modulating HQ-induced oxidative damage in RPE is not well-understood. This study utilized an in-vitro AMD model involving the incubation of human RPE cells (ARPE-19) with HQ. In comparison to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), HQ induced fewer reactive oxygen species (ROS) but more oxidative damage as characterized by protein carbonyl levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the loss of cell viability. HQ blocked the autophagy flux and increased proteasome activity, whereas H2O2 did the opposite. Moreover, the lysosomal membrane-stabilizing protein LAMP2 and cathepsin D levels declined with HQ exposure, suggesting loss of lysosomal membrane integrity and function. Accordingly, HQ induced lysosomal alkalization, thereby compromising the acidic pH needed for optimal lysosomal degradation. Pretreatment with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor and lysosomal stabilizer, upregulated LAMP2 and autophagy and prevented HQ-induced oxidative damage in wildtype RPE cells but not cells transfected with shRNA against ATG5. This study demonstrated that lysosomal dysfunction underlies autophagy defects and oxidative damage induced by HQ in human RPE cells and supports lysosomal stabilization with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 as a potential remedy for oxidative damage in RPE and AMD.
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Xie B, Song X. The impaired unfolded protein-premelanosome protein and transient receptor potential channels-autophagy axes in apoptotic melanocytes in vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 35:6-17. [PMID: 34333860 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease, characterized by depigmentation and epidermal melanocytes loss. The specific mechanisms underlying vitiligo have not been fully understood. As a result, treating vitiligo is a dermatological challenge. Recently, much attention has been paid to the dysfunction and interaction of organelles under environmental stress. The impaired organelles could generate misfolded proteins, particularly accumulated toxic premelanosome protein (PMEL) amyloid oligomers, activating the autoimmune system and cause melanocyte damage. Unfolded protein response (UPR) dysfunction accelerates toxic PMEL accumulation. Herein, we presented a narrative review on UPR's role in vitiligo, the misfolded PMEL-induced attack of the autoimmune system under autophagy dysfunction caused by abnormal activation of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and the background of UPR system defects in melanocytes. All of these mechanisms were integrated to form UPR/PMEL-TRP channels/autophagy axis, providing a new understanding of vitiligo pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Departement of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Departement of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Clinical Features, Immunopathogenesis, and Therapeutic Strategies in Vitiligo. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 61:299-323. [PMID: 34283349 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease of the skin characterized by epidermal melanocyte loss resulting in white patches, with an approximate prevalence of 0.5-2% worldwide. Several precipitating factors by chemical exposure and skin injury present commonly in patients with vitiligo. Although the diagnosis appears to be straightforward for the distinct clinical phenotype and specific histological features, vitiligo provides many challenges including chronicity, treatment resistance, frequent relapse, associated profound psychosocial effect, and negative impact on quality of life. Multiple mechanisms are involved in melanocyte disappearance, including genetics, environmental factors, and immune-mediated inflammation. Compelling evidence supports the melanocyte intrinsic abnormalities with poor adaptation to stressors leading to instability and release of danger signals, which will activate dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and innate lymphoid cells to initiate innate immunity, ultimately resulting in T-cell mediated adaptive immune response and melanocyte destruction. Importantly, the cross- talk between keratinocytes, melanocytes, and immune cells, such as interferon (IFN)-γ signaling pathway, builds inflammatory loops that give rise to the disease deterioration. Improved understanding of the immune pathogenesis of vitiligo has led to the development of new therapeutic options including Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors targeting IFN-γ signaling pathways, which can effectively reverse depigmentation. Furthermore, definition of treatment goals and integration of comorbid diseases into vitiligo management have revolutionized the way vitiligo is treated. In this review, we highlight recent developments in vitiligo clinical aspects and immune pathogenesis. Our key objective is to raise awareness of the complexity of this disease, the potential of prospective therapy strategies, and the need for early and comprehensive management.
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32
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Autophagy in vascular dementia and natural products with autophagy regulating activity. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105756. [PMID: 34237440 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion(CCH)-induced vascular dementia(VD) is a common neurodegenerative disease which seriously affects the patient's quality of life. Therefore, it is critical to find an effective treatment of VD. Autophagy is a natural regulated mechanism that can remove dysfunctional proteins and organelles, however, over-activation or under-activation can of autophagy can induce the apoptosis of cells. Although autophagy plays a role in the central nervous system is unquestionable, the effects of autophagy in the ischemic brain are still controversial. Some autophagy regulators have been tested, suggesting that both activation and inhibition of autophagy can improve the cognitive function. This article reviews the role of autophagy in CCH-induced VD to discuss whether autophagy has the potential to become a target for drug development and provides several potential compounds for treating vascular dementia.
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33
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RIP1-Mediated Necroptosis Facilitates Oxidative Stress‒Induced Melanocyte Death, Offering Insight into Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2921-2931.e6. [PMID: 34102211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common depigmentation disease characterized by melanocyte death, which is attributed to various mechanisms such as apoptosis and autoimmune destruction. However, whether necroptosis, a newly discovered way of cell death, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo is still elusive and has not been well-studied. In this study, we found that necroptosis markers, including phosphorylated RIP3 and phosphorylated-MLKL, were positive in melanocytes from vitiligo perilesional skins, which supported the existence of necroptosis in vitiligo. Furthermore, the expression of RIP1 was remarkably upregulated in melanocytes treated with hydrogen peroxide. Then, RIP1 intervention suppression and MLKL deficiency could significantly enhance the resistance of melanocytes to hydrogen peroxide‒induced necroptosis. Mechanistically, we confirmed that RIP1 and RIP3 could form necrosomes under oxidative stress and further trigger phosphorylated MLKL translocation to the cell membrane, which led to the destruction of melanocytes. Finally, we showed that RIP1-mediated generation of mitochondrial ROS contributed to necrosome formation in melanocytes. Collectively, our study confirms that necroptosis significantly facilitates oxidative stress‒induced melanocyte death through the RIP1 signaling pathway, offering insight into vitiligo.
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34
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Ryan GE, Harris JE, Richmond JM. Resident Memory T Cells in Autoimmune Skin Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652191. [PMID: 34012438 PMCID: PMC8128248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) are a critical component of the immune system, providing the body with an immediate and highly specific response against pathogens re-infecting peripheral tissues. More recently, however, it has been demonstrated that TRM cells also form during autoimmunity. TRM mediated autoimmune diseases are particularly destructive, because unlike foreign antigens, the self-antigens are never cleared, continuously activating self-reactive TRM T cells. In this article, we will focus on how TRMs mediate disease in autoimmune skin conditions, specifically vitiligo, psoriasis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, alopecia areata and frontal fibrosing alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Ryan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | | | - Jillian M. Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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35
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Espósito ACC, de Souza NP, Miot LDB, Miot HA. Deficit in autophagy: A possible mechanism involved in melanocyte hyperfunction in melasma. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2021; 0:1-3. [PMID: 33871200 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_927_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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36
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Lee AY. Skin Pigmentation Abnormalities and Their Possible Relationship with Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073727. [PMID: 33918445 PMCID: PMC8038212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin disorders showing abnormal pigmentation are often difficult to manage because of their uncertain etiology or pathogenesis. Abnormal pigmentation is a common symptom accompanying aging skin. The association between skin aging and skin pigmentation abnormalities can be attributed to certain inherited disorders characterized by premature aging and abnormal pigmentation in the skin and some therapeutic modalities effective for both. Several molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutations, DNA damage, telomere shortening, hormonal changes, and autophagy impairment, have been identified as involved in skin aging. Although each of these skin aging-related mechanisms are interconnected, this review examined the role of each mechanism in skin hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation to propose the possible association between skin aging and pigmentation abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 410-773, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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37
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Bastonini E, Kovacs D, Raffa S, Delle Macchie M, Pacifico A, Iacovelli P, Torrisi MR, Picardo M. A protective role for autophagy in vitiligo. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:318. [PMID: 33767135 PMCID: PMC7994839 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of studies supports the existence of a dynamic interplay between energetic metabolism and autophagy, whose induction represents an adaptive response against several stress conditions. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved and a highly orchestrated catabolic recycling process that guarantees cellular homeostasis. To date, the exact role of autophagy in vitiligo pathogenesis is still not clear. Here, we provide the first evidence that autophagy occurs in melanocytes and fibroblasts from non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients, as a result of metabolic surveillance response. More precisely, this study is the first to reveal that induction of autophagy exerts a protective role against the intrinsic metabolic stress and attempts to antagonize degenerative processes in normal appearing vitiligo skin, where melanocytes and fibroblasts are already prone to premature senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bastonini
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Kovacs
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Raffa
- Ultrastructural Pathology Lab., Medical Genetics and Advanced Cellular Diagnostics Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital & Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Delle Macchie
- Ultrastructural Pathology Lab., Medical Genetics and Advanced Cellular Diagnostics Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital & Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Pacifico
- Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Iacovelli
- Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Ultrastructural Pathology Lab., Medical Genetics and Advanced Cellular Diagnostics Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital & Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Chen J, Li S, Li C. Mechanisms of melanocyte death in vitiligo. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1138-1166. [PMID: 33200838 PMCID: PMC7983894 DOI: 10.1002/med.21754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune depigment disease results from extensive melanocytes destruction. The destruction of melanocyte is thought to be of multifactorial causation. Genome-wide associated studies have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in a panel of susceptible loci as risk factors in melanocyte death. But vitiligo onset can't be solely attributed to a susceptive genetic background. Oxidative stress triggered by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species accounts for melanocytic molecular and organelle dysfunction, a minority of melanocyte demise, and melanocyte-specific antigens exposure. Of note, the self-responsive immune function directly contributes to the bulk of melanocyte deaths in vitiligo. The aberrantly heightened innate immunity, type-1-skewed T helper, and incompetent regulatory T cells tip the balance toward autoreaction and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes finally execute the killing of melanocytes, possibly alarmed by resident memory T cells. In addition to the well-established apoptosis and necrosis, we discuss several death modalities like oxeiptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis that are probably employed in melanocyte destruction. This review focuses on the various mechanisms of melanocytic death in vitiligo pathogenesis to demonstrate a panorama of that. We hope to provide new insights into vitiligo pathogenesis and treatment strategies by the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Chen
- Department of DermatologyXijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShannxiChina
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of DermatologyXijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShannxiChina
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of DermatologyXijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShannxiChina
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Tang P, Li Q, Liao S, Wei S, Cui L, Xu W, Zhu D, Luo J, Kong L. Shizukaol A exerts anti-inflammatory effect by regulating HMGB1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 82:153472. [PMID: 33550145 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Makino (Chloranthaceae) has a long history of being used in Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) to treat painful joints, fractures, arthritis, and other diseases caused by inflammation. It has been reported that lindenane-type sesquiterpenoid dimers are main anti-inflammatory ingredient of S. glabra. Meanwhile, shizukaol A, the precursor of these sesquiterpene dimers, possesses a good inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) in our previous study. But its anti-inflammatory mechanism is still unclear. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the possible anti-inflammatory mechanism and potential targets of shizukaol A in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. METHODS The release of NO and inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were measured by Griess reagent and ELISA, respectively. The relevant proteins including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were detected by western blot. Nuclear translocation of p65, HMGB1 and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were examined by immunofluorescence. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was tested by flow cytometry. The target of shizukaol A was investigated by molecular docking and Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability (DARTS). RESULTS Shizukaol A had a good inhibitory effect on NO with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 13.79 ± 1.11 μM. Shizukaol A could down-regulate the expression of iNOS and COX-2. Further studies demonstrated that shizukaol A can significantly inhibit phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Meanwhile, shizukaol A decreased the level of ROS and enhanced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Furthermore, shizukaol A up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and its nuclear translocation. More importantly, shizukaol A could inhibit activation of HMGB1 by targeting HMGB1. CONCLUSION Shizukaol A inhibited inflammation by targeting HMGB1 to regulate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Thus, shizukaol A may be an attractive therapeutic candidate for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiurong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanting Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Letian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Bergqvist C, Ezzedine K. Vitiligo: A focus on pathogenesis and its therapeutic implications. J Dermatol 2021; 48:252-270. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bergqvist
- Department of Dermatology AP‐HP Henri Mondor University Hospital UPEC Créteil France
| | - Khaled Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology AP‐HP Henri Mondor University Hospital UPEC Créteil France
- EA 7379 EpidermE Université Paris‐Est Créteil, UPEC Créteil France
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Forouzanfar F, Guest PC, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Hepatoprotective Effect of Trehalose: Insight into Its Mechanisms of Action. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1328:489-500. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yamamoto A, Yang L, Kuroda Y, Guo J, Teng L, Tsuruta D, Katayama I. Local Epidermal Endocrine Estrogen Protects Human Melanocytes against Oxidative Stress, a Novel Insight into Vitiligo Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010269. [PMID: 33383933 PMCID: PMC7794688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the outermost barrier of the body, skin is a major target of oxidative stress. In the brain, estrogen has been reported synthesized locally and protects neurons from oxidative stress. Here, we explored whether estrogen is also locally synthesized in the skin to protect from oxidative stress and whether aberrant local estrogen synthesis is involved in skin disorders. Enzymes and estrogen receptor expression in skin cells were examined first by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. Interestingly, the estrogen synthesis enzyme was mainly localized in epidermal keratinocytes and estrogen receptors were mainly expressed in melanocytes among 13 kinds of cultured human skin cells. The most abundant estrogen synthesis enzyme expressed in the epidermis was 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD17β1) localized in keratinocytes, and the most dominant estrogen receptor expressed in the epidermis was G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) in melanocytes. To investigate whether keratinocyte-derived estradiol could protect melanocytes from oxidative stress, cultured human primary epidermal melanocytes (HEMn-MPs) were treated with H2O2 in the presence or absence of 17β estradiol or co-cultured with HSD17β1 siRNA-transfected keratinocytes. Keratinocyte-derived estradiol exhibited protective effects against H2O2-induced cell death. Further, reduced expression of HSD17β1 in the epidermis of skin from vitiligo patients was observed compared to the skin from healthy donors or in the normal portions of the skin in vitiligo patients. Our results suggest a possible new target for interventions that may be used in combination with current therapies for patients with vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Yamamoto
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-0051, Japan; (A.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.G.); (L.T.); (I.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-0051, Japan;
| | - Lingli Yang
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-0051, Japan; (A.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.G.); (L.T.); (I.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-6-6556-7618
| | - Yasutaka Kuroda
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-0051, Japan; (A.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.G.); (L.T.); (I.K.)
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Kanagawa 250-0002, Japan
| | - Jiao Guo
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-0051, Japan; (A.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.G.); (L.T.); (I.K.)
| | - Lanting Teng
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-0051, Japan; (A.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.G.); (L.T.); (I.K.)
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-0051, Japan;
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-0051, Japan; (A.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.G.); (L.T.); (I.K.)
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Wu X, Yang Y, Xiang L, Zhang C. The fate of melanocyte: Mechanisms of cell death in vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:256-267. [PMID: 33346939 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Loss of melanocytes (MCs) is the most notable feature of vitiligo. Hence, it is critical to clarify the mechanisms of MC destruction in vitiligo. Apoptosis is most widely studied cell death pathways in vitiligo. In addition, the other two forms of cell death, conventional necrosis and autophagy seem to be involved in the death of vitiligo MCs under certain situations. Moreover, new types of regulated cell death including necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis may also participate in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Anoikis is likely to be connected with the death of detached MCs, which is provoked specifically by loss of anchorage. Primary phagocytosis, later called phagoptosis can execute death of viable cells, probably partly responsible for the loss of MCs in vitiligo. In this review, we aim to summarize the latest insights into various forms of MC death in vitiligo and discuss the corresponding mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyi Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yiwen Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Leihong Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chengfeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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Friedmann Angeli JP, Meierjohann S. NRF2-dependent stress defense in tumor antioxidant control and immune evasion. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:268-279. [PMID: 33205526 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor NRF2 is known as the master regulator of the oxidative stress response. Tumor entities presenting oncogenic activation of NRF2, such as lung adenocarcinoma, are associated with drug resistance, and accumulating evidence demonstrates its involvement in immune evasion. In other cancer types, the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway is not commonly mutated, but NRF2 is activated by other means such as radiation, oncogenic activity, cytokines, or other pro-oxidant triggers characteristic of the tumor niche. The obvious effect of stress-activated NRF2 is the protection from oxidative or electrophilic damage and the adaptation of the tumor metabolism to changing conditions. However, data from melanoma also reveal a role of NRF2 in modulating differentiation and suppressing anti-tumor immunity. This review summarizes the function of NRF2 in this tumor entity and discusses the implications for current tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Friedmann Angeli
- Rudolf-Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Meierjohann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Li XS, Tang XY, Su W, Li X. Vitexin protects melanocytes from oxidative stress via activating MAPK-Nrf2/ARE pathway. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:594-603. [PMID: 33045867 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1835952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitiligo is the most common type of depigmented skin disease. Cellular oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway plays an important role in melanocytes against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced oxidative stress. In addition, vitexin may protect vitiligo by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we aimed to investigate the antioxidant effect of vitexin-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-Nrf2/ARE axis in vitiligo. METHODS MTT assay identified cell viability of human melanocyte PIG1. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Gene and protein expression levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the expressions of inflammatory factors and ROS production. RESULTS Vitexin inhibited H2O2-induced melanocyte apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation. Moreover, vitexin decreased expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-17A, and ROS in melanocytes induced by H2O2. Subsequently, activation of MAPK-Nrf2/ARE signaling was readily induced by vitexin treatment, as evidenced by the upregulation of antioxidant genes including heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Knockdown of Nrf2 reversed the protective effect of vitexin on H2O2-induced melanocytes. And, knockdown of Nrf2 increased the expression of IL-1β, IL-17A and ROS, and reduced HO-1 and SOD expression. CONCLUSIONS Vitexin protected melanocytes from oxidative stress by activating MAPK-Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. Our results suggested that the role of the Nrf2/ARE axis in the antioxidant defense of melanocytes, and the potential therapeutic strategy for vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Sha Li
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Yong Tang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Hunan Provincal Key Laboratory of Diagnostic in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P. R. China
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Wang L, Ding X, Huang H, Li Z, Li M, Du J, Zhang J. PINK1 in normal human melanocytes: first identification and its effects on H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 46:292-299. [PMID: 32870534 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress plays an important role in initiating the destruction of melanocytes, which could be one possible mechanism of vitiligo. PINK1 is an outer membrane protein of mitochondria, which protects many cells from oxidative stress through regulating mitochondrial function. However, the role of PINK1 and its effects on oxidative damage in melanocytes have not been elucidated. AIM To investigate the expression and effects of PINK1 on oxidative stress in human melanocytes. METHODS Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blot analysis were used to analyse the expression of PINK1 in PIG1 melanocyte and gene downregulation models. Levels of cell viability, cell apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening were measured in PIG1 models transfected with PINK1 small interfering RNA with or without hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). RESULTS We first observed the expression of PINK1 in human PIG1 melanocytes and found that downregulation of PINK1 made melanocytes more sensitive to oxidative stress induced by H2 O2 , with more cell apoptosis and increased intracellular ROS. Meanwhile, downregulation of PINK1 caused morphological changes in mitochondria, decreased the MMP and increased MPTP opening. CONCLUSIONS Our study found PINK1 plays an essential role in protecting human melanocytes from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - X Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - H Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - J Du
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Chen RH, Xiao L, Zhang RZ, Wang SY, Li Y. Dedifferentiation of human epidermal melanocytes in vitro by long-term trypsinization. Cell Tissue Bank 2020; 22:67-75. [PMID: 32978700 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-020-09866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal melanocytes can be induced to form melanocyte spheroids and revert to immature characteristics by long-term trypsinization (LTT). To further explore the biological characteristics of melanocytes after LTT and to study the underlying mechanism. Melanocytes were subjected to long-term (2 h) trypsinization in this study, after which their viability, proliferation and autophagy were characterized. The expression of melanocyte markers [human melanoma black45 (HMB45), tyrosinase (TYR) and Nestin] was detected and relative expression levels of mRNAs encoding TYR, Nestin, c-Kit and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) were determined. After LTT, more short spindle-shaped melanocytes appeared and viability assays demonstrated that most melanocytes survived that treatment but had decreased proliferation rates compared to the untreated controls. There was a significant increase in autophagy of melanocytes after LTT and the expression of TYR was decreased compared with untreated control melanocytes. There were no significant differences in the expression of HMB45 or Nestin between the two groups. Compared with untreated melanocytes, levels of message ribonucleic acid (mRNAs) encoding TYR, c-Kit and MITF were decreased after LTT, while Nestin mRNA levels were increased. These results clarified that Long-term treatment with trypsin causes the dedifferentiation of mature epidermal melanocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-He Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Ru-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, 213003, China.
| | - Sheng-Yi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, 213003, China
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Srivastava P, Talwar M, Yadav A, Choudhary A, Mohanty S, Bharti S, Narad P, Sengupta A. VIRdb 2.0: Interactive analysis of comorbidity conditions associated with vitiligo pathogenesis using co-expression network-based approach. F1000Res 2020; 9:1055. [PMID: 33763205 PMCID: PMC7953917 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.25713.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a disease of mysterious origins in the context of its occurrence and pathogenesis. The autoinflammatory theory is perhaps the most widely accepted theory that discusses the occurrence of Vitiligo. The theory elaborates the clinical association of vitiligo with autoimmune disorders such as Psoriasis, Multiple Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis and Diabetes. In the present work, we discuss the comprehensive set of differentially co-expressed genes involved in the crosstalk events between Vitiligo and associated autoimmune disorders (Psoriasis, Multiple Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis). We progress our previous tool, Vitiligo Information Resource (VIRdb), and incorporate into it a compendium of Vitiligo-related multi-omics datasets and present it as VIRdb 2.0. It is available as a web-resource consisting of statistically sound and manually curated information. VIRdb 2.0 is an integrative database as its datasets are connected to KEGG, STRING, GeneCards, SwissProt, NPASS. Through the present study, we communicate the major updates and expansions in the VIRdb and deliver the new version as VIRdb 2.0. VIRdb 2.0 offers the maximum user interactivity along with ease of navigation. We envision that VIRdb 2.0 will be pertinent for the researchers and clinicians engaged in drug development for vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyansh Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Mehak Talwar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Aishwarya Yadav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Alakto Choudhary
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Sabyasachi Mohanty
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Samuel Bharti
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Priyanka Narad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Abhishek Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
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Srivastava P, Talwar M, Yadav A, Choudhary A, Mohanty S, Bharti S, Narad P, Sengupta A. VIRdb 2.0: Interactive analysis of comorbidity conditions associated with vitiligo pathogenesis using co-expression network-based approach. F1000Res 2020; 9:1055. [PMID: 33763205 PMCID: PMC7953917 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.25713.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a disease of mysterious origins in the context of its occurrence and pathogenesis. The autoinflammatory theory is perhaps the most widely accepted theory that discusses the occurrence of Vitiligo. The theory elaborates the clinical association of vitiligo with autoimmune disorders such as Psoriasis, Multiple Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis and Diabetes. In the present work, we discuss the comprehensive set of differentially co-expressed genes involved in the crosstalk events between Vitiligo and associated autoimmune disorders (Psoriasis, Multiple Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis). We progress our previous tool, Vitiligo Information Resource (VIRdb), and incorporate into it a compendium of Vitiligo-related multi-omics datasets and present it as VIRdb 2.0. It is available as a web-resource consisting of statistically sound and manually curated information. VIRdb 2.0 is an integrative database as its datasets are connected to KEGG, STRING, GeneCards, SwissProt, NPASS. Through the present study, we communicate the major updates and expansions in the VIRdb and deliver the new version as VIRdb 2.0. VIRdb 2.0 offers the maximum user interactivity along with ease of navigation. We envision that VIRdb 2.0 will be pertinent for the researchers and clinicians engaged in drug development for vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyansh Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Mehak Talwar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Aishwarya Yadav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Alakto Choudhary
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Sabyasachi Mohanty
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Samuel Bharti
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Priyanka Narad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Abhishek Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
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Lei Z, Yu S, Ding Y, Liang J, Halifu Y, Xiang F, Zhang D, Wang H, Hu W, Li T, Wang Y, Zou X, Zhang K, Kang X. Identification of key genes and pathways involved in vitiligo development based on integrated analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21297. [PMID: 32756109 PMCID: PMC7402735 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a chronic skin condition lack of melanocytes. However, researches on the aetiology and pathogenesis of vitiligo are still under debate. This study aimed to explore the key genes and pathways associated with occurrence and development of vitiligo.Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to reanalyze the gene expression dataset GSE65127 systematically. Functional enrichments of these modules were carried out at gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), gene set variation analysis (GSVA), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Then, a map of regulatory network was delineated according to pivot analysis and drug prediction. In addition, hub genes and crucial pathways were validated by an independent dataset GSE75819. The expressions of hub genes in modules were also tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).Eight coexpressed modules were identified by WGCNA based on 5794 differentially expressed genes of vitiligo. Three modules were found to be significantly correlated with Lesional, Peri-Lesional, and Non-Lesional, respectively. The persistent maladjusted genes included 269 upregulated genes and 82 downregulated genes. The enrichments showed module genes were implicated in immune response, p53 signaling pathway, etc. According to GSEA and GSVA, dysregulated pathways were activated incessantly from Non-Lesional to Peri-Lesional and then to Lesional, 4 of which were verified by an independent dataset GSE75819. Finally, 42 transcription factors and 228 drugs were spotted. Focusing on the persistent maladjusted genes, a map of regulatory network was delineated. Hub genes (CACTIN, DCTN1, GPR143, HADH, MRPL47, NKTR, NUF2) and transcription factors (ITGAV, SYK, PDPK1) were validated by an independent dataset GSE75819. In addition, hub genes (CACTIN, DCTN1, GPR143, MRPL47, NKTR) were also confirmed by qRT-PCR.The present study, at least, might provide an integrated and in-depth insight for exploring the underlying mechanism of vitiligo and predicting potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shirong Yu
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Junqin Liang
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yilinuer Halifu
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fang Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dezhi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yunying Wang
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuelian Zou
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kunjie Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaojing Kang
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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