Transformation from slip to plastic flow deformation mechanism during tensile deformation of zirconium nanocontacts

[Current challenges and future perspectives of iPSC-based neurotoxicity testing]

Predicting drug-induced side effects in central nervous system is important because they can lead to the discontinuation of new drugs/candidates or the withdrawal of marketed drugs. Although many efforts are made, evaluation system using animals have not been highly predictive in humans. In addition, animal experiments are time-consuming and costly. To address these issues, in vitro evaluation methods, such as the use of New Approach Methodologies (NAM) have been explored. Human iPS cell technology has already been applied to assess drug-induced cardiotoxicity. In addition, the use of human iPS cell technology and in silico has been promoted for neurotoxicity assessment during the developmental neurotoxicity in terms of chemical safety issues. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance regarding developmental neurotoxicity is under preparation. In this review, we will review the current trends in safety assessment methods for the central nervous system in light of these international trends.

Effects of crystal orientation and diameter on the mechanical properties of single-crystal MgAl2O4 spinel nanowires

The influence of crystal orientation (including [100], [110], and [111]) and diameter (ranging from 2 to 10 nm) on the tensile deformation behavior and mechanical properties of single-crystal spinel (MgAl₂O₄) nanowires is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Varied deformation characteristics and fracture modes are revealed when the tensile loading is applied in the differently oriented nanowires. Mechanical properties including elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of spinel nanowires are distinctly dependent on size in each crystal orientation. This study advances the understanding of spinel nanomechanics which can help the development of high-strength spinel materials and their potential nanodevice applications.