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Olomukoro AA, Xie R, Paucar FXF, DeRosa C, Danielson ND, Gionfriddo E. Characterization of a mixed mode fluorocarbon/weak anion exchange sorbent for the separation of perfluoroalkyl substances. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400413. [PMID: 39192716 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence and persistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment have raised concerns in the scientific community. Current research efforts are prioritizing effective PFAS remediation through novel sorbents with orthogonal interaction mechanisms. Recognized sorption mechanisms between PFAS and sorbents include hydrophobic, electrostatic, and fluorine-fluorine interaction. The interplay of these mechanisms contributes significantly to improved sorption capacity and selectivity in PFAS separations. In this study, a primary/secondary amine-functionalized polystyrene-divinylbenzene (Sepra-WAX) polymer was modified to create a fluorinated WAX resin (Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI). The synthesis intermediate (Sepra-WAX-KelF) was also tested to assess the improvement of the final product (Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI). The adsorption capacity of Sepra-WAX, Sepra-WAX-KelF, and Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI, and their interactions with PFAS were evaluated. The effect of pH, ionic strength, and organic solvents on PFAS sorption in aqueous solution was also investigated. The sorbents showed varied adsorption capacities for perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, perfluoro-n-decanoic acid, and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, with the average extraction capacity of the four analytes being Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI (523 mg/g) > Sepra-WAX (353 mg/g) > Sepra-WAX-KelF (220 mg/g). Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI provided the highest adsorption capacity for all analytes tested, proving that the combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic/fluorophilic interactions is crucial for the effective preconcentration of PFAS and its future applications for PFAS remediation from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghogho A Olomukoro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ruichao Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Fabiola X Fernandez Paucar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Charlotte DeRosa
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Neil D Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Wang T, Li H, Allen N, Ferraro I, Li A. Ultra-low current electrospray ionization of chloroform solution for the analysis of perfluorinated sulfonic acids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37 Suppl 1:e9501. [PMID: 36879515 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Femtoamp and picoamp electrospray ionization (ESI) characteristics of a nonpolar solvent were explored. The direct ESI mass spectrometry analysis of chloroform extract solution enabled rapid analysis of perfluorinated sulfonic acid analytes in drinking water. METHODS Neat chloroform solvent and extracts were directly used in a typical wire-in ESI setup using micrometer emitter tips. Ionization currents were measured with femtoamp sensitivity while ramping the spray voltage from 0 to -5000 V. Methanol was used as a comparison to illustrate the characteristics of electrospraying chloroform. The effects of spray voltage and inlet temperature were studied. A liquid-liquid extraction workflow was developed to analyze perfluorooctanoate sulfonate (PFOS) in drinking water using an ion-trap mass spectrometer. RESULTS The ionization onset of chloroform solution was 41 ± 17 fA at 300 V. The ionization current gradually increased with voltage while remaining below 100 pA when using voltages up to -5000 V. The ion signal of PFOS was significantly enhanced to improve the limit of detection (LoD) to 25 ppt in chloroform. Coupled with a liquid-liquid extraction workflow, LoD of 0.38-5.1 ppt and a quantitation range of 5-400 ppt were achieved for perfluorinated sulfonic compounds in 1-ml water samples. CONCLUSIONS Femtoamp and picoamp modes expand the solvent compatibility range of ESI and can enable quantitative analysis in parts per trillion (ppt) concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huishan Li
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | | | - Ian Ferraro
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Anyin Li
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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3
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Perstraction: A Membrane-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Extraction of PFOA from Water. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study represents a first time that perstraction was assessed as a process to remove perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from water. In the perstraction process, PFOA permeates through a membrane from water to a solvent. The membrane used in this study was polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The experimental approach included the following: (1) measurement of partition coefficients for PFOA between water and selected solvents; (2) determination of solubility and diffusivity of the solvents in PDMS; (3) determination of the uptake of PFOA in PDMS; (4) determination of the effects of selected particles imbedded in the PDMS on PFOA uptake and solvent absorption; and (5) demonstration of the perstraction process to remove PFOA from water. PFOA preferentially partitioned to alcohols over water. In addition, ZnO and CuO particles in PDMS significantly enhanced the rate at which PFOA was absorbed in PDMS from deionized water due to ionic interactions. The perstraction of PFOA from deionized water into hexanol was demonstrated. However, perstraction was not successful at removing PFOA from tap water. While the application of perstraction to removing PFOA from water is limited, the idea was demonstrated and information contained within this manuscript is new.
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Jiang X, Wang W, Yu G, Deng S. Contribution of Nanobubbles for PFAS Adsorption on Graphene and OH- and NH 2-Functionalized Graphene: Comparing Simulations with Experimental Results. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13254-13263. [PMID: 34555893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments around the world. In recent years, the enrichment of PFAS on the surface of nanobubbles on adsorbents has been proposed, but no direct evidence has been provided to support this new adsorption mechanism. In this study, we used density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) to simulatively investigate the contribution of nanobubbles for PFAS adsorption on the pristine and functionalized graphene (GR). The adsorption energy of PFAS on GR-NH2 was higher than that of GR-OH, while GR showed the lowest adsorption energy. When the effect of water molecules was considered, the oleophobic property of the C-F chain made it difficult for hydrophobic interaction to be involved in the adsorption of PFAS on nonpolar GR. With the existence of nanobubbles, both GR and GR-NH2 can effectively remove PFAS, but their adsorption mechanisms were quite different. For hydrophobic GR, the nanobubbles initially attached to the surface of materials played a major role, while for hydrophilic GR-NH2, the nanobubbles dispersed in the solution were more important. Moreover, the nanobubbles had a more significant contribution to long-chain PFAS. Our degassing and aeration experiments could support the simulation results. The removal of PFOS decreased by 27.7% at maximum after degassing and increased by 21.0%-29.2% after aeration. The study could provide a theoretical basis for the environmental process and contamination control of PFAS at the solid-liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhe Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xi'Ning, Qinghai Province 810016, China
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Narizzano AM, Bohannon ME, East AG, McDonough C, Choyke S, Higgins CP, Quinn MJ. Patterns in Serum Toxicokinetics in Peromyscus Exposed to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2886-2898. [PMID: 34236102 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are compounds manufactured for use in paints, cleaning agents, fire suppressants, nonstick cookware, food containers, and water-resistant products. Concerns about PFAS stem from their ubiquitous presence in the environment, persistence, and variable/uncertain bioaccumulation and toxicity. In the present study, 5 perfluoroalkyl acids and one polyfluoroalkyl substance were administered to white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to elucidate the kinetics of each chemical over 28 d of exposure. Perfluorooctanoate, perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorobutane sulfonate were administered to male and female mice via drinking water. Perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorononanoate, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate, and PFHxS were administered to male and female mice via oral gavage. Blood samples collected after 14 or 21 and 28 d of exposure were analyzed for individual PFAS concentrations via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In general, a plateau in serum concentration in this toxicity test-relevant timeline depended on interactions between 1) the type of PFAS (i.e., perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids [PFSAs] vs perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids [PFCAs] vs polyfluorinated), 2) continuous versus bolus dosing, and 3) to a lesser extent, sex. Specifically, PFCAs were detected at higher concentration in females than males, whereas PFSAs were generally detected at similar levels across sex. An exception occurred when PFHxS yielded higher serum levels in males than females through bolus, but not continuous, dosing. Type of PFAS had the largest impact on serum concentrations, whereas sex had the lowest. As such, future work on the toxicokinetics of PFAS in common ecological receptors would be valuable to further explore these patterns. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2886-2898. © 2021 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Narizzano
- Toxicology Directorate, US Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Meredith E Bohannon
- Toxicology Directorate, US Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Andrew G East
- Toxicology Directorate, US Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Carrie McDonough
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Quinn
- Toxicology Directorate, US Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
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6
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Fu Y, Qin H, Guo Z. Anti-greasy and conductive superamphiphobic coating applied to the carbon brushes/conductive rings of hydro-generators. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12381-12391. [PMID: 35423747 PMCID: PMC8696991 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01656c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and low-cost method is used to prepare a superamphiphobic coating with excellent anti-greasy and conductivity properties that can be used on the surface of carbon brushes and collector rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hydroelectric Machinery Design & Maintenance
- China Three Gorges University
- Yichang 443002
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
| | - Hongling Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hydroelectric Machinery Design & Maintenance
- China Three Gorges University
- Yichang 443002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
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7
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Viada BN, Yudi LM, Arrigan DWM. Detection of perfluorooctane sulfonate by ion-transfer stripping voltammetry at an array of microinterfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions. Analyst 2020; 145:5776-5786. [PMID: 32672287 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00884b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a category of persistent environmental contaminants that have been linked to health issues in humans. In this work, we investigate the detection of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS-), one such PFAS, by ion-transfer voltammetry at an array of microinterfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (μITIES). Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV) indicated the ion-transfer behaviour and detection of PFOS-, with the latter enabling detection at picomolar concentrations. Using a 5 min preconcentration time, during which PFOS- was preconcentrated into the organic phase of the μITIES array, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.03 nM (0.015 μg L-1) in aqueous electrolyte was achieved. This performance is attributed to the enhanced mass transport (radial diffusion) to the μITIES that occurs during preconcentration. To investigate the potentiality for applications of this analytical approach to environmental samples, measurements in a range of water matrices were investigated. Drinking water, laboratory tap water and seawater matrices were assessed by spiking with PFOS- over the 0.1-1 nM range. A matrix effect was observed, with changes in sensitivity and LOD relative to those in pure aqueous electrolyte solutions. Such matrix effects need to be considered in designing applications of these PFOS- measurements to environmental samples. The results presented here indicate that DPSV at a μITIES array can form the basis for a fast and sensitive screening method for PFOS- contamination that is suited to portable and on-site applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín N Viada
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
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Martínez R, Herrero-Nogareda L, Van Antro M, Campos MP, Casado M, Barata C, Piña B, Navarro-Martín L. Morphometric signatures of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in zebrafish eleutheroembryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 214:105232. [PMID: 31271907 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mode of action of the different pollutants in human and wildlife health is a key step in environmental risk assessment. The aim of this study was to determine signatures that could link morphological phenotypes to the toxicity mechanisms of four Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs): bisphenol A (BPA), perfluorooctanesulfonate potassium salt (PFOS), tributyltin chloride (TBT), and 17-ß-estradiol (E2). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryos were exposed from 2 to 5 dpf to a wide range of BPA, PFOS, TBT and E2 concentrations. At the end of the exposures several morphometric features were assessed. Common and non-specific effects on larvae pigmentation or swim bladder area were observed after exposures to all compounds. BPA specifically induced yolk sac malabsorption syndrome and altered craniofacial parameters, whereas PFOS had specific effects on the notochord formation presenting higher rates of scoliosis and kyphosis. The main effect of E2 was an increase in the body length of the exposed eleutheroembryos. In the case of TBT, main alterations on the morphological traits were related to developmental delays. When integrating all morphometrical parameters, BPA showed the highest rates of malformations in terms of equilethality, followed by PFOS and, distantly, by TBT and E2. In the case of BPA and PFOS, we were able to relate our results with effects on the transcriptome and metabolome, previously reported. We propose that methodized morphometric analyses in zebrafish embryo model can be used as an inexpensive and easy screening tool to predict modes of action of a wide-range number of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martínez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08034, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalunya, 08007, Spain.
| | - Laia Herrero-Nogareda
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08034, Spain.
| | - Morgane Van Antro
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B5000, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Maria Pilar Campos
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08034, Spain.
| | - Marta Casado
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08034, Spain.
| | - Carlos Barata
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08034, Spain.
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08034, Spain.
| | - Laia Navarro-Martín
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08034, Spain.
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9
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Sörengård M, Franke V, Tröger R, Ahrens L. Losses of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances to syringe filter materials. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460430. [PMID: 31445806 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Syringe filters are used to separate solids from liquids prior to analysis of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). This is a critical step in sample preparation, as losses of PFASs to the filter material can be significant and lead to underestimation. This study evaluated losses of 21 PFASs in three different matrices (methanol, MilliQ water, and water containing 10 mg L-1 dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) to six different types of syringe filter (0.45 and 0.22 μm). Regarding sample matrix, the lowest average ∑21PFAS losses were observed in methanol (13%), followed by DOC water (19%) and MilliQ water (26%). Regarding syringe filter material, the lowest average losses of ∑21PFAS in DOC water and MilliQ water were observed for a recycled cellulose filter (average losses 16% and 21%, respectively), while a polypropylene filter had the lowest ∑21PFAS losses in methanol (9%). A smaller polyethersulfone (PES) filter (0.22 μm, 17 mm Ø) showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower ∑21PFAS losses in DOC water (on average 7.3%) than a larger PES filter (0.45 μm, 37 mm Ø) (23%). In DOC water, losses to the filter increased by 3.8%, 5.1%, and 8.4% per CF2-moiety for C3-C11 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), and fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTSAs), respectively. Comparing different functional groups of PFASs, losses increased as follows: PFCAs < PFSAs < FTSAs < perfluorooctanesulfonamides (FOSAs). Thus, care is needed when including filtration in PFAS analysis, since losses can be significant (up to 100%) depending on the type of syringe filter, target PFAS, and matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Sörengård
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Vera Franke
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rikard Tröger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang QW, Yang GP, Zhang ZM, Zhang J. Optimization of sample preparation and chromatography for the determination of perfluoroalkyl acids in sediments from the Yangtze Estuary and East China Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:524-530. [PMID: 29709802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous pollutants present in various environmental media, including marine sediments. A method was proposed for the determination of 17 target PFAA analytes in marine sediment samples (n = 49) collected from the Yangtze Estuary and East China Sea. The proposed method involves the use of an optimized pretreatment procedure and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in dynamic multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method relied on extraction cycles using methanol followed by concentration, filtration, and small volume injection to UHPLC-MS/MS. The recovery, time efficiency, and detection limit of the proposed method are improved relative to those of traditional methods. Limits of detection varied from 0.003 to 0.045 ng/g, and spike recoveries to sediment ranged from 90% to 110% with suitable precisions (1.7%-14.6%). PFAAs were widely present in the samples, and ΣPFAAs ranged from 0.67 ng/g dw to 36.75 ng/g dw. Results indicated that terrigenous input strongly influences PFAA distribution in sediments from the study areas. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were identified as the dominant perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) and perfluoroalkylsulfonate (PFSA) in sediment samples from the Yangtze Estuary and the East China Sea. Preliminary environmental risk assessment indicated that PFOS may pose a higher environmental risk than PFOA. Furthermore, risk quotient values indicated that PFOS poses a significant risk to the aquatic ecosystem of the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Central Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Ze-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Zhang C, Yang L, Zhao K, Chen Z, Xiao JX. Effect of counterions on anionic fluorocarbon surfactant micelles by dielectric spectroscopy. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02524j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of counterions on dielectric behaviors of anionic fluorocarbon surfactants solutions was insighted in the frequency of 40–110 MHz. The dielectric increments Δεof all the surfactants can be divided into different groups, the reason was analyzed and the average radiusR̄was calculated according to Grosse's model, which confirmed the reliability of dielectric analysis, and the structure of micelles was proposed as the figure.
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Affiliation(s)
- CanCan Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- China
| | - LiKun Yang
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- China
| | - KongShuang Zhao
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- China
| | - Zhen Chen
- School of Natural Science
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- China
| | - Jin-Xin Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
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