1
|
Malek Mohammad A, Nikoufard M, Abdolghaderi S. Multiphysics simulations of a cylindrical waveguide optical switch using phase change materials on silicon. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10730. [PMID: 38730237 PMCID: PMC11087545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This work presents the design and multiphysics simulation of a cylindrical waveguide-based optical switch using germanium-antimony-tellurium (GST) as an active phase change material. The innovative cylindrical architecture is theoretically analyzed and evaluated at 1550 nm wavelength for telecommunication applications. The dispersion relation is derived analytically for the first time to model the optical switch, while finite element method (FEM) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) techniques are utilized to simulate the optical modes, light propagation, and phase change dynamics. The fundamental TE01 and HE11 modes are studied in detail, enabling switching between low-loss amorphous and high-loss crystalline GST phases. Increasing the GST thickness is found to increase absorption loss in the crystalline state but also slows down phase transition kinetics, reducing switching speeds. A 10 nm GST layer results in competitive performance metrics of 0.79 dB insertion loss, 13.47 dB extinction ratio, 30 nJ average power consumption, and 3.5 Mb/s bit rate. The combined optical, thermal, and electrical simulation provides comprehensive insights towards developing integrated non-volatile photonic switches and modulators utilizing phase change materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Malek Mohammad
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, 8731753153, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Nikoufard
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, 8731753153, Iran.
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, University of Kashan, Kashan, 8731753153, Iran.
| | - Senour Abdolghaderi
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, University of Kashan, Kashan, 8731753153, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Zhou Y, Liu Q, Lu Z, Luo XQ, Liu WM, Wang XL. Multi-Wavelength Selective and Broadband Near-Infrared Plasmonic Switches in Anisotropic Plasmonic Metasurfaces. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:3141. [PMID: 38133038 PMCID: PMC10745881 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic plasmonic metasurfaces have attracted broad research interest since they possess novel optical properties superior to natural materials and their tremendous design flexibility. However, the realization of multi-wavelength selective plasmonic metasurfaces that have emerged as promising candidates to uncover multichannel optical devices remains a challenge associated with weak modulation depths and narrow operation bandwidth. Herein, we propose and numerically demonstrate near-infrared multi-wavelength selective passive plasmonic switching (PPS) that encompasses high ON/OFF ratios and strong modulation depths via multiple Fano resonances (FRs) in anisotropic plasmonic metasurfaces. Specifically, the double FRs can be fulfilled and dedicated to establishing tailorable near-infrared dual-wavelength PPS. The multiple FRs mediated by in-plane mirror asymmetries cause the emergence of triple-wavelength PPS, whereas the multiple FRs governed by in-plane rotational asymmetries avail the implementation of the quasi-bound states in the continuum-endowed multi-wavelength PPS with the ability to unfold a tunable broad bandwidth. In addition, the strong polarization effects with in-plane anisotropic properties further validate the existence of the polarization-resolved multi-wavelength PPS. Our results provide an alternative approach to foster the achievement of multifunctional meta-devices in optical communication and information processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yaojie Zhou
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Qinke Liu
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhendong Lu
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Luo
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wu-Ming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xin-Lin Wang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Ultra-Fast Micro/Nano Technology and Advanced Laser Manufacture, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prabhathan P, Sreekanth KV, Teng J, Ko JH, Yoo YJ, Jeong HH, Lee Y, Zhang S, Cao T, Popescu CC, Mills B, Gu T, Fang Z, Chen R, Tong H, Wang Y, He Q, Lu Y, Liu Z, Yu H, Mandal A, Cui Y, Ansari AS, Bhingardive V, Kang M, Lai CK, Merklein M, Müller MJ, Song YM, Tian Z, Hu J, Losurdo M, Majumdar A, Miao X, Chen X, Gholipour B, Richardson KA, Eggleton BJ, Sharda K, Wuttig M, Singh R. Roadmap for phase change materials in photonics and beyond. iScience 2023; 26:107946. [PMID: 37854690 PMCID: PMC10579438 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) have demonstrated tremendous potential as a platform for achieving diverse functionalities in active and reconfigurable micro-nanophotonic devices across the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from terahertz to visible frequencies. This comprehensive roadmap reviews the material and device aspects of PCMs, and their diverse applications in active and reconfigurable micro-nanophotonic devices across the electromagnetic spectrum. It discusses various device configurations and optimization techniques, including deep learning-based metasurface design. The integration of PCMs with Photonic Integrated Circuits and advanced electric-driven PCMs are explored. PCMs hold great promise for multifunctional device development, including applications in non-volatile memory, optical data storage, photonics, energy harvesting, biomedical technology, neuromorphic computing, thermal management, and flexible electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patinharekandy Prabhathan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Kandammathe Valiyaveedu Sreekanth
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Joo Hwan Ko
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ho Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yubin Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Shoujun Zhang
- DELL, Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tun Cao
- DELL, School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Cosmin-Constantin Popescu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brian Mills
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tian Gu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhuoran Fang
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Hao Tong
- Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang He
- Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yitao Lu
- Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Yu
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Avik Mandal
- Nanoscale Optics Lab, ECE Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yihao Cui
- Nanoscale Optics Lab, ECE Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Abbas Sheikh Ansari
- Nanoscale Optics Lab, ECE Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Viraj Bhingardive
- Nanoscale Optics Lab, ECE Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Myungkoo Kang
- CREOL, College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Choon Kong Lai
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Moritz Merklein
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Anti-Viral Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- AI Graduate School, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhen Tian
- DELL, Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria Losurdo
- Istituto di Chimica della Materia Condensata e di Tecnologie per l'Energia, CNR-ICMATE, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Xiangshui Miao
- Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Behrad Gholipour
- Nanoscale Optics Lab, ECE Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kathleen A. Richardson
- CREOL, College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Eggleton
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kanudha Sharda
- iScience, Cell Press, 125 London Wall, Barbican, London EC2Y 5AJ, UK
- iScience, Cell Press, RELX India Pvt Ltd., 14th Floor, Building No. 10B, DLF Cyber City, Phase II, Gurugram, Haryana 122002, India
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics IA, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI 10), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen F, Yao J, Wang X, Wang S, Liu Z, Ding T. Fast modulation of surface plasmons based on the photothermal effect of nonvolatile solid thin films. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:476-482. [PMID: 36514986 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05527a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonvolatile phase change materials owing to their robust stability and reversibility have shown significant potential in nanophotonic switches and memory devices. However, their performances deteriorate as the thickness decreases below 10 nm due to the local deformation induced by the phase change, which makes them less compatible with plasmonic nanogaps. Here, we address this issue by photothermally modulating the refractive index of germanium antimony telluride (GST) placed in plasmonic nanogaps, which tunes plasmon resonances in the visible region below the melting point of GST, making such optical switching highly reversible at a rate of up to hundreds of ∼kHz. They are also demonstrated to modulate the waveguiding efficiency of propagating surface plasmons, which is based on the photothermal modulation of plasmons with the assistance of GST. Such hybrid nanoplasmonic system with cost-effective fabrication and efficient operation method provides a promising route towards integrated nanophotonic chips.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jiacheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Xujie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Badamchi B, Hsu WC, Ahmed Simon AA, Yin Chi Z, Manzi J, Mitkova M, Wang AX, Subbaraman H. Ultra-compact hybrid silicon:chalcogenide waveguide temperature sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:28470-28478. [PMID: 36299041 DOI: 10.1364/oe.462691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a real-time, reusable, and reversible integrated optical sensor for temperature monitoring within harsh environments. The sensor architecture combines the phase change property of chalcogenide glasses (ChG) with the high-density integration advantages of high index silicon waveguides. To demonstrate sensor feasibility, ChG composition Ge40S60, which is characterized by a sharp phase transition from amorphous to crystalline phase around 415 °C, is deposited over a 50 µm section of a single mode optical waveguide. The phase transition changes the behavior of Ge40S60 from a low loss to high loss material, thus significantly affecting the hybrid waveguide loss around the phase transition temperature. A transmission power drop of over 40dB in the crystalline phase compared to the amorphous phase is experimentally measured. Moreover, we recover the amorphous phase through the application of an electrical pulse, thus showing the reversible nature of our compact temperature sensor. Through integrating multiple compositions of ChG with well-defined phases transition temperatures over a silicon waveguide array, it is possible to determine, in real-time, the temperature evolution within a harsh environment, such as within a nuclear reactor cladding.
Collapse
|
6
|
He Q, Liu Z, Lu Y, Ban G, Tong H, Wang Y, Miao X. Low-loss ultrafast and non-volatile all-optical switch enabled by all-dielectric phase change materials. iScience 2022; 25:104375. [PMID: 35620422 PMCID: PMC9126764 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
All-optical switches show great potential to overcome the speed and power consumption limitations of electrical switching. Owing to its nonvolatile and superb cycle abilities, phase-change materials enabled all-optical switch (PC-AOS) is attracting much attention. However, realizing low-loss and ultrafast switching remains a challenge, because previous PC-AOS are mostly based on plasmonic metamaterials. The high thermal conductance of metallic materials disturbs the thermal accumulation for phase transition, and eventually decreases the switching speed to tens of nanoseconds. Here, we demonstrate an ultrafast switching (4.5 ps) and low-loss (2.8 dB) all-optical switch based on all-dielectric structure consisting of Ge2Sb2Te5 and photonic crystals. Its switching speed is approximately ten thousand times faster than the plasmonic one. A 5.4 dB on-off ratio at 1550 nm has been experimentally achieved. We believe that the proposed all-dielectric optical switch will accelerate the progress of ultrafast and energy-efficient photonic devices and systems. All-dielectric phase change materials are used to achieve low loss all optical switch Only 15 nm phase change film is used for laser induced ultrafast switching Up to 7.4 dB switching contrast can be realized in the Near Infrared Spectrum Nano-hole array metasurface enables polarization insensitive optical filtering
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu X, Luo XQ, Zhang J, Zhu W, Chen Z, Li TF, Liu WM, Wang XL. Near-infrared plasmonic sensing and digital metasurface via double Fano resonances. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:5879-5895. [PMID: 35209541 DOI: 10.1364/oe.452134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic sensing that enables the detection of minute events, when the incident light field interacts with the nanostructure interface, has been widely applied to optical and biological detection. Implementation of the controllable plasmonic double Fano resonances (DFRs) offers a flexible and efficient way for plasmonic sensing. However, plasmonic sensing and digital metasurface induced by tailorable plasmonic DFRs require further study. In this work, we numerically and theoretically investigate the near-infrared plasmonic DFRs for plasmonic sensing and digital metasurface in a hybrid metasurface with concentric ϕ-shaped-hole and circular-ring-aperture unit cells. We show that a plasmonic Fano resonance, resulting from the interaction between a narrow and a wide effective dipolar modes, can be realized in the ϕ-shaped hybrid metasurface. In particular, we demonstrate that the tailoring plasmonic DFRs with distinct mechanisms of actions can be accomplished in three different ϕ-shaped hybrid metasurfaces. Moreover, the resonance mode-broadening and mode-shifting plasmonic sensing can be fulfilled by modulating the polarization orientation and the related geometric parameters of the unit cells in the near-infrared waveband, respectively. In addition, the plasmonic switch with a high ON/OFF ratio can not only be achieved but also be exploited to establish a single-bit digital metasurface, even empower to implement two- and three-bit digital metasurface characterized by the plasmonic DFRs in the telecom L-band. Our results offer a new perspective toward realizing polarization-sensitive optical sensing, passive optical switches, and programmable metasurface devices, which also broaden the landscape of subwavelength nanostructures for biosensors and optical communications.
Collapse
|
8
|
Transparent TiO 2/Cu/TiO 2 Multilayer for Electrothermal Application. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14041024. [PMID: 33671489 PMCID: PMC7926943 DOI: 10.3390/ma14041024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Highly transparent indium-free multilayers of TiO2/Cu/TiO2 were obtained by means of annealing. The effects of Cu thickness and annealing temperature on the electrical and optical properties were investigated. The critical thickness of Cu mid-layer with optimal electrical and optical properties was 10 nm, with the figure of merit reaching as high as 5 × 10−3 Ω−1. Partial crystallization of the TiO2 layer enhanced the electrical and optical properties upon annealing. Electrothermal experiments showed that temperatures of more than 100 °C can be reached at a heating rate of 2 °C/s without any damage to the multilayers. The experimental results indicate that reliable transparent TiO2/Cu/TiO2 multilayers can be used for electrothermal application.
Collapse
|
9
|
Heßler A, Wahl S, Leuteritz T, Antonopoulos A, Stergianou C, Schön CF, Naumann L, Eicker N, Lewin M, Maß TWW, Wuttig M, Linden S, Taubner T. In 3SbTe 2 as a programmable nanophotonics material platform for the infrared. Nat Commun 2021; 12:924. [PMID: 33568636 PMCID: PMC7876017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The high dielectric optical contrast between the amorphous and crystalline structural phases of non-volatile phase-change materials (PCMs) provides a promising route towards tuneable nanophotonic devices. Here, we employ the next-generation PCM In3SbTe2 (IST) whose optical properties change from dielectric to metallic upon crystallization in the whole infrared spectral range. This distinguishes IST as a switchable infrared plasmonic PCM and enables a programmable nanophotonics material platform. We show how resonant metallic nanostructures can be directly written, modified and erased on and below the meta-atom level in an IST thin film by a pulsed switching laser, facilitating direct laser writing lithography without need for cumbersome multi-step nanofabrication. With this technology, we demonstrate large resonance shifts of nanoantennas of more than 4 µm, a tuneable mid-infrared absorber with nearly 90% absorptance as well as screening and nanoscale “soldering” of metallic nanoantennas. Our concepts can empower improved designs of programmable nanophotonic devices for telecommunications, (bio)sensing and infrared optics, e.g. programmable infrared detectors, emitters and reconfigurable holograms. Here, the authors introduce In3SbTe2 (IST) as a programmable material platform for plasmonics and nanophotonics in the infrared. They demonstrate direct optical writing, modifying and erasing of metallic crystalline IST nanoantennas, tuning their resonances, as well as nanoscale screening and soldering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heßler
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sophia Wahl
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Till Leuteritz
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Lukas Naumann
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niklas Eicker
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Lewin
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias W W Maß
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Linden
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Taubner
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gerislioglu B, Dong L, Ahmadivand A, Hu H, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Monolithic Metal Dimer-on-Film Structure: New Plasmonic Properties Introduced by the Underlying Metal. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2087-2093. [PMID: 31990568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dimers, two closely spaced metallic nanostructures, are one of the primary nanoscale geometries in plasmonics, supporting high local field enhancements in their interparticle junction under excitation of their hybridized "bonding" plasmon. However, when a dimer is fabricated on a metallic substrate, its characteristics are changed profoundly. Here we examine the properties of a Au dimer on a Au substrate. This structure supports a bright "bonding" dimer plasmon, screened by the metal, and a lower energy magnetic charge transfer plasmon. Changing the dielectric environment of the dimer-on-film structure reveals a broad family of higher-order hybrid plasmons in the visible region of the spectrum. Both of the localized surface plasmons resonances (LSPR) of the individual dimer-on-film structures as well as their collective surface lattice resonances (SLR) show a highly sensitive refractive index sensing response. Implementation of such all-metal magnetic-resonant nanostructures offers a promising route to achieve higher-performance LSPR- and SLR-based plasmonic sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huatian Hu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gerislioglu B, Ahmadivand A. Functional Charge Transfer Plasmon Metadevices. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:9468692. [PMID: 32055799 PMCID: PMC7013279 DOI: 10.34133/2020/9468692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reducing the capacitive opening between subwavelength metallic objects down to atomic scales or bridging the gap by a conductive path reveals new plasmonic spectral features, known as charge transfer plasmon (CTP). We review the origin, properties, and trending applications of this modes and show how they can be well-understood by classical electrodynamics and quantum mechanics principles. Particularly important is the excitation mechanisms and practical approaches of such a unique resonance in tailoring high-response and efficient extreme-subwavelength hybrid nanophotonic devices. While the quantum tunneling-induced CTP mode possesses the ability to turn on and off the charge transition by varying the intensity of an external light source, the excited CTP in conductively bridged plasmonic systems suffers from the lack of tunability. To address this, the integration of bulk plasmonic nanostructures with optothermally and optoelectronically controllable components has been introduced as promising techniques for developing multifunctional and high-performance CTP-resonant tools. Ultimate tunable plasmonic devices such as metamodulators and metafilters are thus in prospect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burak Gerislioglu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Arash Ahmadivand
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tunable Duplex Metalens Based on Phase-Change Materials in Communication Range. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9070993. [PMID: 31295841 PMCID: PMC6669829 DOI: 10.3390/nano9070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Metalenses recently have attracted attention because of their more compact size in comparison with conventional lenses; they can also achieve better optical performance with higher resolution. Duplexer is an interesting function of a metalens that can distinguish different sources and divide them into two parts for specific purposes. In this article, we design tunable duplex metalenses with phase-change material Ge2Sb2Te5 for the first time. Two types of special unit cells are designed to modulate the incident lights, and four metalenses are designed based on the two types of unit cells. Specific phase profiles are calculated for different sections of metalens in which the corresponding unit cells are settled; accordingly, the metalenses can focus the incident lights at any positions according to our design. Moreover, the metalenses become selectable via tuning the state of phase-change material, which means that the output light field can be actively controlled. The proposal of our tunable duplex metalenses will offer new opportunities for active three-dimensional imaging or optical coding.
Collapse
|
13
|
The Role of Electron Transfer in the Nonlinear Response of Ge2Sb2Te5-Mediated Plasmonic Dimers. PHOTONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics6020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we study the possibility of exquisitely selective harmonic generation based on the concept of charge transfer plasmons (CTPs) in bridged nanoparticle assemblies. By choosing plasmonic dimer nanoantenna, as a fundamental member of the nanocluster family, and bridging the capacitive gap space between the proximal nanoparticles with an optothermally controllable substance, we judiciously showed that variations in the generation of third harmonic light in the visible regime can be possible by considering distinct states of the functional bridge. To this end, the conductive connection between the nanoparticles is mediated with Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) with inherently opposite optical and electrical properties below (dielectric, amorphous state) and above 477 °C (conductive, crystalline state). This helped to actively control the transition of charges across the bridge and thereby control the excitation of CTP resonances and provide a switching feature between dipolar and CTP modes. This versatile approach also allowed for production of the intended harmonic signal at different wavelengths depending on the conductivity of the interparticle nanojunction.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ahmadivand A, Gerislioglu B, Ramezani Z. Gated graphene island-enabled tunable charge transfer plasmon terahertz metamodulator. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8091-8095. [PMID: 30973567 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-enhanced optoelectronic terahertz (THz) signal processing offers an exquisite potential for tailoring extreme-subwavelength platforms to develop tunable and highly-responsive photonic tools. In this study, we propose a hybrid graphene island-mediated THz metadevice to support tunable charge transfer plasmon (CTP) resonances. We show that bias variations in the gated graphene significantly change the metadevice transmittance at the CTP frequency, while the capacitive dipolar mode remains unchanged. Our numerical and experimental studies show that tuning the conductivity of the graphene islands between a cluster of metallic blocks provides an active and exotic control over the charge transition across the assembly. To experimentally prove the viability of our concept in a practical photonic application, we utilized the presented tunable system as a high modulation-depth THz modulator. This enabled us to facilitate a THz modulation speed of 19 μs and 21 μs for rising and falling durations, respectively, with a modulation depth of 72%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ahmadivand
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, 6100 Main St, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gholipour B, Piccinotti D, Karvounis A, MacDonald KF, Zheludev NI. Reconfigurable Ultraviolet and High-Energy Visible Dielectric Metamaterials. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1643-1648. [PMID: 30721072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photonic materials with tunable and switchable ultraviolet (UV) to high-energy visible (HEV) optical properties may benefit applications such as sensing, high-density optical memory, beam-steering, adaptive optics, and light modulation. Here, for the first time we demonstrate a nonvolatile switchable dielectric metamaterial operating in the UV-HEV spectral range. Nanograting metamaterials in a layered composite of low-loss ZnS/SiO2 and the chalcogenide phase-change medium germanium-antimony-telluride (Ge2Sb2Te5 or GST) exhibit reflection resonances at UV-HEV wavelengths that are substantially modified by light-induced (amorphous-crystalline) phase transitions in the chalcogenide layer. Despite the presence of the lossy GST, resonance quality factors up to Q ∼ 15 are ensured by the transparency (low losses) of ZnS/SiO2 in the UV-HEV spectral range and values of Q increase as the refractive index of Ge2Sb2Te5 decreases, upon crystallization. Notably, however, this switching leaves resonance spectral positions unchanged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behrad Gholipour
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | | | | | | | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and The Photonics Institute , Nanyang Technological University , 637371 , Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kılıç U, Mock A, Feder R, Sekora D, Hilfiker M, Korlacki R, Schubert E, Argyropoulos C, Schubert M. Tunable plasmonic resonances in Si-Au slanted columnar heterostructure thin films. Sci Rep 2019; 9:71. [PMID: 30635603 PMCID: PMC6329775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on fabrication of spatially-coherent columnar plasmonic nanostructure superlattice-type thin films with high porosity and strong optical anisotropy using glancing angle deposition. Subsequent and repeated depositions of silicon and gold lead to nanometer-dimension subcolumns with controlled lengths. We perform generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements and finite element method computations to elucidate the strongly anisotropic optical properties of the highly-porous Si-Au slanted columnar heterostructures. The occurrence of a strongly localized plasmonic mode with displacement pattern reminiscent of a dark quadrupole mode is observed in the vicinity of the gold subcolumns. We demonstrate tuning of this quadrupole-like mode frequency within the near-infrared spectral range by varying the geometry of Si-Au slanted columnar heterostructures. In addition, coupled-plasmon-like and inter-band transition-like modes occur in the visible and ultra-violet spectral regions, respectively. We elucidate an example for the potential use of Si-Au slanted columnar heterostructures as a highly porous plasmonic sensor with optical read out sensitivity to few parts-per-million solvent levels in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Kılıç
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Alyssa Mock
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.,THz Materials Analysis Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - René Feder
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Derek Sekora
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Matthew Hilfiker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Rafał Korlacki
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Eva Schubert
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Christos Argyropoulos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Mathias Schubert
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.,THz Materials Analysis Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden.,Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research, Dresden, D-01005, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ahmadivand A, Gerislioglu B, Pala N. Azimuthally and radially excited charge transfer plasmon and Fano lineshapes in conductive sublayer-mediated nanoassemblies. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2017; 34:2052-2056. [PMID: 29091657 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.34.002052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, the plasmon responses of both symmetric and antisymmetric oligomers on a conductive substrate under linear, azimuthal, and radial polarization excitations are analyzed numerically. By observing charge transfer plasmons under cylindrical vector beam (CVB) illumination for what we believe is the first time, we show that our studies open new horizons to induce significant charge transfer plasmons and antisymmetric Fano resonance lineshapes in metallic substrate-mediated plasmonic nanoclusters under both azimuthal and radial excitation as CVBs.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao W, Li C, Wang A, Lv C, Zhu W, Dou S, Wang Q, Zhong Q. Polyaniline decorated Bi2MoO6 nanosheets with effective interfacial charge transfer as photocatalysts and optical limiters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:28696-28709. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06320b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) decorated Bi2MoO6 nanosheets are capable of showing dual functionality, both as efficient optical limiters and recyclable photocatalysts, due to the efficient interfacial charge transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- School of Energy & Power Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Aijian Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Cuncai Lv
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Shengping Dou
- School of Energy & Power Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Energy & Power Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Qin Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|