Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth in pharmaceutical preparations using mucic acid

Production of Hexaric Acids from Biomass

Sugar acids obtained by aldohexose oxidation of both the terminal aldehyde group and the hydroxy group at the other end to carboxyl groups are called hexaric acids (i.e., six-carbon aldaric acids). Because hexaric acids have four secondary hydroxy groups that are stereochemically diverse and two carboxyl groups, various applications of these acids have been studied. Conventionally, hexaric acids have been produced mainly by nitric acid oxidation of aldohexose, but full-scale commercialization has not been realized; there are many problems regarding yield, safety, environmental burden, etc. In recent years, therefore, improvements in hexaric acid production by nitric acid oxidation have been made, while new production methods, including biocatalytic methods, are actively being studied. In this paper, we summarize these production methods in addition to research on the application of hexaric acids.

Flow injection potentiometric determination of bismuth(III) in anti-acid formulations

A flow injection potentiometric procedure is proposed for determining bismuth(III) in anti-acid formulations. In this work, a tubular electrode coated with an ion-pair formed between [Bi(EDTA)](-) and tricaprylylmethylammonium cation (Aliquat 336) in a poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) was constructed and used in a single channel flow injection system. The effect of membrane composition, pH and flow injection parameter over the Bi(III) tubular electrode response (slope (mV/decade)) was initially evaluated in quintuplicate in 0.5 mol l(-1) EDTA solution as carrier. The best response (-59.6+/-0.9 mV/decade) was attained with the 5% m/m ion-pair; 65% m/m o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE) and 30% m/m PVC in pH 6-9. The electrode showed a linear response to E (mV) versus log [Bi(EDTA)](-) in the bismuth(III) concentration range from 2.0x10(-5) to 1.0x10(-2) mol l(-1) and a useful lifetime of at least 5 months (more than 1000 determinations for each polymeric membrane). The detection limit was 1.2x10(-5) mol l(-1) and the R.S.D. was less than 2.0% for a solution containing 5.0x10(-4) mol l(-1) bismuth(III) (n=10). Several species such as Cd(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Mg(II), Cr(III) and Al(III) at 1.0x10(-3) mol l(-1) concentration in 0.5 mol l(-1) EDTA solution did not cause any interference. The frequency rate was 90 determinations per hour and the results obtained for bismuth(III) in anti-acid formulations using this flow procedure and those obtained using a spectrophotometric procedure are in agreement at the 95% confidence level.