1
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Zhao C, Wang X, Wu J, Hu Y, Zhang Q, Zheng Q. Analysis of O-acetylated sialic acids by 3-nitrophenylhydrazine derivatization combined with LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2472-2477. [PMID: 38606501 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00330f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of monosaccharides that share a nine-carbon backbone and a carboxyl group. A recent derivatization method based on 3-nitrophenylhydrazine (3-NPH) provides a mild chemical labeling technique for biomolecules containing carbonyl or carboxyl groups. In this study, we utilized 3-NPH to label sialic acids via a two-step derivatization process. The derivatized species can produce a common reporter ion corresponding to C1-C3 with two labels, and a fragment differentiating between Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc, and KDN. This method is compatible with O-acetylated sialic acids and provides high sensitivity to Neu5Gc and KDN, and since the utilization of dual labeling significantly enhances the hydrophobicity of derivatives, it can effectively mitigate matrix effects when combined with parallel reaction monitoring technology. Negative-ion tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis reveals a distinctive fragmentation profile for the 4-O-acetylated species, while the other sialic acids yield similar MS/MS spectra with a high abundance of reporter ions. Using the reporter ion as a transition, this analytical strategy is effective for analyzing complex biological samples. For example, it was successfully employed to quantify sialic acids in the intestinal tissues of several carp species, demonstrating its potential in sialylation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, China.
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, China
| | - Xingdan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, China.
| | - Yeli Hu
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, China.
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, China.
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2
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Vos GM, Hooijschuur KC, Li Z, Fjeldsted J, Klein C, de Vries RP, Toraño JS, Boons GJ. Sialic acid O-acetylation patterns and glycosidic linkage type determination by ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6795. [PMID: 37880209 PMCID: PMC10600165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
O-acetylation is a common modification of sialic acids that has been implicated in a multitude of biological and disease processes. A lack of analytical methods that can determine exact structures of sialic acid variants is a hurdle to determine roles of distinct O-acetylated sialosides. Here, we describe a drift tube ion mobility-mass spectrometry approach that can elucidate exact O-acetylation patterns as well as glycosidic linkage types of sialosides isolated from complex biological samples. It is based on the use of a library of synthetic O-acetylated sialosides to establish intrinsic collision cross section (CCS) values of diagnostic fragment ions. The CCS values were used to characterize O-acetylated sialosides from mucins and N-linked glycans from biologicals as well as equine tracheal and nasal tissues. It uncovered contrasting sialic acid linkage types of acetylated and non-acetylated sialic acids and provided a rationale for sialic acid binding preferences of equine H7 influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaёl M Vos
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin C Hooijschuur
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zeshi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Sastre Toraño
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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3
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Mastrangeli R, Satwekar A, Bierau H. Innovative Metrics for Reporting and Comparing the Glycan Structural Profile in Biotherapeutics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083304. [PMID: 37110538 PMCID: PMC10143042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute in biotherapeutics, impacting properties such as protein stability, solubility, clearance rate, efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety. Due to the heterogenic and complex nature of protein glycosylation, comprehensive characterization is demanding. Moreover, the lack of standardized metrics for evaluating and comparing glycosylation profiles hinders comparability studies and the establishment of manufacturing control strategies. To address both challenges, we propose a standardized approach based on novel metrics for a comprehensive glycosylation fingerprint which greatly facilitates the reporting and objective comparison of glycosylation profiles. The analytical workflow is based on a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based multi-attribute method. Based on the analytical data, a matrix of glycosylation-related quality attributes, both at site-specific and whole molecule level, are computed, which provide metrics for a comprehensive product glycosylation fingerprint. Two case studies illustrate the applicability of the proposed indices as a standardized and versatile approach for reporting all dimensions of the glycosylation profile. The proposed approach further facilitates the assessments of risks associated with changes in the glycosylation profile that may affect efficacy, clearance, and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Mastrangeli
- Global CMC Development Technology & Innovation, CMC Science & Intelligence, Merck Serono SpA (An affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Guidonia Montecelio, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | - Abhijeet Satwekar
- Global CMC Development, Global Analytical Development, Global Analytical-Pharmaceutical Science & Innovation, Merck Serono SpA (An affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Guidonia Montecelio, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | - Horst Bierau
- Global CMC Development Technology & Innovation, CMC Science & Intelligence, Merck Serono SpA (An affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Guidonia Montecelio, 00012 Rome, Italy
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4
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017-2018. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:227-431. [PMID: 34719822 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Sokolovskaya OM, Tan MW, Wolan DW. Sialic acid diversity in the human gut: Molecular impacts and tools for future discovery. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102397. [PMID: 35653953 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of structurally related sugars that are prevalent in mucosal surfaces, including the human intestine. In the gut, sialic acids have diverse biological roles at the interface of the host epithelium and the microbiota. N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), the best studied sialic acid, is a nutrient source for bacteria and, when displayed on the cell surface, a binding site for host immune factors, viruses, and bacterial toxins. Neu5Ac is extensively modified by host and microbial enzymes, and the impacts of Neu5Ac derivatives on host-microbe interactions, and generally on human and microbial biology, remain underexplored. In this mini-review, we highlight recent reports describing how host and microbial proteins differentiate Neu5Ac and its derivatives, draw attention to gaps in knowledge related to sialic acid biology, and suggest cutting-edge methodologies that may expand our appreciation and understanding of Neu5Ac in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Sokolovskaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dennis W Wolan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States.
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6
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Visser EA, Moons SJ, Timmermans SBPE, de Jong H, Boltje TJ, Büll C. Sialic acid O-acetylation: From biosynthesis to roles in health and disease. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100906. [PMID: 34157283 PMCID: PMC8319020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are nine-carbon sugars that frequently cap glycans at the cell surface in cells of vertebrates as well as cells of certain types of invertebrates and bacteria. The nine-carbon backbone of sialic acids can undergo extensive enzymatic modification in nature and O-acetylation at the C-4/7/8/9 position in particular is widely observed. In recent years, the detection and analysis of O-acetylated sialic acids have advanced, and sialic acid-specific O-acetyltransferases (SOATs) and O-acetylesterases (SIAEs) that add and remove O-acetyl groups, respectively, have been identified and characterized in mammalian cells, invertebrates, bacteria, and viruses. These advances now allow us to draw a more complete picture of the biosynthetic pathway of the diverse O-acetylated sialic acids to drive the generation of genetically and biochemically engineered model cell lines and organisms with altered expression of O-acetylated sialic acids for dissection of their roles in glycoprotein stability, development, and immune recognition, as well as discovery of novel functions. Furthermore, a growing number of studies associate sialic acid O-acetylation with cancer, autoimmunity, and infection, providing rationale for the development of selective probes and inhibitors of SOATs and SIAEs. Here, we discuss the current insights into the biosynthesis and biological functions of O-acetylated sialic acids and review the evidence linking this modification to disease. Furthermore, we discuss emerging strategies for the design, synthesis, and potential application of unnatural O-acetylated sialic acids and inhibitors of SOATs and SIAEs that may enable therapeutic targeting of this versatile sialic acid modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline A Visser
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sam J Moons
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne B P E Timmermans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Heleen de Jong
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Christian Büll
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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7
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Guan Y, Zhang M, Gaikwad M, Voss H, Fazel R, Ansari S, Shen H, Wang J, Schlüter H. An Integrated Strategy Reveals Complex Glycosylation of Erythropoietin Using Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3654-3663. [PMID: 34110173 PMCID: PMC9472269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
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The characterization of therapeutic glycoproteins is challenging
due to the structural heterogeneity of the therapeutic protein glycosylation.
This study presents an in-depth analytical strategy for glycosylation
of first-generation erythropoietin (epoetin beta), including a developed
mass spectrometric workflow for N-glycan analysis, bottom-up mass
spectrometric methods for site-specific N-glycosylation, and a LC-MS
approach for O-glycan identification. Permethylated N-glycans, peptides,
and enriched glycopeptides of erythropoietin were analyzed by nanoLC-MS/MS,
and de-N-glycosylated erythropoietin was measured by LC-MS, enabling
the qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycosylation and different
glycan modifications (e.g., phosphorylation and O-acetylation). The
newly developed Python scripts enabled the identification of 140 N-glycan
compositions (237 N-glycan structures) from erythropoietin, especially
including 8 phosphorylated N-glycan species. The site-specificity
of N-glycans was revealed at the glycopeptide level by pGlyco software
using different proteases. In total, 114 N-glycan compositions were
identified from glycopeptide analysis. Moreover, LC-MS analysis of
de-N-glycosylated erythropoietin species identified two O-glycan compositions
based on the mass shifts between non-O-glycosylated and O-glycosylated
species. Finally, this integrated strategy was proved to realize the
in-depth glycosylation analysis of a therapeutic glycoprotein to understand
its pharmacological properties and improving the manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Guan
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Section Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Manasi Gaikwad
- Section Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Hannah Voss
- Section Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Ramin Fazel
- Reasearch and Innovation Center, Livogen Pharmed Co., Tehran 1417755358, Iran
| | - Samira Ansari
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3165933155, Iran
| | - Huali Shen
- Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Section Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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8
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Guan Y, Zhang M, Wang J, Schlüter H. Comparative Analysis of Different N-glycan Preparation Approaches and Development of Optimized Solid-Phase Permethylation Using Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2914-2922. [PMID: 33829797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation characterization is challenging due to structural micro- and macro-heterogeneity. Although various N-glycan preparation strategies, including purification and derivatization, have been previously developed prior to mass spectrometric analysis, systematic evaluation still needs to be performed. This study compared the different N-glycan purification strategies, including filter-aided sample preparation, de-N-glycosylated protein precipitation, and trypsin digestion followed by reversed phase-based solid-phase extraction, and derivatization approaches, such as solid-phase permethylation, reductive amination, and reduction. With the comparative analysis, an optimized solid-phase permethylation (OSPP) workflow was developed for mass spectrometric N-glycomics, showing simplified analysis for N-glycan compositions and high yields using etanercept. The N-glycan samples released from trastuzumab and adalimumab were utilized to test OSPP to obtain their N-glycan profiles using mass spectrometry. Based on different standard procedures across laboratories, this study provides the reference for analysts to select an appropriate N-glycan preparation method with their research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Guan
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Jigang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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9
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A mass spectrometry-based glycotope-centric cellular glycomics is the more fruitful way forward to see the forest for the trees. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:55-69. [PMID: 33492355 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nature of protein glycosylation renders cellular glycomics a very challenging task in having to deal with all the disparate glycans carried on membrane glycoproteins. Rapid mapping by mass spectrometry analysis provides only a coarse sketch of the glycomic complexity based primarily on glycosyl compositions, whereby the missing high-resolution structural details require a combination of multi-mode separations and multi-stages of induced fragmentation to gain sufficiently discriminative precision, often at the expenses of throughput and sensitivity. Given the available technology and foreseeable advances in the near future, homing in on resolving the terminal fucosylated, sialylated and/or sulfated structural units, or glycotopes, maybe a more pragmatic and ultimately more rewarding approach to gain insights into myriad biological processes mediated by these terminal coding units carried on important glycoproteins, to be decoded by a host of endogenous glycan-binding proteins and antibodies. A broad overview of recent technical advances and limitations in cellular glycomics is first provided as a backdrop to the propounded glycotope-centric approach based on advanced nanoLC-MS2/MS3 analysis of permethylated glycans. To prioritize analytical focus on the more tangible glycotopes is akin to first identifying the eye-catching and characteristic-defining flowers and fruits of the glyco-forest, to see the forest for the trees. It has the best prospects of attaining the much-needed balance in sensitivity, structural precision and analytical throughput to match advances in other omics.
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10
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Capdeville P, Martin L, Cholet S, Damont A, Audran M, Ericsson M, Fenaille F, Marchand A. Evaluation of erythropoietin biosimilars Epotin™, Hemax® and Jimaixin™ by electrophoretic methods used for doping control analysis and specific N-glycan analysis revealed structural differences from original epoetin alfa drug Eprex®. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113750. [PMID: 33234415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rEPO) biosimilars are copies of epoetin drugs developed after the first patents ended. However differences in the process of production can result in small structural differences when compared to the reference product. Differences in N-glycosylation profiles are of particular importance for rEPOs, because they can drastically impact the half-life in circulation and activity. Changes of structure can also impact electrophoretic profiles that are used to reveal the presence of a rEPO in a doping control sample. In this study three not well characterized biosimilars were evaluated (Jimaixin™ authorized in China, and Hemax® and Epotin™ authorized in Algeria). As these products could be used for doping, first their EPO profiles were determined using the antidoping methods (electrophoretic separation by the charge (isolectric focusing, IEF-PAGE) or the molecular weight (SDS-PAGE) and specific EPO immunodetection). Compared to the original epoetin alfa Eprex®, it revealed more basic isoforms for Epotin™ and Jimaixin™ after IEF-PAGE and a slightly lower molecular weight after SDS-PAGE in particular for Hemax®. To better understand the reason for these differences, EPO specific N-glycans were evaluated using two complementary approaches: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) with fluorescence detection. All three biosimilars presented a significant decrease in the major glycan forms of Eprex® along with an increase in less complex forms. Jimaixin™ and Epotin™ presented also a lower amount of fully sialylated forms. HILIC method also showed that O-acetylation level of sialic acid residues might vary from one rEPO to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Capdeville
- Analyses Department, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Laurent Martin
- Analyses Department, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sophie Cholet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Annelaure Damont
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Michel Audran
- Analyses Department, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Analyses Department, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Alexandre Marchand
- Analyses Department, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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11
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Glycomics studies using sialic acid derivatization and mass spectrometry. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:229-242. [PMID: 37127981 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteins can undergo glycosylation during and/or after translation to afford glycoconjugates, which are often secreted by a cell or populate cell surfaces. Changes in the glycan portion can have a strong influence on a glycoconjugate and are associated with a multitude of human pathologies. Of particular interest are sialylated glycoconjugates, which exist as constitutional isomers that differ in their linkages (α2,3, α2,6, α2,8 or α2,9) between sialic acids and their neighbouring monosaccharides. In general, mass spectrometry enables the rapid and sensitive characterization of glycosylation, but there are challenges specific to identifying and (relatively) quantifying sialic acid isomers. These challenges can be addressed using linkage-specific methodologies for sialic acid derivatization, after which mass spectrometry can enable product identification. This Review is concerned with the new and important derivatization approaches reported in the past decade, which have been implemented in various mass-spectrometry-glycomics workflows and have found clinical glycomics applications. The convenience and wide applicability of the approaches make them attractive for studies of sialylation in different types of glycoconjugate.
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12
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Glycan reductive amino acid coded affinity tagging (GRACAT) for highly specific analysis of N-glycome by mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1089:90-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most ubiquitous and complex post-translational modifications (PTMs). It plays pivotal roles in various biological processes. Studies at the glycopeptide level are typically considered as a downstream work resulting from enzymatic digested glycoproteins. Less attention has been focused on glycosylated endogenous signaling peptides due to their low abundance, structural heterogeneity and the lack of enabling analytical tools. Here, protocols are presented to isolate and characterize glycosylated neuropeptides utilizing nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We first demonstrate how to extract neuropeptides from raw tissues and perform further separation/cleanup before MS analysis. Then we describe hybrid MS methods for glycosylated neuropeptide profiling and site-specific analysis. We also include recommendations for data analysis to identify glycosylated neuropeptides in crustaceans where a complete neuropeptide database is still lacking. Other strategies and future directions are discussed to provide readers with alternative approaches and further unravel biological complexity rendered by glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Qinjingwen Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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14
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Li J. Analysis of O-Acetylated Sialic Acids in Dried Blood Spots. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2744-2751. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research,
Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research,
Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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15
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NISHIKAZE T. Sialic acid derivatization for glycan analysis by mass spectrometry. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:523-537. [PMID: 31708496 PMCID: PMC6856002 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a well-accepted means for analyzing glycans. Before glycan analysis by MS, several chemical derivatizations are generally carried out. These are classified into three categories; (1) labeling of the reducing end of glycans, (2) permethylation, and (3) sialic acid derivatization. Because sialic acid residues are unstable, they are easily lost during pretreatment and during or after ionization in a mass spectrometer. Sialic acid derivatization can prevent the loss of this residue. Recently, new types of sialic acid derivatization techniques have been developed, which allow straight-forward sialic acid linkage analysis (α2,3-/α2,6-linkages) as well as residue stabilization. This review summarizes the developments in sialic acid derivatization techniques, especially the varied methods of sialic acid linkage-specific derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi NISHIKAZE
- Koichi Tanaka Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
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16
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Li J. Mass spectrometry for protein sialoglycosylation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:652-680. [PMID: 29228471 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of structurally unique and negatively charged nine-carbon sugars, normally found at the terminal positions of glycan chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids. The glycosylation of proteins is a universal post-translational modification in eukaryotic species and regulates essential biological functions, in which the most common sialic acid is N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (2-keto-5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galactononulopyranos-1-onic acid) (Neu5NAc). Because of the properties of sialic acids under general mass spectrometry (MS) conditions, such as instability, ionization discrimination, and mixed adducts, the use of MS in the analysis of protein sialoglycosylation is still challenging. The present review is focused on the application of MS related methodologies to the study of both N- and O-linked sialoglycans. We reviewed MS-based strategies for characterizing sialylation by analyzing intact glycoproteins, proteolytic digested glycopeptides, and released glycans. The review concludes with future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zack Li
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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