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Galinié P, Eyssartier C, Sauret C, Tordjman M, Pissonier ML, Carlier R, Skalli W, Vergari C. In-vivo characterization of the lumbar annulus fibrosus in adults with ultrasonography and shear wave elastography. Med Eng Phys 2023; 120:104044. [PMID: 37838398 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2023.104044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
In vivo characterization of intervertebral disc (IVD) mechanical properties and microstructure could give an insight into the onset and progression of disc pathologies. Ultrasound shearwave elastography provided promising results in children, but feasibility in adult lumbar discs, which are deep in the abdomen, was never proved. The aim of this work was to determine the feasibility and reliability of ultrasound assessment of lumbar IVD in adults. Thirty asymptomatic adults were included (22 to 67 years old). Subjects were lying supine, and the annulus fibrosus of the L3-L4 IVD was imaged by conventional ultrasonography and shearwave elastography. Shear wave speed (SWS) and lamellar thickness were measured. Reliability was determined through repeated measurements acquired by three operators. Average SWS in AF at the L3L4 level was 4.0 ± 0.9 m/s, with an inter-operator uncertainty of 8.7%, while lamellar thickness was 255 ± 27 µm with an uncertainty of 9.6%. Measurement was not feasible in one out of four subjects with BMI > 24 kg/m² (overweight). Ultrasound assessment of annulus fibrosus revealed feasible, within certain limitations, and reproducible. This method gives an insight into disc microstructure and mechanical properties, and it could be applied for the early detection or follow-up of disc pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Galinié
- Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, 151 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Camille Eyssartier
- Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, 151 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France; Fédération Française de Gymnastique, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Sauret
- Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, 151 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France; Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur l'Appareillage des Handicapés, Institution Nationale des Invalides, France
| | - Mickael Tordjman
- Medical Imaging Department, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, 104 bd Raymond Poincaré, 92380, GARCHES, France
| | - Marie-Line Pissonier
- Medical Imaging Department, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, 104 bd Raymond Poincaré, 92380, GARCHES, France
| | - Robert Carlier
- Medical Imaging Department, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, 104 bd Raymond Poincaré, 92380, GARCHES, France
| | - Wafa Skalli
- Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, 151 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Claudio Vergari
- Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, 151 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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Tang SN, Walter BA, Heimann MK, Gantt CC, Khan SN, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Askwith CC, Purmessur D. In vivo Mouse Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Models and Their Utility as Translational Models of Clinical Discogenic Back Pain: A Comparative Review. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:894651. [PMID: 35812017 PMCID: PMC9261914 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.894651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide and studies have demonstrated intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration as a major risk factor. While many in vitro models have been developed and used to study IVD pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies, the etiology of IVD degeneration is a complex multifactorial process involving crosstalk of nearby tissues and systemic effects. Thus, the use of appropriate in vivo models is necessary to fully understand the associated molecular, structural, and functional changes and how they relate to pain. Mouse models have been widely adopted due to accessibility and ease of genetic manipulation compared to other animal models. Despite their small size, mice lumbar discs demonstrate significant similarities to the human IVD in terms of geometry, structure, and mechanical properties. While several different mouse models of IVD degeneration exist, greater standardization of the methods for inducing degeneration and the development of a consistent set of output measurements could allow mouse models to become a stronger tool for clinical translation. This article reviews current mouse models of IVD degeneration in the context of clinical translation and highlights a critical set of output measurements for studying disease pathology or screening regenerative therapies with an emphasis on pain phenotyping. First, we summarized and categorized these models into genetic, age-related, and mechanically induced. Then, the outcome parameters assessed in these models are compared including, molecular, cellular, functional/structural, and pain assessments for both evoked and spontaneous pain. These comparisons highlight a set of potential key parameters that can be used to validate the model and inform its utility to screen potential therapies for IVD degeneration and their translation to the human condition. As treatment of symptomatic pain is important, this review provides an emphasis on critical pain-like behavior assessments in mice and explores current behavioral assessments relevant to discogenic back pain. Overall, the specific research question was determined to be essential to identify the relevant model with histological staining, imaging, extracellular matrix composition, mechanics, and pain as critical parameters for assessing degeneration and regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley N. Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Walter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mary K. Heimann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Connor C. Gantt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Safdar N. Khan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Candice C. Askwith
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Devina Purmessur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Devina Purmessur ;
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Guo Z, Li C, Cao Y, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Li P, Zhou Y, Duan C, Hu J, Lu H. 3D visualization and morphometric analysis of spinal motion segments and vascular networks: A synchrotron radiation-based micro-CT study in mice. J Anat 2022; 240:268-278. [PMID: 34622448 PMCID: PMC8742973 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of spinal motion segments and spinal vasculature is complicated. Visualizing the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the spine may provide guidance for spine surgery. However, conventional imaging techniques fail to simultaneously obtain 3D images of soft and hard tissues, and achieving such coimaging states of the spine and its vascular networks remains a challenge. Synchrotron radiation micro-CT (SRμCT) provides a relatively effective and novel method of acquiring detailed 3D information. In this study, specimens of the thoracic spine were obtained from six mice. SRμCT was employed to acquire 3D images of the structure, and histologic staining was performed for comparisons with the SRμCT images. The whole spinal motion segments and the spinal vascular network were simultaneously explored at high resolution. The mean thickness of the cartilaginous end plates (CEPs) and the volume of the intervertebral discs (IVDs) were calculated. The surface of the CEPs and the facet joint cartilage (FJC) were presented as heat maps, which allowed for direct visualization of the thickness distribution. Regional division revealed heterogeneity among the ventral, central, and dorsal parts of the CEPs and between the superior and inferior parts of the facet processes. Moreover, the connections and spatial morphology of the spinal vascular network were visualized. Our study indicates that SRμCT imaging is an ideal method for high-resolution visualization and 3D morphometric analysis of the whole spinal motion segments and spinal vascular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery and OrthopaedicsXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Spine Surgery Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Chengjun Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and OrthopaedicsXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan ProvinceChangshaChina
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery and OrthopaedicsXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan ProvinceChangshaChina
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery and OrthopaedicsXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan ProvinceChangshaChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Sports MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
- Traumatic Orthopaedic Institute of Shandong ProvinceAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Ping Li
- Department of ObstetricsXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yongchun Zhou
- Department of OrthopedicShanxi Provincial People’s HospitalXi’anChina
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and OrthopaedicsXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and OrthopaedicsXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan ProvinceChangshaChina
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan ProvinceChangshaChina
- Department of Sports MedicineResearch Centre of Sports MedicineXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
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Three-Dimensional Biomechanical Finite Element Analysis of Lumbar Disc Herniation in Middle Aged and Elderly. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:7107702. [PMID: 35075391 PMCID: PMC8783749 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7107702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion disease refers to the degeneration of intervertebral disc, rupture of fibrous ring, nucleus pulpous protrusion and stimulation or compression of nerve root. The import command in Mimics medical 3D reconstruction software was used to erase the irrelevant image data and obtain vertebral body images. The original 3D model of each vertebral body was built by 3D computing function. A three-dimensional finite element model was established to analyze the effect of different surgical methods on the mechanical distribution of the spine after disentomb. The stress distribution of the spine, intervertebral disc, and left and right articular cartilage at L4/L5 stage and the position shift of the fourth lumbar vertebra were analyzed under 7 working conditions of vertical, forward flexion, extension, left and right flexion, and left and right rotation. The results showed that the established model was effective, and the smaller the area of posterior laminar decompression was, the lesser the impact on spinal stability was. The PELD treatment of lumbar disc herniation had little impact on spinal biomechanics and could achieve good long-term biomechanical stability. Combining the clinical experiment method and finite element simulation, using the advantages of finite element software to optimize the design function can provide guidance for the design and improvement of medical devices and has important significance for the study of clinical mechanical properties and biomechanics.
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Malli SE, Kumbhkarn P, Dewle A, Srivastava A. Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Approaches for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration in Relevant Animal Models. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7721-7737. [PMID: 35006757 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Translation of tissue engineering strategies for the regeneration of intervertebral disc (IVD) requires a strong understanding of pathophysiology through the relevant animal model. There is no relevant animal model due to differences in disc anatomy, cellular composition, extracellular matrix components, disc physiology, and mechanical strength from humans. However, available animal models if used correctly could provide clinically relevant information for the translation into humans. In this review, we have investigated different types of strategies for the development of clinically relevant animal models to study biomaterials, cells, biomolecular or their combination in developing tissue engineering-based treatment strategies. Tissue engineering strategies that utilize various animal models for IVD regeneration are summarized and outcomes have been discussed. The understanding of animal models for the validation of regenerative approaches is employed to understand and treat the pathophysiology of degenerative disc disease (DDD) before proceeding for human trials. These animal models play an important role in building a therapeutic regime for IVD tissue regeneration, which can serve as a platform for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweety Evangeli Malli
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-Ahmedabad), Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Pranav Kumbhkarn
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-Ahmedabad), Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Ankush Dewle
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-Ahmedabad), Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-Ahmedabad), Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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Brendler J, Winter K, Lochhead P, Schulz A, Ricken AM. Histological differences between lumbar and tail intervertebral discs in mice. J Anat 2021; 240:84-93. [PMID: 34427936 PMCID: PMC8655214 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the lumbar and tail intervertebral discs (IVD) of mice serve as models for the pathogenesis and histologic progression of degenerative disc disease. Recent studies in mature mice, however, demonstrate that the mechanics and physical attributes of lumbar and tail IVD‐endplate (EP)‐interfaces are strikingly different. We hypothesized that these structural disparities are associated with differences in the composition and organization of soft tissue elements that influence the biomechanical properties of the spine. Lumbar and tail vertebral segments and discs were collected from the same C57BL/6N and C57BL/6JRj mice, respectively for histological comparison of coronal sections at the ages of 4 weeks (weaned, both strains, C57BL/6N: n = 7; C57BL/6JRj: n = 4), three (mature, C57BL/6N: n = 7; C57BL/6JRj: n = 4), twelve (middle aged, C57BL/6JRj only: n = 3) and eighteen (old, C57BL/6JRj only: n = 3) months old. The histology of lumbar and tail IVD‐EP‐interfaces of mature mice differed markedly. The lumbar IVD‐EP‐interphase was characterized by a broad cartilaginous EP, while the tail IVD‐EP‐interphase comprised a thin layer of cartilage cells adjacent to a broad bony layer abutting the vertebral growth plate. Furthermore, the composition of the nuclei pulposi (NP) of lumbar and tail IVD in mature mice differed greatly. Lumbar NP consisted of a compact cluster of mainly large, uni‐vacuolated cells centered in an amorphous matrix, while tail NP were composed of a loose aggregate of vacuolated and non‐vacuolated cells. The anuli fibrosi also differed, with more abundant and sharply defined lamellae in tail compared to lumbar discs. The observed histological differences in the EP were even most prominent in weaned mice but were still discernible in middle‐aged and old mice. An appreciation of the histological differences between lumbar and tail IVD components in mice, including nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and endplates, is essential to our understanding of spinal biomechanics in these animals and should inform the design and interpretation of future IVD‐studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela Schulz
- Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Zhan JW, Wang SQ, Feng MS, Gao JH, Wei X, Yu J, Yin XL, Yin H, Sun K, Chen M, Xie R, Zhang P, Zhu LG. Effects of Axial Compression and Distraction on Vascular Bud and VEGFA Expression in the Vertebral Endplate of an Ex Vivo Rabbit Spinal Motion Segment Culture Model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021; 46:421-432. [PMID: 33186278 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An ex vivo study of the rabbit's vertebral endplate. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the effect of axial compression and distraction on vascular buds and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) expression of the vertebral endplate (VEP). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The abnormal load can lead to intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), whereas axial distraction can delay this process. The effects of different mechanical loads on the intervertebral disc (IVD) have been hypothesized to be related to changes in the vascular buds of the VEP; moreover, the process that might involve the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) within the VEP. METHODS Rabbit spinal segments (n = 40) were harvested and randomly classified into four groups: Control group, no stress was applied; Group A, a constant compressive load applied; Group B, compression load removed for a fixed time daily on a continuous basis, and substituted with a distraction load for 30 minutes; and Group C, compression removed for 30 minutes for a fixed period daily on a continuous basis. Tissue specimens were collected before the culture (day 0) and on day 14 post-culture of each group for analysis of IVDs' morphology, and protein and mRNA expression of Aggrecan, COL2al, VEGFA, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 of the VEPs. RESULTS Application of axial distraction and dynamic load compression significantly delayed time- and constant compression-mediated VEP changes and IDD. Moreover, the degree of degeneration was associated with loss of vascular buds, as well as the downregulation of VEGFA and its receptor. CONCLUSION The regulation of vascular buds and VEGF expression in the VEP represents one of the mechanisms of axial distraction and dynamic loading.Level of Evidence: N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Zhan
- General Orthopedics Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ashinsky B, Smith HE, Mauck RL, Gullbrand SE. Intervertebral disc degeneration and regeneration: a motion segment perspective. Eur Cell Mater 2021; 41:370-380. [PMID: 33763848 PMCID: PMC8607668 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v041a24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Back and neck pain have become primary reasons for disability and healthcare spending globally. While the causes of back pain are multifactorial, intervertebral disc degeneration is frequently cited as a primary source of pain. The annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) subcomponents of the disc are common targets for regenerative therapeutics. However, disc degeneration is also associated with degenerative changes to adjacent spinal tissues, and successful regenerative therapies will likely need to consider and address the pathology of adjacent spinal structures beyond solely the disc subcomponents. This review summarises the current state of knowledge in the field regarding associations between back pain, disc degeneration, and degeneration of the cartilaginous and bony endplates, the AF-vertebral body interface, the facet joints and spinal muscles, in addition to a discussion of regenerative strategies for treating pain and degeneration from a whole motion segment perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S E Gullbrand
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Centre, Research, Building 21, Rm A214, 3900 Woodland Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
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Three-dimensional ultrashort echo time (3D UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the normal and degenerative disco-vertebral complex at 4.7 T: a feasibility study with longitudinal evaluation. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2021; 30:1144-1154. [PMID: 33609189 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-021-06755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess feasibility of a three-dimensional ultrashort echo time (3D-UTE)-sequence to evaluate normal and pathological disco-vertebral complex (DVC), with assessment of its different portions in a rat model of degenerative disk disease (DDD) with histological correlation. To assess whether this sequence, in comparison with long echo time T2-weighted sequence, is able to monitor DDD with differentiation of early from chronic DVC changes in pathological mechanical conditions. METHODS Five rats were induced with DDD model by percutaneous disk trituration of the tail with an 18-G needle under US-guidance and imaged at 4.7 T. MRI protocol included fat-saturated-T2 (RARE) and 3D-UTE-sequences performed at baseline (day 0. n = 5 animals /10 DVC) and each week (W) from W1 to W10 postoperatively. Visual analysis and signal intensity measurements of SNR and CNR of all DVC portions were performed on RARE and UTE images. Following killing (baseline, n = 1/2 DVC; W2, n = 2/4 DVC; W10, n = 2/4 DVC), histological analysis was performed and compared with MRI. RESULTS In normal DVC, unlike conventional RARE-sequences, 3D-UTE allowed complete identification of DVC zonal anatomy including on visual analysis and CNR measurements. In pathological conditions, SNR and CNR measurements of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus on 3D-UTE distinguished early discitis at W1 from chronic discopathy (P < 0.001 for SNR and P < 0.001 for CNR). Neither the normal complete anatomy of the DVC nor its pathological patterns could be assessed on conventional sequences. CONCLUSIONS Unlike conventional sequences, 3D-UTE enables visualization of the complete normal DVC anatomy and enables monitoring of DDD differentiating between early DVC changes from chronic ones. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I Diagnostic: individual cross-sectional studies with the consistently applied reference standard and blinding.
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10
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Zhan JW, Wang SQ, Feng MS, Wei X, Yu J, Yin XL, Han T, Zhu LG. Constant compression decreases vascular bud and VEGFA expression in a rabbit vertebral endplate ex vivo culture model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234747. [PMID: 32584845 PMCID: PMC7316323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The vascular buds in the vertebral endplate (VEP) are the structural foundation of nutrient exchange in the intervertebral disc (IVD). VEGF is closely related to angiogenesis in the endplate and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of static load on vascular buds and VEGF expression in the VEP and to further clarify the relation between IDD and VEGF. METHODS IVD motion segments were harvested from rabbit lumbar spines and cultured under no-loading conditions (controls) or in custom-made apparatuses under a constant compressive load (0.5 MPa) for up to 14 days. Tissue integrity and the number of vascular buds were determined, and the concentrations and expression of Aggrecan, COL2a1, and VEGFA in the VEPs were assessed after 3, 7, and 14 days of culturing and then compared with those of fresh tissues. RESULTS Under the constant compression, the morphological integrity of the VEPs was gradually disrupted, and immunohistochemistry results showed a significant decrease in the levels of Agg and COL2a1. During the static load, the number of vascular buds in the VEPs was gradually reduced from the early stage of culture, and ELISA showed that the constant compressive load caused a significant decrease in the VEGFA and VEGFR2 protein concentrations, which were consistent with the immunohistochemistry results. Western blot and RT-PCR results also showed that the loading state caused a significant decrease in VEGFA expression compared with that of fresh and control samples. CONCLUSIONS Constant compression caused degeneration of the VEP as well as a decreased number of vascular buds, thereby accelerating disc degeneration. VEGFA is involved in this process. We anticipate that regulating the expression of VEGFA may improve the condition of the lesions to the vascular buds in the endplates, thus enhancing the nutritional supply function in IVD and providing new therapeutic targets and strategies for the effective prevention and treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Zhan
- General Orthopedics Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing of Palasy Technology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shang-Quan Wang
- General Orthopedics Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Shan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing of Palasy Technology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Spine Department 2, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wei
- Scientific Research Office, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Spine Department 2, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xun-Lu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Beijing of Palasy Technology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Spine Department 2, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Han
- General Orthopedics Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing of Palasy Technology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Guo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing of Palasy Technology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Spine Department 2, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Jiang L, Cao Y, Liu Z, Ni S, Liu J, Ha Y, Luo Z, Li C, Liu S, Li J, Yin X, Wu T, Lu H, Hu J. SRμCT Reveals 3D Microstructural Alterations of the Vascular and Neuronal Network in a Rat Model of Chronic Compressive Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury. Aging Dis 2020; 11:603-617. [PMID: 32489705 PMCID: PMC7220295 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex pathology of chronic thoracic spinal cord compression involves vascular and neuroarchitectural repair processes that are still largely unknown. In this study, we used synchrotron radiation microtomography (SRμCT) to quantitatively characterize the 3D temporal-spatial changes in the vascular and neuronal network after chronic thoracic spinal cord compression in order to obtain further insights into the pathogenesis of this disease and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Direct 3D characterization of the spinal cord microvasculature and neural microstructure of the thoracic spinal cord was successfully reconstructed. The significant reduction in vasculature and degeneration of neurons in the thoracic spinal cord visualized via SRμCT after chronic compression were consistent with the changes detected by immunofluorescence staining. The 3D morphological measurements revealed significant reductions of neurovascular parameters in the thoracic spinal cord after 1 month of compression and became even worse after 6 months without relief of compression. In addition, the distinct 3D morphological twist and the decrease in branches of the central sulcal artery after chronic compression vividly displayed that these could be the potential triggers leading to blood flow reduction and neural deficits of the thoracic spinal cord. Our findings propose a novel methodology for the 3D analysis of neurovascular repair in chronic spinal cord compression, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results indicated that compression simultaneously caused vascular dysfunction and neuronal network impairment, which should be acknowledged as concurrent events after chronic thoracic spinal cord injury. Combining neuroprotection with vasoprotection may provide promising therapeutic targets for chronic thoracic spinal cord compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Jiang
- 1Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,2Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Cao
- 1Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,2Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- 3The First Chenzhou People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Shuangfei Ni
- 1Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,2Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Liu
- 3The First Chenzhou People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yoon Ha
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Zixiang Luo
- 1Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,2Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- 1Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,2Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- 1Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingsong Li
- 5Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianzhen Yin
- 6Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianding Wu
- 1Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,2Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- 2Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,7Department of Sports Medicine, Research Centre of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- 1Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,2Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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12
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Synchrotron Radiation-Based Three-Dimensional Visualization of Angioarchitectural Remodeling in Hippocampus of Epileptic Rats. Neurosci Bull 2019; 36:333-345. [PMID: 31823302 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00450-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the three-dimensional (3D) morphological alterations of microvessels under both normal and seizure conditions is crucial for a better understanding of epilepsy. However, conventional imaging techniques cannot detect microvessels on micron/sub-micron scales without angiography. In this study, synchrotron radiation (SR)-based X-ray in-line phase-contrast imaging (ILPCI) and quantitative 3D characterization were used to acquire high-resolution, high-contrast images of rat brain tissue under both normal and seizure conditions. The number of blood microvessels was markedly increased on days 1 and 14, but decreased on day 60 after seizures. The surface area, diameter distribution, mean tortuosity, and number of bifurcations and network segments also showed similar trends. These pathological changes were confirmed by histological tests. Thus, SR-based ILPCI provides systematic and detailed views of cerebrovascular anatomy at the micron level without using contrast-enhancing agents. This holds considerable promise for better diagnosis and understanding of the pathogenesis and development of epilepsy.
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13
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Zhou Y, Hu J, Zhou J, Zeng Z, Cao Y, Wang Z, Chen C, Zheng C, Chen H, Lu H. Three-dimensional characterization of the microstructure in rabbit patella-patellar tendon interface using propagation phase-contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1833-1840. [PMID: 30407196 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751801353x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the three-dimensional ultrastructure morphology of tendon-to-bone interface may allow the development of effective therapeutic interventions for enhanced interface healing. This study aims to assess the feasibility of propagation phase-contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography (PPC-SRµCT) for three-dimensional characterization of the microstructure in rabbit patella-patellar tendon interface (PPTI). Based on phase retrieval for PPC-SRµCT imaging, this technique is capable of visualizing the three-dimensional internal architecture of PPTI at a cellular high spatial resolution including bone and tendon, especially the chondrocytes lacuna at the fibrocartilage layer. The features on the PPC-SRµCT image of the PPTI are similar to those of a histological section using Safranin-O staining/fast green staining. The three-dimensional microstructure in the rabbit patella-patellar tendon interface and the spatial distributions of the chondrocytes lacuna and their quantification volumetric data are displayed. Furthermore, a color-coding map differentiating cell lacuna in terms of connecting beads is presented after the chondrocytes cell lacuna was extracted. This provides a more in-depth insight into the microstructure of the PPTI on a new scale, particularly the cell lacuna arrangement at the fibrocartilage layer. PPC-SRµCT techniques provide important complementary information to the conventional histological method for characterizing the microstructure of the PPTI, and may facilitate in investigations of the repair mechanism of the PPTI after injury and in evaluating the efficacy of a different therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhou
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyong Zhou
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziteng Zeng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanwen Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Huabin Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
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14
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Wu T, Ni S, Cao Y, Liao S, Hu J, Duan C. Three-dimensional visualization and pathologic characteristics of cartilage and subchondral bone changes in the lumbar facet joint of an ovariectomized mouse model. Spine J 2018; 18:663-673. [PMID: 29155252 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Low back pain (LBP) is more prevalent among postmenopausal women than men. Ovariectomy (OVX) is an established animal model that mimics the estrogen deficiency of postmenopausal women. Little is known about the three-dimensional (3D) morphologic properties of cartilage and subchondral bone changes in the lumbar facet joint (LFJ) of an OVX mouse model. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to characterize the 3D morphologic change of cartilage and subchondral bone in the LFJ of an OVX mouse model. STUDY DESIGN Three-dimensional visualization and a histologic study on degenerative changes in cartilage and subchondral bone in the LFJ of an OVX mouse model were conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ovariectomy is performed to mimic postmenopausal changes in adult female mice. We present an imaging tool for 3D visualization of the pathologic characteristics of cartilage and subchondral bone changes LFJ degradation using propagation-based phase-contrast computed tomography (PPCT). The samples were further dissected, fixed, and stained for histologic examination. RESULTS Propagation-based phase-contrast computed tomography imaging provides a 3D visualization of altered cartilage with a simultaneous high detail of the subchondral bone abnormalities in an OVX LFJ model. A quantitative analysis demonstrated that the cartilage volume, the surface area, and thickness were decreased in the OVX group compared with the control group (p<.05). Meanwhile, these decreases were accompanied by an obvious destruction of the subchondral bone surface and a loss of trabecular bone in the OVX group (p<.05). The delineation of the 3D pathologic changes in the PPCT imaging was confirmed by a histopathologic method with Safranin-O staining. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining revealed an increased number of osteoclasts in the subchondral bone of the OVX mice compared with that of the control group. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that a mouse model of OVX-induced LFJ osteoarthritis (OA)-like changes was successfully established and showed a good resemblance to the human OA pathology. Propagation-based phase-contrast computed tomography has great potential to becomea powerful 3D imaging method to comprehensively characterize LFJ OA and to effectively monitor therapeutics. Moreover, degenerative LFJ possesses a severe morphologic change in the subchondral bone, may be the source of postmenopausal LBP, and has the potential to be a novel therapeutic target for LBP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianding Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Rd No.87, Changsha, 410008, China; The Key Laboratory of Organ Damage, Aging and Reproductive Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Rd No.87, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangfei Ni
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Rd No.87, Changsha, 410008, China; The Key Laboratory of Organ Damage, Aging and Reproductive Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Rd No.87, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Rd No.87, Changsha, 410008, China; The Key Laboratory of Organ Damage, Aging and Reproductive Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Rd No.87, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shenghui Liao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Lushan South Rd, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Rd No.87, Changsha, 410008, China; The Key Laboratory of Organ Damage, Aging and Reproductive Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Rd No.87, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Rd No.87, Changsha, 410008, China; The Key Laboratory of Organ Damage, Aging and Reproductive Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Rd No.87, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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15
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Meng X, Zhu Y, Tao L, Zhao S, Qiu S. MicroRNA-125b-1-3p mediates intervertebral disc degeneration in rats by targeting teashirt zinc finger homeobox 3. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2627-2633. [PMID: 29456666 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the association between Teashirt zinc finger homeobox 3 (TSHZ3) and the nucleus pulposus (NP) of intervertebral discs in rats. TSHZ3 was identified from the differentially expressed micro (mi)RNAs in the expression profile of GSE63492 by identifying the overlapped target genes of microRNA (miR)-125b-1-3p across different databases. TSHZ3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and an miR-125b-1-3p inhibitor were used for gene silencing and gene silencing efficiency was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Western blotting was performed to detect the cell cycle proteins cyclin D1 and B1 and the proteins associated with DNA damage in NP. The results revealed that in normal NPs, the expression of TSHZ3 increased following the inhibition of miR-125b-1-3p and in DNA damaged NPs, the expression of TSHZ3 was associated with the degree of DNA damage. The present study demonstrated that TSHZ3, as a target gene of miR-125b-1-3p, may serve a protective role in intervertebral disc degeneration and that this protective function may be inhibited by high levels of miR-125b-1-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Sichao Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shui Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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16
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Liao S, Ni S, Cao Y, Yin X, Wu T, Lu H, Hu J, Wu H, Lang Y. The 3D characteristics of post-traumatic syringomyelia in a rat model: a propagation-based synchrotron radiation microtomography study. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2017; 24:1218-1225. [PMID: 29091065 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517011201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many published literature sources have described the histopathological characteristics of post-traumatic syringomyelia (PTS). However, three-dimensional (3D) visualization studies of PTS have been limited due to the lack of reliable 3D imaging techniques. In this study, the imaging efficiency of propagation-based synchrotron radiation microtomography (PB-SRµCT) was determined to detect the 3D morphology of the cavity and surrounding microvasculature network in a rat model of PTS. The rat model of PTS was established using the infinite horizon impactor to produce spinal cord injury (SCI), followed by a subarachnoid injection of kaolin to produce arachnoiditis. PB-SRµCT imaging and histological examination, as well as fluorescence staining, were conducted on the animals at the tenth week after SCI. The 3D morphology of the cystic cavity was vividly visualized using PB-SRµCT imaging. The quantitative parameters analyzed by PB-SRµCT, including the lesion and spared spinal cord tissue area, the minimum and maximum diameters in the cystic cavity, and cavity volume, were largely consistent with the results of the histological assessment. Moreover, the 3D morphology of the cavity and surrounding angioarchitecture could be simultaneously detected on the PB-SRµCT images. This study demonstrated that high-resolution PB-SRµCT could be used for the 3D visualization of trauma-induced spinal cord cavities and provides valuable quantitative data for cavity characterization. PB-SRµCT could be used as a reliable imaging technique and offers a novel platform for tracking cavity formation and morphological changes in an experimental animal model of PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Liao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangfei Ni
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhen Yin
- Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Lang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
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17
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Cao Y, Ni S, Wu T, Duan C, Liao S, Hu J. WITHDRAWN: 3D visualization and pathological characteristics of cartilage and subchondral bone changes in the lumbar facet joint of an Ovariectomized mouse model. Spine J 2017:S1529-9430(17)30322-4. [PMID: 28713051 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2017.11.009. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; The Key Laboratory of Organ Damage, Aging and Reproductive Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Shuangfei Ni
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; The Key Laboratory of Organ Damage, Aging and Reproductive Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; The Key Laboratory of Organ Damage, Aging and Reproductive Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; The Key Laboratory of Organ Damage, Aging and Reproductive Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Shenghui Liao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; The Key Laboratory of Organ Damage, Aging and Reproductive Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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