1
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Castelló O, Baptista SML, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Diez E, Velázquez-Pérez JE, Meziani YM, Caridad JM, Delgado-Notario JA. Impact of device resistances in the performance of graphene-based terahertz photodetectors. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2024; 17:19. [PMID: 38862706 PMCID: PMC11166907 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-024-00122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, graphene field-effect-transistors (GFETs) have demonstrated an outstanding potential for terahertz (THz) photodetection due to their fast response and high-sensitivity. Such features are essential to enable emerging THz applications, including 6G wireless communications, quantum information, bioimaging and security. However, the overall performance of these photodetectors may be utterly compromised by the impact of internal resistances presented in the device, so-called access or parasitic resistances. In this work, we provide a detailed study of the influence of internal device resistances in the photoresponse of high-mobility dual-gate GFET detectors. Such dual-gate architectures allow us to fine tune (decrease) the internal resistance of the device by an order of magnitude and consequently demonstrate an improved responsivity and noise-equivalent-power values of the photodetector, respectively. Our results can be well understood by a series resistance model, as shown by the excellent agreement found between the experimental data and theoretical calculations. These findings are therefore relevant to understand and improve the overall performance of existing high-mobility graphene photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Castelló
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
- Unidad de Excelencia en Luz y Materia Estructurada (LUMES), University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - K Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - E Diez
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL-Nanolab, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - J E Velázquez-Pérez
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL-Nanolab, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Y M Meziani
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL-Nanolab, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - J M Caridad
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
- Unidad de Excelencia en Luz y Materia Estructurada (LUMES), University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - J A Delgado-Notario
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL-Nanolab, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
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2
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Temperature and Gate-Length Dependence of Subthreshold RF Detection in GaN HEMTs. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041515. [PMID: 35214416 PMCID: PMC8878066 DOI: 10.3390/s22041515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The responsivity of AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) when operating as zero-bias RF detectors in the subthreshold regime exhibits different behaviors depending on the operating temperature and gate length of the transistors. We have characterized in temperature (8–400 K) the detection performance of HEMTs with different gate lengths (75–250 nm). The detection results at 1 GHz can be reproduced by a quasi-static model, which allows us to interpret them by inspection of the output ID − VDS curves of the transistors. We explain the different behaviors observed in terms of the presence or absence of a shift in the zero-current operating point originating from the existence of the gate-leakage current jointly with temperature effects related to the ionization of bulk traps.
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3
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Tong J, Suo F, Zhang T, Huang Z, Chu J, Zhang DH. Plasmonic semiconductor nanogroove array enhanced broad spectral band millimetre and terahertz wave detection. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:58. [PMID: 33723206 PMCID: PMC7961140 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
High-performance uncooled millimetre and terahertz wave detectors are required as a building block for a wide range of applications. The state-of-the-art technologies, however, are plagued by low sensitivity, narrow spectral bandwidth, and complicated architecture. Here, we report semiconductor surface plasmon enhanced high-performance broadband millimetre and terahertz wave detectors which are based on nanogroove InSb array epitaxially grown on GaAs substrate for room temperature operation. By making a nanogroove array in the grown InSb layer, strong millimetre and terahertz wave surface plasmon polaritons can be generated at the InSb-air interfaces, which results in significant improvement in detecting performance. A noise equivalent power (NEP) of 2.2 × 10-14 W Hz-1/2 or a detectivity (D*) of 2.7 × 1012 cm Hz1/2 W-1 at 1.75 mm (0.171 THz) is achieved at room temperature. By lowering the temperature to the thermoelectric cooling available 200 K, the corresponding NEP and D* of the nanogroove device can be improved to 3.8 × 10-15 W Hz-1/2 and 1.6 × 1013 cm Hz1/2 W-1, respectively. In addition, such a single device can perform broad spectral band detection from 0.9 mm (0.330 THz) to 9.4 mm (0.032 THz). Fast responses of 3.5 µs and 780 ns are achieved at room temperature and 200 K, respectively. Such high-performance millimetre and terahertz wave photodetectors are useful for wide applications such as high capacity communications, walk-through security, biological diagnosis, spectroscopy, and remote sensing. In addition, the integration of plasmonic semiconductor nanostructures paves a way for realizing high performance and multifunctional long-wavelength optoelectrical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Tong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Fei Suo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tianning Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, 200083, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, 200083, Shanghai, China
| | - Dao Hua Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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Gayduchenko I, Xu SG, Alymov G, Moskotin M, Tretyakov I, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Goltsman G, Geim AK, Fedorov G, Svintsov D, Bandurin DA. Tunnel field-effect transistors for sensitive terahertz detection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:543. [PMID: 33483488 PMCID: PMC7822863 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rectification of electromagnetic waves to direct currents is a crucial process for energy harvesting, beyond-5G wireless communications, ultra-fast science, and observational astronomy. As the radiation frequency is raised to the sub-terahertz (THz) domain, ac-to-dc conversion by conventional electronics becomes challenging and requires alternative rectification protocols. Here, we address this challenge by tunnel field-effect transistors made of bilayer graphene (BLG). Taking advantage of BLG's electrically tunable band structure, we create a lateral tunnel junction and couple it to an antenna exposed to THz radiation. The incoming radiation is then down-converted by the tunnel junction nonlinearity, resulting in high responsivity (>4 kV/W) and low-noise (0.2 pW/[Formula: see text]) detection. We demonstrate how switching from intraband Ohmic to interband tunneling regime can raise detectors' responsivity by few orders of magnitude, in agreement with the developed theory. Our work demonstrates a potential application of tunnel transistors for THz detection and reveals BLG as a promising platform therefor.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gayduchenko
- Physics Department, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, 119435, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
| | - S G Xu
- School of Physics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - G Alymov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
| | - M Moskotin
- Physics Department, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, 119435, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
| | - I Tretyakov
- Astro Space Center, Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - T Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute of Material Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute of Material Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - G Goltsman
- Physics Department, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, 119435, Russia.,National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 101000, Russia
| | - A K Geim
- School of Physics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - G Fedorov
- Physics Department, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, 119435, Russia. .,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia.
| | - D Svintsov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia.
| | - D A Bandurin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia. .,School of Physics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. .,Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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5
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Zhou Z, Zhou T, Zhang S, Shi Z, Chen Y, Wan W, Li X, Chen X, Gilbert Corder SN, Fu Z, Chen L, Mao Y, Cao J, Omenetto FG, Liu M, Li H, Tao TH. Multicolor T-Ray Imaging Using Multispectral Metamaterials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700982. [PMID: 30027034 PMCID: PMC6051390 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in ultrafast spectroscopy and semiconductor technology is enabling unique applications in screening, detection, and diagnostics in the Terahertz (T-ray) regime. The promise of efficaciously operation in this spectral region is tempered by the lack of devices that can spectrally analyze samples at sufficient temporal and spatial resolution. Real-time, multispectral T-ray (Mul-T) imaging is reported by designing and demonstrating hyperspectral metamaterial focal plane array (MM-FPA) interfaces allowing multiband (and individually tunable) responses without compromising on the pixel size. These MM-FPAs are fully compatible with existing microfabrication technologies and have low noise when operating in the ambient environment. When tested with a set of frequency switchable quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) for multicolor illumination, both MM-FPAs and QCLs can be tuned to operate at multiple discrete THz frequencies to match analyte "fingerprints." Versatile imaging capabilities are presented, including unambiguous identification of concealed substances with intrinsic and/or human-engineered THz characteristics as well as effective diagnosis of cancerous tissues without notable spectral signatures in the THz range, underscoring the utility of applying multispectral approaches in this compelling wavelength range for sensing/identification and medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
- School of Graduate StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid State TechnologyShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineeringthe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Zhifeng Shi
- Department of NeurosurgeryHuashan Hospital of Fudan UniversityWulumuqi Zhong Road 12Shanghai200040China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
| | - Wenjian Wan
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid State TechnologyShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
| | - Xinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
- School of Graduate StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai200031China
| | - Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and AstronomyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNY11794USA
| | | | - Zhanglong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid State TechnologyShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryHuashan Hospital of Fudan UniversityWulumuqi Zhong Road 12Shanghai200040China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of NeurosurgeryHuashan Hospital of Fudan UniversityWulumuqi Zhong Road 12Shanghai200040China
| | - Juncheng Cao
- School of Graduate StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid State TechnologyShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
| | | | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and AstronomyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNY11794USA
| | - Hua Li
- School of Graduate StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid State TechnologyShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
| | - Tiger H. Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
- School of Graduate StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Department of Mechanical Engineeringthe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai200031China
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6
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Diffusion-Driven Charge Transport in Light Emitting Devices. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10121421. [PMID: 29231900 PMCID: PMC5744356 DOI: 10.3390/ma10121421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Almost all modern inorganic light-emitting diode (LED) designs are based on double heterojunctions (DHJs) whose structure and current injection principle have remained essentially unchanged for decades. Although highly efficient devices based on the DHJ design have been developed and commercialized for energy-efficient general lighting, the conventional DHJ design requires burying the active region (AR) inside a pn-junction. This has hindered the development of emitters utilizing nanostructured ARs located close to device surfaces such as nanowires or surface quantum wells. Modern DHJ III-N LEDs also exhibit resistive losses that arise from the DHJ device geometry. The recently introduced diffusion-driven charge transport (DDCT) emitter design offers a novel way to transport charge carriers to unconventionally placed ARs. In a DDCT device, the AR is located apart from the pn-junction and the charge carriers are injected into the AR by bipolar diffusion. This device design allows the integration of surface ARs to semiconductor LEDs and offers a promising method to reduce resistive losses in high power devices. In this work, we present a review of the recent progress in gallium nitride (GaN) based DDCT devices, and an outlook of potential DDCT has for opto- and microelectronics.
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