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Liu Y, Qin Y, Gao J, Huang B. The Phase Control of Transition Metallic Elements via Facile Chemical and Physical Syntheses. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300378. [PMID: 38501857 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The crystal phases of metals are important factors to tune the properties of metals, and therefore received extensive attention. Traditionally, phase control is performed within limited numbers of elements by harsh conditions, such as face-centered cubic Fe by high temperature. This review summarizes most reports in metal phase control area, including elements of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Pd, Rh, Os and Au. For every metallic element, the facile phase control methods are systematically introduced, such as epitaxial growth, ball milling, chemical reduction, etc. Their corresponding applications and the mechanisms for phase control are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Liu
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Junyun Gao
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
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2
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An Q, Xiong W, Hu F, Yu Y, Lv P, Hu S, Gan X, He X, Zhao J, Yuan S. Direct growth of single-chiral-angle tungsten disulfide nanotubes using gold nanoparticle catalysts. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:347-355. [PMID: 37443381 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanotubes offer a unique platform to explore the properties of TMD materials at the one-dimensional limit. Despite considerable efforts thus far, the direct growth of TMD nanotubes with controllable chirality remains challenging. Here we demonstrate the direct and facile growth of high-quality WS2 and WSe2 nanotubes on Si substrates using catalytic chemical vapour deposition with Au nanoparticles. The Au nanoparticles provide unique accommodation sites for the nucleation of WS2 or WSe2 shells on their surfaces and seed the subsequent growth of nanotubes. We find that the growth mode of nanotubes is sensitive to the temperature. With careful temperature control, we realize ~79% WS2 nanotubes with single chiral angles, with a preference of 30° (~37%) and 0° (~12%). Moreover, we demonstrate how the geometric, electronic and optical properties of the synthesized WS2 nanotubes can be modulated by the chirality. We anticipate that this approach using Au nanoparticles as catalysts will facilitate the growth of TMD nanotubes with controllable chirality and promote the study of their interesting properties and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwei An
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology and School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wenqi Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Hu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Yikang Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Pengfei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siqi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology and School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuetao Gan
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology and School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobo He
- Institute of Physics, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology and School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengjun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, China.
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3
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Dickerson JL, Leahy E, Peet MJ, Naydenova K, Russo CJ. Accurate magnification determination for cryoEM using gold. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 256:113883. [PMID: 38008055 PMCID: PMC10782223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Determining the correct magnified pixel size of single-particle cryoEM micrographs is necessary to maximize resolution and enable accurate model building. Here we describe a simple and rapid procedure for determining the absolute magnification in an electron cryomicroscope to a precision of <0.5%. We show how to use the atomic lattice spacings of crystals of thin and readily available test specimens, such as gold, as an absolute reference to determine magnification for both room temperature and cryogenic imaging. We compare this method to other commonly used methods, and show that it provides comparable accuracy in spite of its simplicity. This magnification calibration method provides a definitive reference quantity for data analysis and processing, simplifies the combination of multiple datasets from different microscopes and detectors, and improves the accuracy with which the contrast transfer function of the microscope can be determined. We also provide an open source program, magCalEM, which can be used to accurately estimate the magnified pixel size of a cryoEM dataset ex post facto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Dickerson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Erin Leahy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Mathew J Peet
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Katerina Naydenova
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Christopher J Russo
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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4
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Jany BR. Quantifying colors at micrometer scale by colorimetric microscopy (C-Microscopy) approach. Micron 2024; 176:103557. [PMID: 37864984 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The color is the primal property of the objects around us and is direct manifestation of light-matter interactions. The color information is used in many different fields of science, technology and industry to investigate material properties or for identification of concentrations of substances. Usually the color information is used as a global parameter in a macro scale. To quantitatively measure color information in micro scale one needs to use dedicated microscope spectrophotometers or specialized micro-reflectance setups. Here, the Colorimetric Microscopy (C-Microscopy) approach based on digital optical microscopy and a free software is presented. The C-Microscopy approach uses color calibrated image and colorimetric calculations to obtain physically meaningful quantities i.e., dominant wavelength and excitation purity maps at micro level scale. This allows for the discovery of the local color details of samples surfaces. Later, to fully characterize the optical properties, the hyperspectral reflectance data at micro scale (reflectance as a function of wavelength for a each point) are colorimetrically recovered. The C-Microscopy approach was successfully applied to various types of samples i.e., two metamorphic rocks unakite and lapis lazuli, which are mixtures of different minerals; and to the surface of gold 99.999 % pellet, which exhibits different types of surface features. The C-Microscopy approach could be used to quantify the local optical properties changes of various materials at microscale in an accessible way. The approach is freely available as a set of python jupyter notebooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedykt R Jany
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30348 Krakow, Poland.
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5
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Sikora O, Sternik M, Jany BR, Krok F, Piekarz P, Oleś AM. Density functional theory study of Au-fcc/Ge and Au-hcp/Ge interfaces. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:1093-1105. [PMID: 38025198 PMCID: PMC10679839 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nanostructures with hexagonal polytypes of gold have been synthesised, opening new possibilities in nanoscience and nanotechnology. As bulk gold crystallizes in the fcc phase, surface effects can play an important role in stabilizing hexagonal gold nanostructures. Here, we investigate several heterostructures with Ge substrates, including the fcc and hcp phases of gold that have been observed experimentally. We determine and discuss their interfacial energies and optimized atomic arrangements, comparing the theory results with available experimental data. Our DFT calculations for the Au-fcc(011)/Ge(001) junction show how the presence of defects in the interface layer can help to stabilize the atomic pattern, consistent with microscopic images. Although the Au-hcp/Ge interface is characterized by a similar interface energy, it reveals large atomic displacements due to significant mismatch. Finally, analyzing the electronic properties, we demonstrate that Au/Ge systems have metallic character, but covalent-like bonding states between interfacial Ge and Au atoms are also present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sikora
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Podchorążych 1, PL-30084 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Sternik
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, W. E. Radzikowskiego 152, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Benedykt R Jany
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Franciszek Krok
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Piekarz
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, W. E. Radzikowskiego 152, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej M Oleś
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Jagiellonian University, Prof. Stanisława Łojasiewicza 11, PL-30348 Kraków, Poland
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6
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Zhang D. DFT Simulation of a Gold Electrode Vapor-Deposition Growth Process and the Effect of Defects on the Electrode Work Function. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5649-5654. [PMID: 37052629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
While two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are explored as field-effect transistor (FET) channel materials for decreasing the short channel effects, electrical contact with 2D semiconductors is a major issue. Many efforts have been made toward this issue. However, the discrepancy in the contact type and the Schottky barrier height from the same contact is present in experiments. This discrepancy supposedly should be associated with the vapor-deposition electrode structures, on which little attention had been focused. Here, the crystal growth of the gold vapor-deposition electrode is simulated by adding gold atoms to the gold substrate one by one in the framework of density functional theory, and for every step, the spontaneously searching adsorption site method is used to find thermodynamically stable adsorption sites and the climbing nudged elastic band method is used to find kinetically stable ones. Simulation shows that the Au(111) face grows according to the ABC sequence packing, and possible defects are interstitial, vacancy, and the partly filled nascent layer (PFNL). These defects have an unequal effect on the electrode work function. The PFNL may be a non-negligible factor responsible for the discrepancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyu Zhang
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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7
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Cihan E, Dietzel D, Jany BR, Schirmeisen A. Effect of Amorphous-Crystalline Phase Transition on Superlubric Sliding. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:126205. [PMID: 37027841 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.126205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Structural superlubricity describes the state of greatly reduced friction between incommensurate atomically flat surfaces. Theory predicts that, in the superlubric state, the remaining friction sensitively depends on the exact structural configuration. In particular the friction of amorphous and crystalline structures for, otherwise, identical interfaces should be markedly different. Here, we measure friction of antimony nanoparticles on graphite as a function of temperature between 300 and 750 K. We observe a characteristic change of friction when passing the amorphous-crystalline phase transition above 420 K, which shows irreversibility upon cooling. The friction data is modeled with a combination of an area scaling law and a Prandtl-Tomlinson type temperature activation. We find that the characteristic scaling factor γ, which is a fingerprint of the structural state of the interface, is reduced by 20% when passing the phase transition. This validates the concept that structural superlubricity is determined by the effectiveness of atomic force canceling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Cihan
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk Dietzel
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Benedykt R Jany
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30348 Krakow, Poland
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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8
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Zhang Q, Kusada K, Kitagawa H. Phase Control of Noble Monometallic and Alloy Nanomaterials by Chemical Reduction Methods. Chempluschem 2021; 86:504-519. [PMID: 33764700 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the phase control of monometallic and alloy nanomaterials has attracted great attention because of the potential to tune the physical and chemical properties of these species. In this Review, an overview of the latest research progress in phase-controlled monometallic and alloy nanomaterials is first given. Then, the phase-controlled synthesis using a chemical reduction method are discussed, and the formation mechanisms of these nanomaterials are specifically highlighted. Lastly, the challenges and future perspectives in this new research field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kohei Kusada
- Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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9
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Cajzl J, Jeníčková K, Nekvindová P, Michalcová A, Veselý M, Macková A, Malinský P, Jágerová A, Mikšová R, Akhmadaliev S. Creation of Gold Nanoparticles in ZnO by Ion Implantation-DFT and Experimental Studies. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122392. [PMID: 33265978 PMCID: PMC7760233 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Three different crystallographic orientations of the wurtzite ZnO structure (labeled as c-plane, a-plane and m-plane) were implanted with Au+ ions using various energies and fluences to form gold nanoparticles (GNPs). The ion implantation process was followed by annealing at 600 °C in an oxygen atmosphere to decrease the number of unwanted defects and improve luminescence properties. With regard to our previous publications, the paper provides a summary of theoretical and experimental results, i.e., both DFT and FLUX simulations, as well as experimental results from TEM, HRTEM, RBS, RBS/C, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence. From the results, it follows that in the ZnO structure, implanted gold atoms are located in random interstitial positions -experimentally, the amount of interstitial gold atoms increased with increasing ion implantation fluence. During ion implantation and subsequent annealing, the metal clusters and nanoparticles with sizes from 2 to 20 nm were formed. The crystal structure of the resulting gold was not cubic (confirmed by diffraction patterns), but it had a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) arrangement. The ion implantation of gold leads to the creation of Zn and O interstitial defects and extended defects with distinct character in various crystallographic cuts of ZnO, where significant O-sublattice disordering occurred in m-plane ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Cajzl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.J.); (P.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karla Jeníčková
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.J.); (P.N.)
| | - Pavla Nekvindová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.J.); (P.N.)
| | - Alena Michalcová
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Veselý
- Department of Organic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Anna Macková
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (P.M.); (A.J.); (R.M.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkinje University, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Malinský
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (P.M.); (A.J.); (R.M.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkinje University, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Jágerová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (P.M.); (A.J.); (R.M.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkinje University, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Mikšová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (P.M.); (A.J.); (R.M.)
| | - Shavkat Akhmadaliev
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
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Macková A, Jagerová A, Malinský P, Cutroneo M, Flaks J, Nekvindová P, Michalcová A, Holý V, Košutová T. Nanostructures in various Au ion-implanted ZnO facets modified using energetic O ions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23563-23573. [PMID: 33073816 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04119j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Noble metal nanoparticles dispersed in semiconductors, mainly in ZnO, have been intensively investigated. Au dispersion and possible precipitation as well as damage growth were studied in ZnO of various orientations, a-plane (112[combining macron]0) and c-plane (0001), using 1 MeV Au+-ion implantation with an ion fluence of 1.5 × 1016 cm-2 and subsequently annealed at 600 °C in an ambient atmosphere for one hour. Afterwards, irradiation with 10 MeV O3+ at a fluence of 5 × 1014 cm-2 was used to modify Au distribution and internal morphology as well as to follow the structural modification of ZnO under high-energy light-ion irradiation. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in the channelling mode (RBS-C) and Raman spectroscopy show that O irradiation with high electronic energy transfer distinctly modifies the implanted Au layer in various ZnO facets; it introduces additional displacement and disorder in the O sublattice mainly in the a-plane while not creating an additional strain in this facet. This has been confirmed by XRD analysis, identifying the appearance of an additional phase (nanocrystallites) after Au implantation, which diminishes after O irradiation, and RBS-C has identified decreased disorder in the Zn-sublattice. Unlike in c-plane ZnO, it has been possible to observe a local compressive deformation around spherical defects, which is more pronounced after O irradiation simultaneously with the vertical strain introduced in the Au-implanted and annealed layer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to investigate the interior morphology, showing the occurrence of Au-hcp clusters of the small sizes of about 4-10 nm; neither the cluster sizes nor their shapes are significantly affected by the O irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Macková
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., 250 68 ŘeŽ, Czech Republic. and Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, České MládeŽe 8, 400 96 Ustí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - A Jagerová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., 250 68 ŘeŽ, Czech Republic. and Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, České MládeŽe 8, 400 96 Ustí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - P Malinský
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., 250 68 ŘeŽ, Czech Republic. and Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, České MládeŽe 8, 400 96 Ustí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - M Cutroneo
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., 250 68 ŘeŽ, Czech Republic.
| | - J Flaks
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., 250 68 ŘeŽ, Czech Republic.
| | - P Nekvindová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Michalcová
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Holý
- Department of Condensed Matter, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 2026/5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic and CEITEC at Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T Košutová
- Department of Condensed Matter, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 2026/5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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11
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Jany BR, Janas A, Piskorz W, Szajna K, Kryshtal A, Cempura G, Indyka P, Kruk A, Czyrska-Filemonowicz A, Krok F. Towards the understanding of the gold interaction with AIII-BV semiconductors at the atomic level. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9067-9081. [PMID: 32285065 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10256f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AIII-BV semiconductors have been considered to be a promising material for decades in overcoming the limitations of silicon semiconductor devices. One of the important aspects within the AIII-BV semiconductor technology is gold-semiconductor interactions on the nanoscale. We report on the investigations into the basic chemical interactions of Au atoms with AIII-BV semiconductor crystals by the investigation of the nanostructure formation in the process of thermally-induced Au self-assembly on various AIII-BV surfaces by means of atomically resolved High Angle Annular Dark Field (HAADF) Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) measurements. We have found that the formation of nanostructures is a consequence of the surface diffusion and nucleation of adatoms produced by Au induced chemical reactions on AIII-BV semiconductor surfaces. Only for InSb crystals we have found that there is efficient diffusion of Au atoms into the bulk, which we experimentally studied by Machine Learning HAADF STEM image quantification and theoretically by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations with the inclusion of finite temperature effects. Furthermore, the effective number of Au atoms needed to release one AIII metal atom has been estimated. The experimental finding reveals a difference in the Au interactions with the In- and Ga-based groups of AIII-BV semiconductors. Our comprehensive and systematic studies uncover the details of the Au interactions with the AIII-BV surface at the atomic level with chemical sensitivity and shed new light on the fundamental Au/AIII-BV interactions at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Jany
- The Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
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12
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Jany BR, Janas A, Krok F. Automatic microscopic image analysis by moving window local Fourier Transform and Machine Learning. Micron 2019; 130:102800. [PMID: 31855656 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of microscope images is a tedious work which requires patience and time, usually done manually by the microscopist after data collection. The results obtained in such a way might be biased by the human who performed the analysis. Here we introduce an approach of automatic image analysis, which is based on locally applied Fourier Transform and Machine Learning methods. In this approach, a whole image is scanned by a local moving window with defined size and the 2D Fourier Transform is calculated for each window. Then, all the Local Fourier Transforms are fed into Machine Learning processing. Firstly, a number of components in the data is estimated from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Scree Plot performed on the data. Secondly, the data are decomposed blindly by Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) into interpretable spatial maps (loadings) and corresponding Fourier Transforms (factors). As a result, the microscopic image is analyzed and the features on the image are automatically discovered, based on the local changes in Fourier Transform, without human bias. The user selects only a size and movement of the scanning local window which defines the final analysis resolution. This automatic approach was successfully applied to analysis of various microscopic images with and without local periodicity i.e. atomically resolved High Angle Annular Dark Field (HAADF) Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) image of Au nanoisland of fcc and Au hcp phases, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) image of Au-induced reconstruction on Ge(001) surface, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image of metallic nanoclusters grown on GaSb surface, and Fluorescence microscopy image of HeLa cell line of cervical cancer. The proposed approach could be used to automatically analyze the local structure of microscopic images within a time of about a minute for a single image on a modern desktop/notebook computer and it is freely available as a Python analysis notebook and Python program for batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedykt R Jany
- The Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, The Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL-30348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Janas
- The Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, The Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL-30348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Franciszek Krok
- The Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, The Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL-30348 Krakow, Poland
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Koss XG, Petrov OF, Statsenko KB, Vasiliev MM. Small systems of laser-driven active Brownian particles: Evolution and dynamic entropy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/124/45001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Gapska A, Łapiński M, Syty P, Sadowski W, Sienkiewicz JE, Kościelska B. Au-Si plasmonic platforms: synthesis, structure and FDTD simulations. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2599-2608. [PMID: 30345219 PMCID: PMC6176829 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic platforms based on Au nanostructures have been successfully synthesized by directional solidification of a eutectic from Au and the substrate. In order to determine homogeneous shape and space distribution, the influence of annealing conditions and the initial thickness of the Au film on the nanostructures was analyzed. For the surface morphology studies, SEM and AFM measurements were performed. The structure of platforms was investigated using XRD and XPS methods. Structural investigations confirmed, that nanostructures consist of metallic Au, growing along the [111] direction. The most homogeneous seems to be the platform obtained by solidification of a 2.8 nm Au film, annealed at 550 °C for 15 min. This sample was subsequently chosen for theoretical calculations. Simulations of electromagnetic field propagation through the produced samples were performed using the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method. The calculated absorbance, as a result of the FDTD simulation shows a quite good agreement with experimental data obtained in the UV-vis range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gapska
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Department of Solid State Physics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Łapiński
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Department of Solid State Physics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł Syty
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Department of Theoretical Physics and Quantum Information, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sadowski
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Department of Solid State Physics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Józef Eugeniusz Sienkiewicz
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Department of Theoretical Physics and Quantum Information, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Kościelska
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Department of Solid State Physics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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15
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Guzzinati G, Altantzis T, Batuk M, De Backer A, Lumbeeck G, Samaee V, Batuk D, Idrissi H, Hadermann J, Van Aert S, Schryvers D, Verbeeck J, Bals S. Recent Advances in Transmission Electron Microscopy for Materials Science at the EMAT Lab of the University of Antwerp. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1304. [PMID: 30060556 PMCID: PMC6117696 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid progress in materials science that enables the design of materials down to the nanoscale also demands characterization techniques able to analyze the materials down to the same scale, such as transmission electron microscopy. As Belgium's foremost electron microscopy group, among the largest in the world, EMAT is continuously contributing to the development of TEM techniques, such as high-resolution imaging, diffraction, electron tomography, and spectroscopies, with an emphasis on quantification and reproducibility, as well as employing TEM methodology at the highest level to solve real-world materials science problems. The lab's recent contributions are presented here together with specific case studies in order to highlight the usefulness of TEM to the advancement of materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Guzzinati
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Altantzis
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
| | - Maria Batuk
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
| | - Annick De Backer
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
| | - Gunnar Lumbeeck
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
| | - Vahid Samaee
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
| | - Dmitry Batuk
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
| | - Hosni Idrissi
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
- Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Joke Hadermann
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Van Aert
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
| | | | - Johan Verbeeck
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
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16
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Cheng H, Yang N, Lu Q, Zhang Z, Zhang H. Syntheses and Properties of Metal Nanomaterials with Novel Crystal Phases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707189. [PMID: 29658155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, researchers have devoted tremendous effort into the rational design and controlled synthesis of metal nanomaterials with well-defined size, morphology, composition, and structure, and great achievements have been reached. However, the crystal-phase engineering of metal nanomaterials still remains a big challenge. Recent research has revealed that the crystal phase of metal nanomaterials can significantly alter their properties, arising from the distinct atomic arrangement and modified electronic structure. Until now, it has been relatively uncommon to synthesize metal nanomaterials with novel crystal phases in spite of the fact that these nanostructures would be promising for various applications. Here, the research progress regarding the fine control of noble metal (Au, Ag, Ru, Rh, Pd) and non-noble metal (Fe, Co, Ni) nanomaterials with novel crystal phases is reviewed. First, synthesis strategies and their phase transformations are summarized, while highlighting the peculiar characteristics of each element. The phase-dependent properties are then discussed by providing representative examples. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in this emerging field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Cheng
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Nailiang Yang
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Qipeng Lu
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hua Zhang
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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17
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Jany BR, Janas A, Krok F. Retrieving the Quantitative Chemical Information at Nanoscale from Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive X-ray Measurements by Machine Learning. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:6520-6525. [PMID: 29032683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative composition of metal alloy nanowires on InSb semiconductor surface and gold nanostructures on germanium surface is determined by blind source separation (BSS) machine learning method using non-negative matrix factorization from energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectrum image maps measured in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The BSS method blindly decomposes the collected EDX spectrum image into three source components, which correspond directly to the X-ray signals coming from the supported metal nanostructures, bulk semiconductor signal, and carbon background. The recovered quantitative composition is validated by detailed Monte Carlo simulations and is confirmed by separate cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy EDX measurements of the nanostructures. This shows that simple and achievable SEM EDX measurements together with machine learning non-negative matrix factorization-based blind source separation processing could be successfully used for the nanostructures quantitative chemical composition determination. Our finding can make the chemical quantification at the nanoscale much faster and cost efficient for many systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Jany
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University , Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Janas
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University , Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - F Krok
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University , Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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Ganti S, King PJ, Arac E, Dawson K, Heikkilä MJ, Quilter JH, Murdoch B, Cumpson P, O'Neill A. Voltage Controlled Hot Carrier Injection Enables Ohmic Contacts Using Au Island Metal Films on Ge. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27357-27364. [PMID: 28783307 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new approach to creating low-resistance metal-semiconductor ohmic contacts, illustrated using high conductivity Au island metal films (IMFs) on Ge, with hot carrier injection initiated at low applied voltage. The same metallization process simultaneously allows ohmic contact to n-Ge and p-Ge, because hot carriers circumvent the Schottky barrier formed at metal/n-Ge interfaces. A 2.5× improvement in contact resistivity is reported over previous techniques to achieve ohmic contact to both n- and p- semiconductor. Ohmic contacts at 4.2 K confirm nonequilibrium current transport. Self-assembled Au IMFs are strongly orientated to Ge by annealing near the Au/Ge eutectic temperature. Au IMF nanostructures form, provided the Au layer is below a critical thickness. We anticipate that optimized IMF contacts may have applicability to many material systems. Optimizing this new paradigm for metal-semiconductor contacts offers the prospect of improved nanoelectronic systems and the study of voltage controlled hot holes and electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , A.I Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland
| | | | - Karl Dawson
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko J Heikkilä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , A.I Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland
| | - John H Quilter
- London Low Temperature Laboratory, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
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