1
|
Paul SS, Biswas G. Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19: Syntheses, Mechanism of Infection and Clinical Trials. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:1123-1143. [PMID: 33355053 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666201222145842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a public health emergency of international concern. Although considerable knowledge has been acquired with time about the viral mechanism of infection and mode of replication, yet no specific drugs or vaccines have been discovered against SARS-CoV-2 to date. There are few small molecule antiviral drugs like Remdesivir and Favipiravir, which have shown promising results in different advanced stages of clinical trials. Chloroquinine, Hydroxychloroquine, and Lopinavir- Ritonavir combination, although initially were hypothesized to be effective against SARSCoV- 2, are now discontinued from the solidarity clinical trials. This review provides a brief description of their chemical syntheses along with their mode of action, and clinical trial results available on Google and in different peer-reviewed journals till 24th October 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Goutam Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Panchanan Nagar, Cooch Behar 736101, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khose G, Shinde S, Panmand A, Kulkarni R, Munot Y, Bandyopadhyay A, Barawkar D, Patil SN. Synthesis of substituted esters of imidazoles, oxazoles, thiazoles, and diethyl pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylate from a common acyclic precursor employing C-formylation strategy. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
3
|
Guo YL, Bai JF, Peng L, Wang LL, Jia LN, Luo XY, Tian F, Xu XY, Wang LX. Direct Asymmetric Vinylogous Mannich Reaction of 3,4-Dihalofuran-2(5H)-one with Aldimine Catalyzed by Quinine. J Org Chem 2012; 77:8338-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301115t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Long Guo
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric
Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Fei Bai
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric
Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric
Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang-Liang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric
Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Na Jia
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric
Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Ya Luo
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric
Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric
Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric
Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric
Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sarkar A, Roy SR, Parikh N, Chakraborti AK. Nonsolvent Application of Ionic Liquids: Organo-Catalysis by 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Cation Based Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids for Chemoselective N-tert-Butyloxycarbonylation of Amines and the Influence of the C-2 Hydrogen on Catalytic Efficiency. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7132-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201102q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sarkar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Naisargee Parikh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Asit K. Chakraborti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaye PT, Musa MA, Nchinda AT, Nocanda XW. Novel Heterocyclic Analogues of the HIV‐1 Protease Inhibitor, Ritonavir. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-200025617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Perry T. Kaye
- a Department of Chemistry , Rhodes University , Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Musiliyu A. Musa
- a Department of Chemistry , Rhodes University , Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Aloysius T. Nchinda
- a Department of Chemistry , Rhodes University , Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Xolani W. Nocanda
- a Department of Chemistry , Rhodes University , Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramu E, Venkateswara Rao B. A short approach to the synthesis of the ritonavir and lopinavir core and its C-3 epimer via cross metathesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
7
|
Celik I, Abdel-Fattah AA. Convenient synthesis of C-terminal di- and tri-peptide amides from N-protected dipeptidoylbenzotriazoles. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
8
|
Pinheiro EDS, Antunes OAC, Fortunak JMD. A survey of the syntheses of active pharmaceutical ingredients for antiretroviral drug combinations critical to access in emerging nations. Antiviral Res 2008; 79:143-65. [PMID: 18571246 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been roughly 25 years since the threat posed by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) became widely known. The cumulative death toll from HIV/AIDS is now greater than 25 million. There are approximately 33 million people living worldwide with this disease, of whom about 68% (22.5 million) live in sub-Saharan Africa (http://www.avert.org/worldstats.htm). A number of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs have been approved for treatment of HIV/AIDS. Inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase (RTIs) include the nucleoside/nucleotide drugs zidovudine, lamivudine, abacavir, didanosine, stavudine, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Non-nucleoside RTIs include nevirapine, efavirenz and etravirine. Inhibitors of HIV protease (PIs) include saquinavir, ritonavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, indinavir, fosamprenavir and atazanavir. Enfuvirtide inhibits the HIV fusion protein. The CCR5 chemokine antagonist maraviroc and the integrase inhibitor raltegravir were very recently approved by the US FDA. Fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) have been formulated to increase tolerability, convenience and compliance. First-line drug combinations are offered to treatment-naive patients, while second-line drugs are reserved for those who no longer respond adequately to first-line therapy. In developing countries a modest but increasing fraction of those infected have access to ARVs. The Clinton HIV/AIDS Initiative estimates that 2.4 million of the nearly 8 million individuals needing treatment in developing nations have access to some drugs. First-line FDCs used in resource-poor settings are largely combinations of two nucleoside RTIs and a non-nucleoside RTI or PI. The effectiveness of these combinations decreases over time, requiring a switch to combinations that retain potency in the presence of viral resistance. Increasing access to second-line FDCs and new developments in first-line ARV therapy are cost challenges. In high-income countries the cost of ARV therapy is largely irrelevant, except for "advanced salvage" drugs such as enfuvirtide. In resource-poor settings cost is a huge factor that limits drug access, resulting in high rates of new infection and subsequent mortality. IP coverage, where granted, can keep access prices for essential ARVs higher than would otherwise be the case. Large, innovator companies have made drugs available at prices very close to the cost of manufacturing for "lowest income" countries. Generic providers in India and elsewhere provide the largest supply of drugs for the developing world. The recent issuance of Voluntary and Compulsory Licenses (VLs, CLs) through the World Trade Organization's TRIP (Treaty Respecting Intellectual Property) provisions arguably contribute to bringing down access prices. The utilization of improved science, pooled purchasing and intelligent procurement practices all definitely contribute to access. This work surveys the production processes for several critical ARVs. These are discussed in terms of scale up, raw material/intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) costs. In some cases new routes to APIs or critical intermediates are needed. Based on potential new chemistries, there are significant opportunities to reduce cost for a number of critical ARVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloan Dos Santos Pinheiro
- Instituto de Química, UFRJ, CT Bloco A, Lab 641, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ella-Menye JR, Wang G. Synthesis of chiral 2-oxazolidinones, 2-oxazolines, and their analogs. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Montmorillonite K 10 and montmorillonite KSF as new and reusable catalysts for conversion of amines to N-tert-butylcarbamates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2006.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Chankeshwara SV, Chakraborti AK. Catalyst-Free Chemoselective N-tert-Butyloxycarbonylation of Amines in Water. Org Lett 2006; 8:3259-62. [PMID: 16836380 DOI: 10.1021/ol0611191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: see text] Catalyst-free N-tert-butyloxycarbonylation of amines in water is reported. The N-t-Boc derivatives were formed chemoselectively without any isocyanate, urea, N,N-di-t-Boc, and O/S-t-Boc as side products. Chiral amines, esters of alpha-amino acids, and beta-amino alcohol afforded optically pure N-t-Boc derivatives. Amino alcohol and 2-aminophenol afforded the N-t-Boc derivative without oxazolidinone formation. Selectivity was observed during competition of aromatic amine vs aliphatic amine, amine vs amino acid ester, amine vs amino alcohol, and primary amine vs secondary amine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunay V Chankeshwara
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li B, Buzon RA, Chiu CKF, Colgan ST, Jorgensen ML, Kasthurikrishnan N. Stereoselective synthesis of 5-[(1S)-N-Boc-amino-(2S)-(3-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-dihydrofuran-2-one. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
13
|
Ghosh AK, Kim JH. An enantioselective synthesis of the C 1-C 9 segment of antitumor macrolide peloruside A. Tetrahedron Lett 2003; 44:3967-3969. [PMID: 30393410 PMCID: PMC6214207 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A stereocontrolled synthesis of the C1-C9 segment of the marine natural product peloruside A is described. The key steps involve Sharpless's catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction, a chelation-controlled reduction of chiral β-alkoxy ketones to elaborate the syn-1,3-diol functionality and a ring-closing olefin metathesis of a homoallylic alcohol-derived acrylate ester to form an α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jae-Hun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ghosh AK, Kim JH. Highly diastereoselective anti-aldol reactions utilizing the titanium enolate of cis-2-arylsulfonamido-1- acenaphthenyl propionate. Org Lett 2003; 5:1063-6. [PMID: 12659574 DOI: 10.1021/ol034086n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] anti-Aldol reaction of Ti-enolate derived from cis-2-arylsulfonamido-1-acenaphthenyl propionate with representative aldehydes proceeded in excellent yield with high diastereoselectivity. Both enantiomers of cis-2-amino-1-acenaphthenol were synthesized employing lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution as the key step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ariza X, Pineda O, Urpı́ F, Vilarrasa J. From vicinal azido alcohols to Boc-amino alcohols or oxazolidinones, with trimethylphosphine and Boc 2 O or CO 2. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
The treatment of HIV and AIDS was revolutionized by the introduction of peptidomimetic aspartyl protease inhibitors. One of the major limitations of this type of therapy is that higher therapeutic doses are necessary because of the presence of 'peptide-like' features in the drugs. Therefore, adequate supplies and cost effective syntheses of these drugs are of utmost importance. To date, there are six protease inhibitors approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of HIV and AIDS. This review focuses on the published syntheses of currently FDA approved HIV protease inhibitor drugs, their isosteres and ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA, Fax +1(312)9960431;
| | - Geoffrey Bilcer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA, Fax +1(312)9960431;
| | - Gary Schiltz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA, Fax +1(312)9960431;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Facile inversion of configuration of N-Boc-β-aminoalcohols via SN2 cyclization to oxazolidinones. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|