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Luo L, Pan Y, Li Q, Zhang Y, Chen C, Shen J, Wang Z. Current progress in the detection of adrenergic receptor agonist residues in animal-derived foods. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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2
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Ouyang S, Yu S, Le Y. Current Advances in Immunoassays for the Detection of β2-Agonists. Foods 2022; 11:foods11060803. [PMID: 35327226 PMCID: PMC8947354 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β2-agonists are a group of synthetic phenylethanolamine compounds which are traditionally used for treating bronchospasm. These compounds can also increase skeletal muscle mass and decrease body fat. The illegal use of β2-agonists in food-producing animals results in residue of β2-agonists in edible tissues and causes adverse health effects in humans. Thus, the detection of β2-agonists at trace level in complex sample matrices is of great importance for monitoring the abuse of β2-agonists. Many methods have been developed to detect β2-agonists. Among them, a variety of antigen–antibody interaction-based techniques have been established to detect β2-agonists in various samples, including animal feed, urine, serum, milk, tissues and hair. In this review, we summarized current achievement in the extraction of β2-agonists from testing samples and detection of β2-agonists using immunological techniques. Future perspectives were briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (S.O.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuting Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (S.O.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yingying Le
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (S.O.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China
- Correspondence:
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Lv J, Chen Q, Liu JH, Yang HS, Wang P, Yu J, Xie Y, Wu YF, Li JR. Effective Removal of Clenbuterol and Ractopamine from Water with a Stable Al(III)-Based Metal-Organic Framework. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:1814-1822. [PMID: 33444010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol (CLE) and ractopamine (RAC) are two kinds of typical β2-adrenergic agonists which pose a serious threat to the health of human beings. In this work, 10 kinds of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with high stability and various pore features are screened to assess adsorption performance for CLE and RAC. An Al(III)-MOF (BUT-19) with abundant ethyl groups exhibits exceptional performance in removing CLE and RAC from water. The maximum adsorption capacity for CLE and RAC are up to 294.1 and 366.3 mg/g under the optimum adsorption conditions, respectively. Meanwhile, the adsorption mechanism effects of pH, temperature, and coexisted ions are investigated systematically. It is found that the MOF pore size and weak hydrogen-bond interactions between CLE/RAC molecules and the MOF are the main causes leading to the extraordinary adsorption. This study provides a new idea for the purposeful design and synthesis of MOFs for removing environmental pollutants and sheds light on the depuration of contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Environmental Chemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Environmental Chemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Hao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Sen Yang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jiamei Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Yabo Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Environmental Chemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Feng Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Rong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Environmental Chemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
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Pleadin J, Vulić A, Terzić S, Vahčić N, Šandor K, Perak E. Comparison of Accumulation of Clenbuterol and Salbutamol Residues in Animal Internal Tissues, Non-Pigmented Eyes and Hair. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:681-5. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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5
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Comparison of different sorbent materials for solid-phase extraction of selected drugs in human urine analyzed by UHPLC–UV. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 958:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Garrido BC, Silva MLC, Borges RM, Padilha MC, de Aquino Neto FR. Salbutamol extraction from urine and its stability in different solutions: identification of methylation products and validation of a quantitative analytical method. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1630-8. [PMID: 23801106 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Salbutamol is commonly used in asthma treatment, being considered a short-effect bronchodilator. This drug poses special interest in certain fields of chemical analysis, such as food, clinical and doping analyses, in which it needs to be analyzed with quantitative precision and accuracy. Salbutamol, however, is known to degrade under certain conditions and this is critical if quantitative results must be generated. The present work aimed to investigate salbutamol extraction from urine samples, to determine whether salbutamol is unstable in other solvents as well as in urine samples, to elucidate the structures of the possible degradation products and to validate an analytical method using the extraction procedure evaluated. Stability investigations were performed in urine at different pH values, in methanol and acetone at different temperatures. Semi-preparative liquid chromatography was performed for the isolation of degradation products, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry as well as nuclear magnetic resonance were used for identification. Three unreported methylation products were detected in methanolic solutions and had their structures elucidated. Urine samples showed a reduction in salbutamol concentration of up to 25.8% after 5 weeks. These results show that special care must be taken regarding salbutamol quantitative analyses, since degradation either in standard solutions or in urine could lead to incorrect values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carius Garrido
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, LAB DOP-LADETEC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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7
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Pleadin J, Vulic A, Persi N, Terzic S, Andrisic M, Zarkovic I. Rapid Immunoassay Method for the Determination of Clenbuterol and Salbutamol in Blood. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:241-5. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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8
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Spotorno VG, Tezón JG. Development of an antigen-biotin conjugate with a protein bridge and its application for the development of an enzyme immunoassay. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2011.629314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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9
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González-Antuña A, Rodríguez-González P, Lavandera I, Centineo G, Gotor V, García Alonso JI. Development of a routine method for the simultaneous confirmation and determination of clenbuterol in urine by minimal labeling isotope pattern deconvolution and GC-EI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:1879-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Ramos F, Baeta ML, Reis J, Silveira MIN. Evaluation of the illegal use of clenbuterol in Portuguese cattle farms from drinking water, urine, hair and feed samples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 26:814-20. [PMID: 19680955 DOI: 10.1080/02652030902729908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of clenbuterol contamination in Portuguese food led to the specific inspection of 16 cattle farms for beta-agonists, involving the analysis of a total of 486 samples (78 feed, 106 drinking water, 168 urine and 134 hair). The samples were screened for the beta-agonists: bromobuterol, cimaterol, clenbuterol, clenpenterol, clenproperol, hydroxymethylclenbuterol, mapenterol, salbutamol and terbutaline. Only clenbuterol was found in all analyzed matrices and the most likely method of illegal administration to animals was through drinking water. Of all samples analysed, 14.15% of drinking water were found positive in the range 0.03-3.80 mg l(-1) clenbuterol. Inclusion of hair samples in the Portuguese plan for clenbuterol residue control in live animals is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ramos
- Grupo de Bromatologia, Centro de Estudos Farmaceuticos, Faculdade de Farmacia da Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal.
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11
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Kinsella B, O’Mahony J, Malone E, Moloney M, Cantwell H, Furey A, Danaher M. Current trends in sample preparation for growth promoter and veterinary drug residue analysis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7977-8015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Estrada-Montoya MC, González-Córdova AF, Torrescano G, Camou JP, Vallejo-Cordoba B. SCREENING AND CONFIRMATORY DETERMINATION OF CLENBUTEROL RESIDUES IN BOVINE MEAT MARKETED IN THE NORTHWEST OF MEXICO MONITOREO Y CONFIRMACIÓN DE LA PRESENCIA DE RESIDUOS DE CLENBUTEROL EN CARNE DE BOVINO COMERCIALIZADA EN EL NOROESTE DE MÉXICO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/11358120809487637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Sirichai S, Khanatharana P. Rapid analysis of clenbuterol, salbutamol, procaterol, and fenoterol in pharmaceuticals and human urine by capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2008; 76:1194-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Shen S, Ouyang J, Baeyens WRG, Delanghe JR, Yang Y. Determination of β2-agonists by ion chromatography with direct conductivity detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 38:166-72. [PMID: 15907636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the simultaneous detection of four beta2-agonists (salbutamol, fenoterol, clorprenaline, and clenbuterol) using ion chromatography (IC) with direct conductivity detection (CD) based on their ionization in acidic medium without chemical suppression is presented. The mixture of 1.8 mM HNO3 and 2% (v/v) acetonitrile was used as eluent. The method could be applied to the determination of the beta2-agonists in pharmaceutical preparations. The recovery of salbutamol and clenbuterol in tablets was more than 97% (n=3) and the relative standard deviation (n=11) less than 2.8%. With the proposed method, salbutamol could also be successfully detected in human plasma. In a single chromatographic run, the four beta2-agonists can be separated and determined in less than 8 min. The linear ranges were of 7.0-1.4 x 10(3)ng/ml for salbutamol, 34-7.8 x 10(3)ng/ml for fenoterol, 8.0-1.6 x 10(3)ng/ml for clorprenaline, and 25-7.5 x 10(3)ng/ml for clenbuterol. The detection limits were 2.0 ng/ml for salbutamol, 10 ng/ml for fenoterol, 3.0 ng/ml for clorprenaline, and 10 ng/ml for clenbuterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhui Shen
- Department of Chemistry, No. 44, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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15
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Zhou H, Zhang Z, He D, Hu Y, Huang Y, Chen D. Flow chemiluminescence sensor for determination of clenbuterol based on molecularly imprinted polymer. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Three-way models and detection capability of a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the determination of clenbuterol in several biological matrices: the 2002/657/EC European Decision. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Posyniak A, Zmudzki J, Niedzielska J. Screening procedures for clenbuterol residue determination in bovine urine and liver matrices using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Martı́n Y. Influence of the storage conditions on the concentration of clenbuterol in cattle urine samples. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Zhou T, Hu Q, Yu H, Fang Y. Separation and determination of β-agonists in serum by capillary zone electrophoresis with amperometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Berggren C, Bayoudh S, Sherrington D, Ensing K. Use of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for the selective clean-up of clenbuterol from calf urine. J Chromatogr A 2000; 889:105-10. [PMID: 10985542 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A feasibility study was performed in order to study the possibilities in using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as sorbent material in solid-phase extraction (MISPE) for clean-up of clenbuterol from urine. A binding study of clenbuterol in several solvents was performed on a clenbuterol imprinted polymer as well as on a blank polymer. These binding experiments were used to find suitable loading, washing and elution solvents for the MISPE procedure. Extraction of clenbuterol from calf urine was performed by directly loading a 10-ml urine sample onto the MIP column. Thereafter the column was washed with 10 ml of acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid, and finally clenbuterol was eluted with 6 ml of methanol containing 10% acetic acid. A recovery of 65% was obtained. This recovery could be increased up to 75% if a sample volume of 1 ml was used or up to 100% if urine was freeze-dried and the residue was dissolved in acetonitrile and spiked with clenbuterol prior to analysis. Chromatograms of the wash and eluate solutions show an efficient clean-up, which supports the potential of MISPE for clean-up of trace amounts of clenbuterol from calf urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berggren
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University Centre for Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Abstract
Normally, different procedures were necessary to prepare sample matrices for chromatographic determination of beta2-agonists. The present review includes sampling, pre-treatment and extraction/purification for urine, plasma, liver, meat, feeds, hair and milk powder, as previous steps for chromatographic analysis of beta2-agonists. Six methodologies were especially revised for extraction/purification namely, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction (SPE), matrix solid-phase dispersion, immunoaffinity chromatography, dialysis and supercritical fluid extraction. SPE was discussed in detail and five mechanisms were described: adsorption, apolar, polar, ion-exchange and mixed phase. A brief conclusion in this field was also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J dos Ramos
- Laboratório de Bromatologia, Nutrição e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.
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22
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Fitzpatrick J, Fanning L, Hearty S, Leonard P, Manning BM, Quinn JG, O'Kennedy R. Applications and Recent Developments in the use of Antibodies for Analysis. ANAL LETT 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710008543210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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Whaites LX, Murby EJ. Determination of clenbuterol in bovine urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following clean-up on an ion-exchange resin. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 728:67-73. [PMID: 10379658 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was developed for the determination of residues of clenbuterol in bovine urine. The method involves a simple cation-exchange clean-up and concentration of clenbuterol in the acidified urine, followed by ethyl acetate extraction. The analyte is determined as the di-trimethylsilyl derivative and quantitated against an internal standard of penbutolol. Using a 5-ml sample of urine, a detection limit of 0.07 ng/ml can be achieved with recoveries close to 100% for fortification levels of 0.2 and 1 ng/ml. By increasing the sample volume to 50 ml, a detection limit below 0.01 ng/ml was achievable with recovery averaging 70%. The coefficient of variation of the assay ranged from 15% at 0.01 ng/ml (50-ml sample) to 6% at 1 ng/ml (5-ml sample). It was demonstrated that the method can detect the presence of clenbuterol in bovine urine at sub-ppb (ng/ml) levels using low resolution GC-MS with electron impact (EI) ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L X Whaites
- Australian Government Analytical Laboratories, Pymble, NSW
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24
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Miniaturised on-line solid-phase extraction for enhancement of concentration sensitivity in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Koole A, Bosman J, Franke JP, de Zeeuw RA. Multiresidue analysis of beta2-agonist in human and calf urine using multimodal solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 726:149-56. [PMID: 10348181 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various beta2-agonists are used as illegal growth promoters in man and in animals. We developed a multiresidue procedure for the analysis of four beta-agonists in human and calf urine. The sample was pre-extracted with an Extrelut column at alkaline pH. The beta-agonists were eluted with a mixture of tert.-butylmethyl ether and hexane. Then the extract was further cleaned with a mixed mode SPE column, or with a combination of immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) and the mixed mode SPE column. The IAC column contained antibodies against salbutamol, which were suitable for multiresidue extractions. The extract was then brought onto a mixed mode SPE column at an acidic pH. The column was washed with 70% methanol in water. Thereafter, the beta-agonists were eluted with ammoniated ethanol-hexane. The extract was analysed with an HPLC method with electrochemical detection. The beta-agonists were separated on a reversed-phase column using a mobile phase buffered at pH 5.5 and containing an ion-pair reagent. Recoveries were higher when the IAC procedure was not performed (90-105% vs. 65-75%), but the extracts were cleaner when the latter step was included. Detection limits in human and calf urine were in the low ng/ml range. The study indicated that beta2-agonists can be analysed in human and calf urine without the selectivity of a mass spectrometer, but that comprehensive clean-up is required to avoid the interference of urine matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koole
- University Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Georgakopoulos CG, Tsitsimpikou C, Spyridaki MH. Excretion study of the beta2-agonist reproterol in human urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 726:141-8. [PMID: 10348180 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An excretion study of the beta2-agonist 7-[3-[(beta-3,5-trihydroxyphenethyl)amino]-propyl]theophylline (reproterol) in human urine, which is reportedly misused by athletes and horses as a doping agent, is presented. The study was performed after an oral administration of 20 mg of reproterol hydrochloride. The collected urine samples were prepared using the standard anabolic steroid extraction procedure and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry and, also, with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The main reproterol metabolite was found, whereas unchanged reproterol was not detected. The structure of the main metabolite was confirmed by an accurate HRMS measurement of diagnostic ions. Finally, an excretion urine profile of the main metabolite is presented. The mass spectrum of another possible unidentified reproterol metabolite is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Georgakopoulos
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens, Maroussi, Greece.
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27
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Keskin S, Ozer D, Temizer A. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of clenbuterol from urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 18:639-44. [PMID: 9919964 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol which is mostly used as an anabolic agent. It is also used for treatment of asthma. Clenbuterol was analysed from urine by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. GC-MS parameters were determined. Timolol was used as an internal standard. Extraction and derivatisation procedure of clenbuterol from urine were developed. Clenbuterol was extracted by using diethylether/ter-butanol (4:1; v:v) and pH 12 K2CO3/KHCO3 (3:2; w:w) buffer. MSTFA/NH4I (1 ml/10 mg) mixture was used for derivatization of clenbuterol. Selected ions of clenbuterol-bis-TMS were m/z: 405, 337, 336, 335, 300, and 227. Extraction yield and minimum detection limit of clenbuterol from urine were identified. Extraction yield was 94.30% and minimum detection was found 0.02 ng ml(-1) urine. It has been concluded that the GC-MS method is sensitive, accurate, precise, and reproducible for analysing of clenbuterol from urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Keskin
- Turkish Doping Control Center, Hacettepe University, Ankara
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28
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Gausepohl C, Blaschke G. Stereoselective determination of clenbuterol in human urine by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 713:443-6. [PMID: 9746262 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the field of stereoselective determination of drugs in biological matrices is demonstrated by analyzing clenbuterol in human urine. Due to the very low therapeutical doses of 20-40 microg per day the total concentrations in urine are 1-10 ng/ml. The sample was extracted with hexane-tert.-butyl methyl ether (99.5:0.5). The reconstituted sample was injected electrokinetically (50 s, 10 kV). Using phosphate buffer, pH 3.3 and hydroxyethyl-beta-cyclodextrin as chiral selector the total analysis time was below 15 min. The limit of determination was estimated as 0.5 ng/ml per enantiomer. S-(-)-Bupranolol was used as internal standard. Both precision and accuracy of the method were within the limits for biological samples. The application to human urine from patients having received therapeutical doses showed a slightly predominant excretion of the (+)-enantiomer to the (-)-enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gausepohl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Westf. Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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Hogendoorn EA, van Zoonen P, Polettini A, Marrubini Bouland G, Montagna M. The potential of restricted access media columns as applied in coupled-column LC/LC-TSP/MS/MS for the high-speed determination of target compounds in serum. Application to the direct trace analysis of salbutamol and clenbuterol. Anal Chem 1998; 70:1362-8. [PMID: 9553493 DOI: 10.1021/ac971030w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential of restricted access media (RAM) columns used as a first column in coupled-column LC hyphenated to thermospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC-TSP/MS/MS) for the fast, selective, and sensitive determination of target drugs in serum samples. Because of their wide range in polarity, salbutamol and clenbuterol were chosen as model compounds and representatives of the class of beta 2-agonists. Three types of RAM columns were tested: (i) Pinkerton ISRP (internal surface reversed phase, 5 microns), (ii) SPS (semipermeable surface, 5 microns C18), and (iii) RP-18 ADS (alkyl-diol silica, 25 microns). A 3-micron C18 column (50 mm x 4.6 mm i.d.) was chosen as the second column. Tandem mass spectrometric detection was carried out in the selected reaction monitoring (one parent-->one daughter) mode. With regard to retention and, moreover, the peak elution volume of the analytes, the ISRP material was found to perform best: a 50-mm x 4.6-mm i.d. ISRP column in combination with a 100% aqueous buffer (pH of 7.0 +/- 0.2) allowed the injection of large volumes (up to 200 microL) of sample without additional band broadening of the analytes and provided sufficient preseparation between analytes and large-molecule serum constituents. Under the selected conditions, both analytes could be determined in serum samples up to a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.5 ng/mL, with a sample throughput of 7 and 5 h-1 for salbutamol and clenbuterol, respectively. Method validation was carried out by analyzing, in the course of several days, calf and human serum samples spiked with the analytes. In the case of salbutamol, the overall recovery from serum samples spiked at levels between 0.5 and 50 ppb (n = 33) was 103.4%, with a repeatability of 12.7% and reproducibility of 14.3%. The overall recovery for clenbuterol was 99.6% (n = 15, spiked level 0.5-5 ppb), with a repeatability of 15.2% and reproducibility of 16.4%. The adopted LC/LC-TSP/MS/ MS analyzer appeared to be very robust under the selected conditions, and, after the period of analysis involving the processing of more than 100 mL of serum, neither loss of chromatographic performance nor pressure increase of columns or of the interface was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Hogendoorn
- National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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