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Raghuraman BK, Bogdanova A, Moon H, Rzagalinski I, Geertsma ER, Hersemann L, Shevchenko A. Median-Based Absolute Quantification of Proteins Using Fully Unlabeled Generic Internal Standard (FUGIS). J Proteome Res 2021; 21:132-141. [PMID: 34807614 PMCID: PMC8749952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
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By reporting the
molar abundance of proteins, absolute quantification
determines their stoichiometry in complexes, pathways, or networks.
Typically, absolute quantification relies either on protein-specific
isotopically labeled peptide standards or on a semiempirical calibration
against the average abundance of peptides chosen from arbitrarily
selected proteins. In contrast, a generic protein standard FUGIS (fully
unlabeled generic internal standard) requires no isotopic labeling,
chemical synthesis, or external calibration and is applicable to quantifying
proteins of any organismal origin. The median intensity of the peptide
peaks produced by the tryptic digestion of FUGIS is used as a single-point
calibrant to determine the molar abundance of any codigested protein.
Powered by FUGIS, median-based absolute quantification (MBAQ) outperformed
other methods of untargeted proteome-wide absolute quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Kumar Raghuraman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aliona Bogdanova
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - HongKee Moon
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ignacy Rzagalinski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eric R Geertsma
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lena Hersemann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Zhang Q, Cai Z, Lin H, Han L, Yan J, Wang J, Ke P, Zhuang J, Huang X. Expression, purification and identification of isotope-labeled recombinant cystatin C protein in Escheichia coli intended for absolute quantification using isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 178:105785. [PMID: 33152458 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Isotope-labeled proteins are expected to be used as internal standard proteins in the field of protein quantification by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID/MS). To achieve the absolute quantification of Cystatin C (Cys C) based on ID/MS, we aims to obtain 15N isotope-labeled recombinant Cys C (15N-Cys C) protein. Firstly, the Cys C gene was optimized based on the preferred codons of Escherichia coli, and inserted into the pET-28a(+) expression plasmid. Then, the plasmid was transformed into TOP10 and BL21 strains, and 15N-Cys C was expressed in M9 medium using 15N as the only nitrogen source. 15N-Cys C was detected by SDS-PAGE, protein immunoblotting and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The characteristic peptides obtained from 15N-Cys C were analyzed by a Q Exactive Plus MS system. Results showed that 53.06% of the codons were optimized. The codon adaptation index of the Cys C genes increased from 0.31 to 0.95, and the GC content was adjusted from 64.85% to 54.88%. The purity of 15N-Cys C was higher than 95%. MALDI-TOF MS analysis showed that the m/z of 15N-Cys C had changed from 13 449 to 14 850. The characteristic peptides showed that 619.79 m/z (M+2H)2+ was the parent ion of 15N-Cys C and that the secondary ions of 15N-labeled peptides from y+5 to y+9 were 616.27 m/z, 716.33 m/z, 788.39 m/z, 936.43 m/z, and 1052.46 m/z, respectively. In conclusion, we successfully expressed, purified and identified of 15N-Cys C protein in Escheichia coli intended for absolute quantification using ID/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhiliang Cai
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Haibiao Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqiao Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peifeng Ke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhua Zhuang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xianzhang Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Raghuraman BK, Hebbar S, Kumar M, Moon H, Henry I, Knust E, Shevchenko A. Absolute Quantification of Proteins in the Eye of Drosophila melanogaster. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1900049. [PMID: 32663363 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Absolute (molar) quantification of proteins determines their molar ratios in complexes, networks, and metabolic pathways. MS Western workflow is employed to determine molar abundances of proteins potentially critical for morphogenesis and phototransduction (PT) in eyes of Drosophila melanogaster using a single chimeric 264 kDa protein standard that covers, in total, 197 peptides from 43 proteins. The majority of proteins are independently quantified with two to four proteotypic peptides with the coefficient of variation of less than 15%, better than 1000-fold dynamic range and sub-femtomole sensitivity. Here, the molar abundance of proteins of the PT machinery and of the rhabdomere, the photosensitive organelle, is determined in eyes of wild-type flies as well as in crumbs (crb) mutant eyes, which exhibit perturbed rhabdomere morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Kumar Raghuraman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Sarita Hebbar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - HongKee Moon
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Centre for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Ian Henry
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Centre for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, Dresden, 01307, Germany
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4
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Cattoglio C, Darzacq X, Tjian R, Hansen AS. Estimating Cellular Abundances of Halo-tagged Proteins in Live Mammalian Cells by Flow Cytometry. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3527. [PMID: 33654751 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate abundance measurements of cellular proteins are required to achieve a quantitative and predictive understanding of any biological process inside the cell. Existing methods to determine absolute protein abundances are labor-intensive and/or require sophisticated experimental and computational infrastructure (e.g., fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS)-calibrated imaging and quantitative mass spectrometry). Here we detail a straightforward flow cytometry-based method to measure the absolute abundance of any Halo-tagged protein in live cells that uses a standard mammalian cell line with a known number of Halo-CTCF proteins recently characterized in our lab. The protocol only comprises a few steps. First, a cell line expressing the Halo-tagged protein of interest is grown and labeled side-by-side with our standard line. Then, average fluorescence intensities are measured by conventional flow cytometry analysis and finally a simple calculation is applied to estimate the absolute number of the Halo-tagged protein of interest per cell. Once the protein of interest has been endogenously tagged with HaloTag, which we routinely achieve by Cas9-mediated genome editing, the presented protocol is fast, convenient, reproducible, cost-effective and readily accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cattoglio
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, Berkeley, CA, USA.,CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xavier Darzacq
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, Berkeley, CA, USA.,CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert Tjian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, Berkeley, CA, USA.,CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anders S Hansen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, Berkeley, CA, USA.,CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Neves LX, Wilson RA, Brownridge P, Harman VM, Holman SW, Beynon RJ, Eyers CE, DeMarco R, Castro-Borges W. Quantitative Proteomics of Enriched Esophageal and Gut Tissues from the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma mansoni Pinpoints Secreted Proteins for Vaccine Development. J Proteome Res 2019; 19:314-326. [PMID: 31729880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomes are blood-dwelling helminth parasites that cause schistosomiasis, a debilitating disease resulting in inflammation and, in extreme cases, multiple organ damage. Major challenges to control the transmission persist, and the discovery of protective antigens remains of critical importance for vaccine development. Rhesus macaques can self-cure following schistosome infection, generating antibodies that target proteins from the tegument, gut, and esophagus, the last of which is the least investigated. We developed a dissection technique that permitted increased sensitivity in a comparative proteomics profiling of schistosome esophagus and gut. Proteome analysis of the male schistosome esophagus identified 13 proteins encoded by microexon genes (MEGs), 11 of which were uniquely located in the esophageal glands. Based on this and transcriptome information, a QconCAT was designed for the absolute quantification of selected targets. MEGs 12, 4.2, and 4.1 and venom allergen-like protein 7 were the most abundant, spanning over 245 million to 6 million copies per cell, while aspartyl protease, palmitoyl thioesterase, and galactosyl transferase were present at <1 million copies. Antigenic variation by alternative splicing of MEG proteins was confirmed together with a specialized machinery for protein glycosylation/secretion in the esophagus. Moreover, some gastrodermal secretions were highly enriched in the gut, while others were more uniformly distributed throughout the parasite, potentially indicating lysosomal activity. Collectively, our findings provide a more rational, better-oriented selection of schistosome vaccine candidates in the context of a proven model of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro X Neves
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Campus Morro do Cruzeiro , Ouro Preto 35400-000 , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - R Alan Wilson
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology , University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD , United Kingdom
| | - Philip Brownridge
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB , United Kingdom
| | - Victoria M Harman
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen W Holman
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB , United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB , United Kingdom
| | - Claire E Eyers
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB , United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo DeMarco
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , São Carlos 13566-590 , Brazil
| | - William Castro-Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Campus Morro do Cruzeiro , Ouro Preto 35400-000 , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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Manes NP, Nita-Lazar A. Application of targeted mass spectrometry in bottom-up proteomics for systems biology research. J Proteomics 2018; 189:75-90. [PMID: 29452276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The enormous diversity of proteoforms produces tremendous complexity within cellular proteomes, facilitates intricate networks of molecular interactions, and constitutes a formidable analytical challenge for biomedical researchers. Currently, quantitative whole-proteome profiling often relies on non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), which samples proteoforms broadly, but can suffer from lower accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility compared with targeted LC-MS. Recent advances in bottom-up proteomics using targeted LC-MS have enabled previously unachievable identification and quantification of target proteins and posttranslational modifications within complex samples. Consequently, targeted LC-MS is rapidly advancing biomedical research, especially systems biology research in diverse areas that include proteogenomics, interactomics, kinomics, and biological pathway modeling. With the recent development of targeted LC-MS assays for nearly the entire human proteome, targeted LC-MS is positioned to enable quantitative proteomic profiling of unprecedented quality and accessibility to support fundamental and clinical research. Here we review recent applications of bottom-up proteomics using targeted LC-MS for systems biology research. SIGNIFICANCE: Advances in targeted proteomics are rapidly advancing systems biology research. Recent applications include systems-level investigations focused on posttranslational modifications (such as phosphoproteomics), protein conformation, protein-protein interaction, kinomics, proteogenomics, and metabolic and signaling pathways. Notably, absolute quantification of metabolic and signaling pathway proteins has enabled accurate pathway modeling and engineering. Integration of targeted proteomics with other technologies, such as RNA-seq, has facilitated diverse research such as the identification of hundreds of "missing" human proteins (genes and transcripts that appear to encode proteins but direct experimental evidence was lacking).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Manes
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aleksandra Nita-Lazar
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Takemori N, Takemori A, Tanaka Y, Endo Y, Hurst JL, Gómez-Baena G, Harman VM, Beynon RJ. MEERCAT: Multiplexed Efficient Cell Free Expression of Recombinant QconCATs For Large Scale Absolute Proteome Quantification. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:2169-2183. [PMID: 29055021 PMCID: PMC5724179 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in proteomics is the absolute accurate quantification of large numbers of proteins. QconCATs, artificial proteins that are concatenations of multiple standard peptides, are well established as an efficient means to generate standards for proteome quantification. Previously, QconCATs have been expressed in bacteria, but we now describe QconCAT expression in a robust, cell-free system. The new expression approach rescues QconCATs that previously were unable to be expressed in bacteria and can reduce the incidence of proteolytic damage to QconCATs. Moreover, it is possible to cosynthesize QconCATs in a highly-multiplexed translation reaction, coexpressing tens or hundreds of QconCATs simultaneously. By obviating bacterial culture and through the gain of high level multiplexing, it is now possible to generate tens of thousands of standard peptides in a matter of weeks, rendering absolute quantification of a complex proteome highly achievable in a reproducible, broadly deployable system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Takemori
- From the ‡Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan; .,§Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Ayako Takemori
- From the ‡Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.,¶The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- §Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yaeta Endo
- From the ‡Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Jane L Hurst
- **Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Guadalupe Gómez-Baena
- ‖Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Victoria M Harman
- ‖Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Robert J Beynon
- ‖Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK;
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