Automated pre-column derivatization of amines in biological samples with dansyl chloride and with or without post-column chemiluminescence formation by using TCPO-H2O2

Detection of biogenic amines in pet food ingredients by RP-HPLC with automated dansyl chloride derivatization

The detection of biogenic amines is of significant interest to the food industry, as they can be used as indicators of food spoilage and they are potentially toxic. Because of their importance, there is a need for automated methods suitable for industry use that can detect a wide range of biogenic amines at sufficient levels for food analysis. In this work, optimized conditions for the automated determination of biogenic amines (histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermine, spermidine, tyramine, and tryptamine) derivatized with dansyl chloride are presented. Limits of detection below 0.2 ppm were achieved for seven biogenic amines and percentage recoveries were between 80 and 109% for the seven analytes spiked into meat meal samples. The method is simple and compared well to an existing method for the detection of biogenic amines in pet food ingredients.

Recent advances in flow injection analysis

A dynamic development of methodologies of analytical flow injection measurements during four decades since their invention has reinforced the solid position of flow analysis in the arsenal of techniques and instrumentation of contemporary chemical analysis.

Improved HPLC Method Using 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde as Fluorescent Labeling Agent for Quantification of Histamine in Human Immunoglobulin Preparations

Objectives

To develop and optimize quantitative HPLC method using 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde (NDA) after simple and efficient solid phase extraction to determine the histamine in a biopharmaceutical (Histobulin™).

Methods

The HPLC method was established using NDA-induced Histobulin and compared with the recently reported HPLC method using o-phthaldehyde (OPA). The validated NDA-applied HPLC method was adjusted to 15 lots of Histobulin and compared by the current lot-release-test method using fluorimetry in recovery of histamine and reproducibility.

Results

Analyses of six HPLC chromatograms using NDA and OPA each were compared. NDA produced a more stable chromatogram baseline than OPA, and showed better stability. The HPLC analysis was validated in accuracy (91–103%), precision (interday/intraday assay CV ≤2.30%), and linearity of dose–response curve (R² ≥ 0.9919). The detection limit was 0.0076 μg/mL and the quantitative limit was 0.0229 μg/mL. The amount of histamine per 12 mg of immunoglobulin was determined to be 0.17 ± 0.016 μg by the HPLC and 0.025 ± 0.013 μg by the current lot-release-test method using fluorimetry.

Conclusion

NDA derivatization showed better stability compared with the OPA method. Therefore the newly established NDA-derivatizated HPLC method may be more suitable than the fluorimetric method in lot-release-tests of biopharmaceuticals.

Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence detection of controlled drugs

We review the determination of various controlled drugs (opioids, tranquilizers, stimulants, and hallucinogens) using flow-analysis methodologies (flow injection analysis, high performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and microfluidic devices) with chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence reagents such as luminol, diaryloxalates, tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II), permanganate, manganese(IV), and sulfite, for industrial, clinical, pharmaceutical, and forensic science applications.

Determination of the biogenic amines in musts and wines before and after malolactic fermentation using 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate as the derivatizing agent

An accurate, rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is reported for the determination of four biogenic amines in red and white wine samples. The method involves derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC) followed by liquid chromatography gradient elution analysis without any other sample pretreatment. The procedure developed permitted the determination of the four amines in 40 min. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values ranged from 3.1% to 6.1% in peak areas and the response was linear (R2>0.994) in a range from 0.1 to 4 mg/l. Leaving aside putrescine in Tempranillo wines, the malolactic fermentation did not exert any effect on the concentration of these compounds. On the contrary, the influence of the grape variety was important, and Tempranillo wines showed higher levels of tyramine and histamine and lesser of putrescine and cadaverine (p<0.05) than wines made with Cabernet Sauvignon.

Sensitive determination of aliphatic amines in water by high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection

A sensitive method has been developed for liquid chromatographic determination of short aliphatic amines in water samples. Analytes are preconcentrated and dansylated on solid sorbents (C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges). The dansyl derivatives are chromatographed and post-column mixed with peroxyoxalate (TCPO) and H2O2 in order to perform chemiluminescence detection. Optimal results have been obtained using a sample volume of 5 ml. The method has been applied to the quantification or screening of several aliphatic amines: methylamine, ethylamine, butylamine, diethylamine, pentylamine and hexylamine. The screening procedure has been developed including also polyamines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine). The results obtained by using chemiluminescence (CL) detection have been compared with other detection systems (fluorescence and UV). The sensitivity can increase from 3 to 75 times respect UV detection and from 2 to 10 times respect fluorescence detection depending on the amine. The detection limits achieved were between 0.15 and 0.9 microg/l.

Preconcentration and dansylation of aliphatic amines using C18 solid-phase packings. Application to the screening analysis in environmental water samples

Precolumn preconcentration and derivatization on solid sorbents (Bond Elut C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges) of low-molecular-mass aliphatic amines in water samples have been performed using dansyl chloride (Dns-Cl) as derivatization reagent. Conditions for analyte preconcentration and derivatization such as volume sample, reagent concentration, time, pH and temperature reaction were optimised. On the basis of these studies a rapid and sensitive method for screening of aliphatic amines in waters is presented. Up to volumes of 5 ml, samples are drawn through the sorbent, the analytes retained are dansylated at basic pH, at 100 degrees C for 10 min or 85 degrees C for 15 min. The derivatized analytes are desorbed with 0.5 ml of acetonitrile. Twenty microl of the collected extracts are chromatographed in a Hypersyl ODS C18 column using an acetonitrile-imidazole (pH 7) gradient for elution. Seven amines and ammonium were separated within 9 min. The Dns derivatives were monitored at 333 nm with UV detection and at lambda(excitation) = 350 nm and lambda(emission) = 530 nm with fluorescence detection. The different signals are compared. Dynamic ranges from 10 to 250 microg/l and limits of detection at the microgram-per-litre level and relative standard deviations from 2 to 15% were obtained for all the amines. The total analysis time (sample treatment plus chromatography) was less than 25 min. The method was applied to determination and screening analysis of these analytes in real environmental water samples.

Optimization of chromatographic parameters for the determination of biogenic amines in wines by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A method suitable for the determination of eight biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, tryptamine, cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine and spermine) in wines has been developed. The method involves derivatization of the amines by treatment with dabsyl chloride, after which the derivates were analysed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with gradient elution and spectrophotometric detection at 446 nm. Different variables affecting separation were optimized. Validation of the method included calibration experiments, the addition of standards amines for the determination of recovery and repeatability tests. Good linearity of the responses was obtained up to 500 microg l(-1), except for putrescine (up to 2100 microg l(-1)). The detection limits ranged between 10 and 60 microg l(-1) for standard solutions. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of five Spanish wines.