1
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Breglio G, Bernini R, Berruti GM, Bruno FA, Buontempo S, Campopiano S, Catalano E, Consales M, Coscetta A, Cutolo A, Cutolo MA, Di Palma P, Esposito F, Fienga F, Giordano M, Iele A, Iadicicco A, Irace A, Janneh M, Laudati A, Leone M, Maresca L, Marrazzo VR, Minardo A, Pisco M, Quero G, Riccio M, Srivastava A, Vaiano P, Zeni L, Cusano A. Innovative Photonic Sensors for Safety and Security, Part III: Environment, Agriculture and Soil Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3187. [PMID: 36991894 PMCID: PMC10053851 DOI: 10.3390/s23063187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to complete this set of three companion papers, in this last, we focus our attention on environmental monitoring by taking advantage of photonic technologies. After reporting on some configurations useful for high precision agriculture, we explore the problems connected with soil water content measurement and landslide early warning. Then, we concentrate on a new generation of seismic sensors useful in both terrestrial and under water contests. Finally, we discuss a number of optical fiber sensors for use in radiation environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Breglio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romeo Bernini
- Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Diocleziano 328, 81024 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gaia Maria Berruti
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Francesco Antonio Bruno
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Salvatore Buontempo
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Campopiano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ester Catalano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
- Optosensing Ltd., Via Carlo de Marco 69, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Consales
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Agnese Coscetta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Antonello Cutolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Alessandra Cutolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pasquale Di Palma
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Flavio Esposito
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Fienga
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michele Giordano
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Antonio Iele
- CERICT SCARL, CNOS Center, Viale Traiano, Palazzo ex Poste, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Agostino Iadicicco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Irace
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mohammed Janneh
- CERICT SCARL, CNOS Center, Viale Traiano, Palazzo ex Poste, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Marco Leone
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Luca Maresca
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romano Marrazzo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Minardo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Marco Pisco
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quero
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Michele Riccio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anubhav Srivastava
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Patrizio Vaiano
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Luigi Zeni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
- Optosensing Ltd., Via Carlo de Marco 69, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Gruppo di Optoelettronica e Fotonica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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2
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Zhang J, Xiang Y, Wang C, Chen Y, Tjin SC, Wei L. Recent Advances in Optical Fiber Enabled Radiation Sensors. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22031126. [PMID: 35161870 PMCID: PMC8840197 DOI: 10.3390/s22031126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optical fibers are being widely utilized as radiation sensors and dosimeters. Benefiting from the rapidly growing optical fiber manufacturing and material engineering, advanced optical fibers have evolved significantly by using functional structures and materials, promoting their detection accuracy and usage scenarios as radiation sensors. This paper summarizes the current development of optical fiber-based radiation sensors. The sensing principles of both extrinsic and intrinsic optical fiber radiation sensors, including radiation-induced attenuation (RIA), radiation-induced luminescence (RIL), and fiber grating wavelength shifting (RI-GWS), were analyzed. The relevant advanced fiber materials and structures, including silica glass, doped silica glasses, polymers, fluorescent and scintillator materials, were also categorized and summarized based on their characteristics. The fabrication methods of intrinsic all-fiber radiation sensors were introduced, as well. Moreover, the applicable scenarios from medical dosimetry to industrial environmental monitoring were discussed. In the end, both challenges and perspectives of fiber-based radiation sensors and fiber-shaped radiation dosimeters were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.X.); (C.W.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Yudiao Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.X.); (C.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.X.); (C.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yunkang Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.X.); (C.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Swee Chuan Tjin
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (L.W.)
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3
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Rana S, Fleming A, Kandadai N, Subbaraman H. Active Compensation of Radiation Effects on Optical Fibers for Sensing Applications. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248193. [PMID: 34960286 PMCID: PMC8705361 DOI: 10.3390/s21248193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Neutron and gamma irradiation is known to compact silica, resulting in macroscopic changes in refractive index (RI) and geometric structure. The change in RI and linear compaction in a radiation environment is caused by three well-known mechanisms: (i) radiation-induced attenuation (RIA), (ii) radiation-induced compaction (RIC), and (iii) radiation-induced emission (RIE). These macroscopic changes induce errors in monitoring physical parameters such as temperature, pressure, and strain in optical fiber-based sensors, which limit their application in radiation environments. We present a cascaded Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) technique to measure macroscopic properties, such as radiation-induced change in RI and length compaction in real time to actively account for sensor drift. The proposed cascaded FPI consists of two cavities: the first cavity is an air cavity, and the second is a silica cavity. The length compaction from the air cavity is used to deduce the RI change within the silica cavity. We utilize fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm and two bandpass filters for the signal extraction of each cavity. Inclusion of such a simple cascaded FPI structure will enable accurate determination of physical parameters under the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohel Rana
- Measurement Science Department, Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N Fremont Avenue, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA;
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (N.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Austin Fleming
- Measurement Science Department, Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N Fremont Avenue, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nirmala Kandadai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (N.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Harish Subbaraman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (N.K.); (H.S.)
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4
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Mesonero-Santos P, Fernández-Medina A, Coelho LCC, Viveiros D, Jorge PA, Belenguer T, López Heredero R. Effect of Low-Doses of Gamma Radiation on Electric Arc-Induced Long Period Fiber Gratings. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2318. [PMID: 33810375 PMCID: PMC8036464 DOI: 10.3390/s21072318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an experimental study on the effects of gamma radiation on Long Period Fiber Gratings (LPFGs) in a low-dose test campaign to evaluate their eventual degradation. The study was carried out with standard single-mode fibers where the grating was inscribed using the Electric-Arc Discharge (EAD) technique. Before the gamma campaign, a detailed optical characterization was performed with repeatability tests to verify the accuracy of the setup and the associated error sources. The gamma-induced changes up to a dose of 200 krad and the recovery after radiation were monitored with the Dip Wavelength Shift (DWS). The results show that the gamma sensitivity for a total dose of 200 krad is 11 pm/krad and a total DWS of 2.3 nm has been observed with no linear dependence. Post-radiation study shows that recovery from radiation-induced wavelength shift is nearly complete in about 4000 h. Experimental results show that the changes suffered under gamma irradiation of these LPFGs are temporary making them a good choice as sensors in space applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mesonero-Santos
- Space Optics Department, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain; (A.F.-M.); (T.B.); (R.L.H.)
| | - Ana Fernández-Medina
- Space Optics Department, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain; (A.F.-M.); (T.B.); (R.L.H.)
| | - Luis C. C. Coelho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy of Faculty of Sciences, INESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science and Faculty for Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (L.C.C.C.); (D.V.); (P.A.J.)
| | - Duarte Viveiros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy of Faculty of Sciences, INESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science and Faculty for Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (L.C.C.C.); (D.V.); (P.A.J.)
| | - Pedro A. Jorge
- Department of Physics and Astronomy of Faculty of Sciences, INESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science and Faculty for Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (L.C.C.C.); (D.V.); (P.A.J.)
| | - Tomás Belenguer
- Space Optics Department, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain; (A.F.-M.); (T.B.); (R.L.H.)
| | - Raquel López Heredero
- Space Optics Department, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain; (A.F.-M.); (T.B.); (R.L.H.)
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5
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Ye H, Geng C, Tang X, Tian F, Wu R, Xu P. Radiation and temperature effect of fiber Bragg grating sensor under Co-60 irradiation. RADIAT MEAS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2021.106546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lee SB, Jung YJ, Choi HK, Sohn IB, Lee JH. Hybrid LPG-FBG Based High-Resolution Micro Bending Strain Sensor. SENSORS 2020; 21:s21010022. [PMID: 33375146 PMCID: PMC7792977 DOI: 10.3390/s21010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity and reliability are essential factors for the practical implementation of a wearable sensor. This study explores the possibility of using a hybrid high-resolution Bragg grating sensor for achieving a fast response to dynamic, continuous motion and Bragg signal pattern monitoring measurement. The wavelength shift pattern for real-time monitoring in picometer units was derived by using femtosecond laser Bragg grating processing on an optical wave path with long-period grating. The possibility of measuring the demodulation system's Bragg signal pattern on the reflection spectrum of the femtosecond laser precision Bragg process and the long-period grating was confirmed. By demonstrating a practical method of wearing the sensor, the application of wearables was also explored. It is possible to present the applicability of sophisticated micro transformation measurement applications in picometer units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Bi Lee
- Department of Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Young-Jun Jung
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute (APRI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Korea; (Y.-J.J.); (H.-K.C.); (I.-B.S.)
| | - Hun-Kook Choi
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute (APRI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Korea; (Y.-J.J.); (H.-K.C.); (I.-B.S.)
| | - Ik-Bu Sohn
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute (APRI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Korea; (Y.-J.J.); (H.-K.C.); (I.-B.S.)
| | - Joo-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Stancalie A, Esposito F, Neguț CD, Ghena M, Mihalcea R, Srivastava A, Campopiano S, Iadicicco A. A New Setup for Real-Time Investigations of Optical Fiber Sensors Subjected to Gamma-Rays: Case Study on Long Period Gratings. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4129. [PMID: 32722264 PMCID: PMC7436142 DOI: 10.3390/s20154129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present a new setup for real-time investigations of optical fibers and optical fiber sensors while being subjected to gamma-rays. The investigation of the radiation effects on novel or well-assessed sensing devices has attracted a lot of interest, however, the facilities required to do this (when available) are barely accessible to the device to be characterized. In order to reduce the limitations of these types of experiments and ensure a highly controlled environment, we implemented a configuration that permits the on-line testing of optical components inside a Co-60 gamma chamber research irradiator. To show the advantages of this new approach, we present a case study that compares an arc-induced optical fiber long period grating (LPG) irradiated in a gamma chamber with the same type of grating irradiated with gamma-rays from a Co-60 industrial irradiator. In order to better understand the effects of radiation on such components and their behavior in radiation environments, we focus on the homogeneity of the radiation field and parameter customizability as well as the high reproducibility of the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Stancalie
- National Institute Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Center for Advanced Laser Technologies (CETAL), 409 Atomiştilor St., RO-077125 Măgurele, Romania; (A.S.); (M.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Flavio Esposito
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (S.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Constantin Daniel Neguț
- “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului St., RO-077125 Magurele, Romania;
| | - Marian Ghena
- National Institute Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Center for Advanced Laser Technologies (CETAL), 409 Atomiştilor St., RO-077125 Măgurele, Romania; (A.S.); (M.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Razvan Mihalcea
- National Institute Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Center for Advanced Laser Technologies (CETAL), 409 Atomiştilor St., RO-077125 Măgurele, Romania; (A.S.); (M.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Anubhav Srivastava
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (S.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Stefania Campopiano
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (S.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Agostino Iadicicco
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (S.C.); (A.I.)
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8
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Gamma Radiation-Induced Effects over an Optical Fiber Laser: Towards New Sensing Applications. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20113017. [PMID: 32466449 PMCID: PMC7308955 DOI: 10.3390/s20113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the effect of gamma radiation on the performance of different types of erbium-doped fibers (EDFs) when they are used in a fiber ring cavity (FRC) configuration is studied. Several pieces of commercial EDF are gamma-ray irradiated with different doses to evaluate the output power variations over time. The influence of different doses, from 150 Gy to 1000 Gy, over the output power level measurement and their amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) are experimentally evaluated both in the C and L bands. By using an FRC configuration we can detect the presence of gamma radiation. We can also estimate the irradiation doses applied to EDFs by measuring the slope of the short-term emission power.
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9
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Esposito F, Srivastava A, Campopiano S, Iadicicco A. Radiation Effects on Long Period Fiber Gratings: A Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092729. [PMID: 32403275 PMCID: PMC7248895 DOI: 10.3390/s20092729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, fiber optic sensors have been increasingly applied for applications in environments with a high level of radiation as an alternative to electrical sensors, due to their: high immunity, high multiplexing and long-distance monitoring capability. In order to assess the feasibility of their use, investigations on optical materials and fiber optic sensors have been focusing on their response depending on radiation type, absorbed dose, dose rate, temperature and so on. In this context, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the results achieved over the last twenty years concerning the irradiation of in-fiber Long Period Gratings (LPGs). The topic is approached from the point of view of the optical engineers engaged in the design, development and testing of these devices, by focusing the attention on the fiber type, grating fabrication technique and properties, irradiation parameters and performed analysis. The aim is to provide a detailed review concerning the state of the art and to outline the future research trends.
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10
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Analysis of uncoated LPGs written in B-Ge doped fiber under proton irradiation for sensing applications at CERN. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1344. [PMID: 31992770 PMCID: PMC6987191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, a complete dissertation concerning the behavior of a Long Period Grating (LPG) inscribed in a B-Ge co-doped optical fiber by means of an excimer laser and exposed to proton irradiation during a recent extensive campaign performed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) with a fluence of 4.4·1015 p∙cm−2 is provided. The experimental results have been thus combined for the first time to the best of our knowledge with numerical simulations in order to estimate the variations of the major parameters affecting the grating response during the ultra-high dose proton exposure. From the correlation between experimental and numerical analysis, the irradiation exposure was found to induce a maximal variation of the core effective refractive index of ~1.61·10−4, responsible of a resonance wavelength red shift of ~44 nm in correspondence of the highest absorbed radiation dose of 1.16 MGy. At the same time, a relevant decrease close to ~0.93·10−4 in the refractive index modulation pertaining to the grating was estimated, leading to a reduction of the resonant dip visibility of ~12 dB. The effect of the proton beam on the spectral response of the LPG device and on the optical fiber parameters was assessed during the relaxation phases, showing a partial recovery only of the wavelength shift without any relevant change in the dip visibility revealing thus a partial recovery only in the refractive index of the core while the reduction of the refractive index modulation observed during the irradiation remained unchanged.
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11
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Quero G, Vaiano P, Fienga F, Giaquinto M, Di Meo V, Gorine G, Casolaro P, Campajola L, Breglio G, Crescitelli A, Esposito E, Ricciardi A, Cutolo A, Ravotti F, Buontempo S, Consales M, Cusano A. A novel Lab-on-Fiber Radiation Dosimeter for Ultra-high Dose Monitoring. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17841. [PMID: 30552352 PMCID: PMC6294823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report on the first demonstration of Lab on Fiber (LOF) dosimeter for ionizing radiation monitoring at ultra-high doses. The new dosimeter consists in a metallo-dielectric resonator at sub-wavelength scale supporting localized surface plasmon resonances realized on the optical fiber (OF) tip. The resonating structure involves two gold gratings separated by a templated dielectric layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Two LOF prototypes have been manufactured and exposed at the IRRAD Proton Facility at CERN in Geneva to 23 GeV protons for a total fluence of 0.67 × 1016 protons/cm2, corresponding to an absorbed dose of 1.8 MGy. Experimental data demonstrated the "radiation resistance" feature of the LOF devices and a clear dependence of the reflected spectrum versus the total dose, expressed by a cumulative blue-shift of ~1.4 nm of the resonance combined with a slight increase of 0.16 dBm in the reflected spectrum. The numerical analysis carried out to correlate the experimental results with the dimensional and physical properties of the resonator, expected to be tightly connected to the absorbed dose, suggests that the main phenomenon induced by exposure to proton beam and able to explain the measured spectral behavior is the reduction of the PMMA thickness, which is also consistent with past literature in the field. Preliminary results demonstrated the potentiality of the proposed platform as dosimeter at MGy dose levels for high energy physics experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Quero
- Optoelectronics Group - Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Patrizio Vaiano
- Optoelectronics Group - Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Francesco Fienga
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) - Sezione di Napoli, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.,European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Martino Giaquinto
- Optoelectronics Group - Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Meo
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, I-80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Georgi Gorine
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211, Genève, Switzerland.,Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Pierluigi Casolaro
- University of Napoli Federico II, Department of Physics, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Campajola
- University of Napoli Federico II, Department of Physics, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Breglio
- University of Napoli Federico II, Department of Electronical Engineering, I-80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessio Crescitelli
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, I-80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, I-80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Armando Ricciardi
- Optoelectronics Group - Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonello Cutolo
- Optoelectronics Group - Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Federico Ravotti
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Buontempo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) - Sezione di Napoli, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.,European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Marco Consales
- Optoelectronics Group - Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Optoelectronics Group - Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy.
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12
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Esposito F, Zotti A, Palumbo G, Zuppolini S, Consales M, Cutolo A, Borriello A, Campopiano S, Zarrelli M, Iadicicco A. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Monitoring System Based on Polystyrene Coated Long Period Grating. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18051435. [PMID: 29734731 PMCID: PMC5982407 DOI: 10.3390/s18051435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report the in-field demonstration of a liquefied petroleum gas monitoring system based on optical fiber technology. Long-period grating coated with a thin layer of atactic polystyrene (aPS) was employed as a gas sensor, and an array comprising two different fiber Bragg gratings was set for the monitoring of environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. A custom package was developed for the sensors, ensuring their suitable installation and operation in harsh conditions. The developed system was installed in a real railway location scenario (i.e., a southern Italian operative railway tunnel), and tests were performed to validate the system performances in operational mode. Daytime normal working operations of the railway line and controlled gas expositions, at very low concentrations, were the searched realistic conditions for an out-of-lab validation of the developed system. Encouraging results were obtained with a precise indication of the gas concentration and external conditioning of the sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Esposito
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", 80143 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Aldobenedetto Zotti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Palumbo
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", 80143 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Simona Zuppolini
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Marco Consales
- Optoelectronics group, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology-CeRICT scrl, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Antonello Cutolo
- Optoelectronics group, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Anna Borriello
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Stefania Campopiano
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", 80143 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Mauro Zarrelli
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Agostino Iadicicco
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", 80143 Napoli, Italy.
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13
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Esposito F, Ranjan R, Campopiano S, Iadicicco A. Arc-Induced Long Period Gratings from Standard to Polarization-Maintaining and Photonic Crystal Fibers. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18030918. [PMID: 29558407 PMCID: PMC5877216 DOI: 10.3390/s18030918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report about our recent results concerning the fabrication of Long Period Grating (LPG) sensors in several optical fibers, through the Electric Arc Discharge (EAD) technique. In particular, the following silica fibers with both different dopants and geometrical structures are considered: standard Ge-doped, photosensitive B/Ge codoped, P-doped, pure-silica core with F-doped cladding, Panda type Polarization-maintaining, and Hollow core Photonic crystal fiber. An adaptive platform was developed and the appropriate “recipe” was identified for each fiber, in terms of both arc discharge parameters and setup arrangement, for manufacturing LPGs with strong and narrow attenuation bands, low insertion losses, and short length. As the fabricated devices have appealing features from the application point of view, the sensitivity characteristics towards changes in different external perturbations (i.e., surrounding refractive index, temperature, and strain) are investigated and compared, highlighting the effects of different fiber composition and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Esposito
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Stefania Campopiano
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Agostino Iadicicco
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
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14
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Stancălie A, Esposito F, Ranjan R, Bleotu P, Campopiano S, Iadicicco A, Sporea D. Arc-induced Long Period Gratings in standard and speciality optical fibers under mixed neutron-gamma irradiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15845. [PMID: 29158568 PMCID: PMC5696517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, for the first time, the effects of mixed neutron and gamma flux on the spectral and sensing responses of Long Period Gratings (LPGs) are thoroughly analyzed. Six LPGs written by means of Electric Arc Discharge (EAD) technique in standard and speciality fibers, including radiation-hardened ones, were tested. The EAD technique was chosen because it enables the writing of gratings both in standard and not photosensitive fibers. The experiments have been carried out in a "TRIGA" pulsed nuclear reactor and the LPGs were irradiated by a gamma-ray dose-rate of 9 Gy/s and a mean 1.2∙1012 n/(cm2s) neutron flux. Real time monitoring was performed for a comparative investigation of LPGs' response, in terms of radiation sensitivity and wavelength shift. Experiments show that LPG in a radiation-resistant fiber exhibits resonant wavelength shift higher than LPG in standard fiber. The changes of temperature sensitivity due to radiation were experimentally established by comparison of pre- and post-radiation characterization, indicating that radiation effects induce a slight increase of the temperature sensitivity, except for the LPG in pure-silica fiber. Theoretical and numerical analysis was combined with experimental data for evaluation LPGs' parameters changes, such as refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient, after exposure to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Stancălie
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, 409 Atomiştilor St., Măgurele, RO-077125, Romania
| | - Flavio Esposito
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Petrişor Bleotu
- "Politehnica" University, Bucharest, Splaiul Independenţei 303, 060042, Romania
| | - Stefania Campopiano
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Agostino Iadicicco
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Naples, Italy.
| | - Dan Sporea
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, 409 Atomiştilor St., Măgurele, RO-077125, Romania.
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