1
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Miyagawa K, Hisaki I, Fukui N, Shinokubo H. Redox-induced reversible [2 + 2] cycloaddition of an etheno-fused diporphyrin. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5224-5229. [PMID: 34168775 PMCID: PMC8179634 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00438g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
3,5-Ethenoporphyrin is a π-extended porphyrin containing a fused ethene unit between the meso- and β-positions, exhibiting unique contribution of macrocyclic antiaromaticity. We have recently reported that its analogue, etheno-fused diporphyrin, underwent thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition to furnish X-shaped cyclobutane-linked tetraporphyrins. Here we demonstrate that the cyclobutane-ring formation is dynamically redox-active. Namely, the tetraporphyrin underwent two-step four-electron oxidation to afford two etheno-fused diporphyrin dications. The reduction of the resulting dication regenerated the cyclobutane-linked tetraporphyrin. The dication was sufficiently stable to allow its isolation under ambient conditions. The structure of the dication has been confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Importantly, the simultaneous double C-C bond cleavage in the cyclopropane ring in the tetraporphyrin is exceptional among dynamic redox (dyrex) systems to achieve large structural changes, thus offering new insights for the design of novel redox-active functional organic materials for electrochromic dyes, organic batteries, and organic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Miyagawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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2
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Higashino T, Nishimura I, Imahori H. Unique Role of Heterole-Fused Structures in Aromaticity and Physicochemical Properties of 7,8-Dehydropurpurins. Chemistry 2020; 26:12043-12049. [PMID: 32338789 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins with a fused five-membered ring, such as 7,8-dehydropurpurins, have appeared as an emerging class of unique porphyrinoids. Their altered absorption spectra, relatively short lifetimes of excited states, and small HOMO-LUMO gaps arise from the harmony of the antiaromatic 20π-circuit and the aromatic 18π-circuit. In this regard, the electronic properties of 7,8-dehydropurpurins are expected to be controlled by modulating the contribution of the antiaromatic π-circuit to the whole aromaticity. Here the comparison of pyrrole- and phosphole-fused 7,8-dehydropurpurins is reported in terms of their aromaticity and physicochemical properties. The spectroscopic investigation revealed the larger contribution of the antiaromatic 24π-circuit in pyrrole-fused 7,8-dehyrdopurpurins than in phosphole-fused 7,8-dehydropurpurins. The DFT calculations also supported the feasibility of tuning the aromaticity of 7,8-dehydropurpurins by heterole-fused structures. Thus, the introduction of heterole-fused structures into porphyrinoids is a universal strategy to get new insight into aromaticity and their intrinsic properties in cyclic π-conjugated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Higashino
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Issei Nishimura
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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3
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Higashino T, Nishimura I, Imahori H. Corrigendum: Near-Infrared Circularly Polarized Light Triggered Enantioselective Photopolymerization by Using Upconversion Nanophosphors. Chemistry 2019; 25:13816-13823. [PMID: 31393036 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Higashino
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Issei Nishimura
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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4
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Nagai T, Takiguchi A, Ueda M, Oda K, Hiroto S, Shinokubo H. X-Shaped Cyclobutane-Linked Tetraporphyrins through a Thermal [2+2] Cycloaddition of Etheno-Fused Diporphyrins. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8392-8395. [PMID: 29925230 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A nickel-mediated tandem double cyclization of ethynylene-linked dibromodiporphyrins afforded highly reactive etheno-fused diporphyrins, which undergo a thermal [2+2] cycloaddition at the fused C-C double bond to afford the cyclobutane moiety in X-shaped cyclobutane-linked tetraporphyrins. During the reaction of a Zn(II) complex precursor, the initial double cyclization product was converted into the diketodiporphyrin, which exhibits red chemiluminescence under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nagai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Asahi Takiguchi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Masayuki Ueda
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Kazuma Oda
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Satoru Hiroto
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
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5
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Saegusa Y, Ishizuka T, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K, Kojima T. NH Tautomerism of a Quadruply Fused Porphyrin: Rigid Fused Structure Delays the Proton Transfer. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:316-327. [PMID: 29224345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report herein NH tautomerism of a freebase derivative of a quadruply fused porphyrin (H2QFP-Mes, 3), which has one mesityl group at one of the β-positions of the nonfused pyrroles to lower the structural symmetry, allowing us to observe the NH tautomerism with 1H NMR spectroscopy. Compound 3 was revealed to have the two inner NH protons on the two nonfused pyrroles, and the NH tautomerism of 3 was evidenced by variable-temperature (VT) 1H NMR experiments in various deuterated solvents. The VT-NMR studies revealed that the activation barrier for the NH tautomerism of 3 was larger than that of tetraphenylporphyrin. The positive activation entropy (ΔS‡ = 89 J mol-1 K-1), determined for the NH tautomerism, can be explained by dissociation of the π-π stacked dimer structure of 3 in the ground state, as evidenced by the crystal structure and NMR measurements. On the basis of the kinetic studies and density functional theory calculations, the stability of intermediates in the NH tautomerism of 3 and the transition states have been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Saegusa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University , Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University , Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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Saegusa Y, Ishizuka T, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K, Kojima T. Acid–Base Properties of a Freebase Form of a Quadruply Ring-Fused Porphyrin—Stepwise Protonation Induced by Rigid Ring-Fused Structure. J Org Chem 2016; 82:322-330. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Saegusa
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-Ku,
Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-Ku,
Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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7
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Fukui N, Lee SK, Kato K, Shimizu D, Tanaka T, Lee S, Yorimitsu H, Kim D, Osuka A. Regioselective phenylene-fusion reactions of Ni(ii)-porphyrins controlled by an electron-withdrawing meso-substituent. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4059-4066. [PMID: 30155049 PMCID: PMC6013929 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04748j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of 10,15,20-triaryl Ni(ii)-porphyrins bearing an electron-withdrawing substituent at the 5-position with DDQ and FeCl3 gave 10,12- and 18,20-doubly phenylene-fused Ni(ii)-porphyrins regioselectively. A doubly phenylene-fused meso-chloro porphyrin thus prepared was reductively coupled to give a meso-meso linked dimer, which was further converted to a quadruply phenylene-fused meso-meso, β-β, β-β triply linked Zn(ii)-diporphyrin via inner-metal exchange followed by oxidation with DDQ and Sc(OTf)3. As compared to the usual meso-meso, β-β, β-β triply linked Zn(ii)-diporphyrin, this π-extended porphyrin dyad exhibits a smaller HOMO-LUMO gap and a larger two-photon absorption cross-section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Fukui
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan . ;
| | - Seung-Kyu Lee
- Spectroscopy Laboratory of Functional π-Electronic Systems , Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749 , Korea .
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan . ;
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan . ;
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan . ;
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Spectroscopy Laboratory of Functional π-Electronic Systems , Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749 , Korea .
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan . ;
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory of Functional π-Electronic Systems , Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749 , Korea .
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan . ;
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Stępień M, Gońka E, Żyła M, Sprutta N. Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds: Synthetic Routes, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3479-3716. [PMID: 27258218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 868] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensionally extended, polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules (heterocyclic nanographenes) are a highly versatile class of organic materials, applicable as functional chromophores and organic semiconductors. In this Review, we discuss the rich chemistry of large heteroaromatics, focusing on their synthesis, electronic properties, and applications in materials science. This Review summarizes the historical development and current state of the art in this rapidly expanding field of research, which has become one of the key exploration areas of modern heterocyclic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gońka
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marika Żyła
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natasza Sprutta
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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9
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Saegusa Y, Ishizuka T, Komamura K, Shimizu S, Kotani H, Kobayashi N, Kojima T. Ring-fused porphyrins: extension of π-conjugation significantly affects the aromaticity and optical properties of the porphyrin π-systems and the Lewis acidity of the central metal ions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15001-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01420d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The ring fusion with five-membered rings causes not only the narrowed HOMO–LUMO gaps but also the contribution of anti-aromatic resonance forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Saegusa
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Keiyu Komamura
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
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10
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Oda K, Hiroto S, Shinokubo H. Regioselective Double Cyclization of 5,15-Bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)porphyrin to Produce Di(oxoethano)porphyrin. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Oda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Satoru Hiroto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
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11
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Fukui N, Yorimitsu H, Lim JM, Kim D, Osuka A. Synthesis of 7,8-Dehydropurpurin Dimers and Their Conversion into Conformationally Constrained β-to-β Vinylene-Bridged Porphyrin Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Fukui N, Yorimitsu H, Lim JM, Kim D, Osuka A. Synthesis of 7,8-Dehydropurpurin Dimers and Their Conversion into Conformationally Constrained β-to-β Vinylene-Bridged Porphyrin Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4395-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Ryan AA, Senge MO. Synthesis and Functionalization of Triply Fused Porphyrin Dimers. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Mitsushige Y, Yamaguchi S, Lee BS, Sung YM, Kuhri S, Schierl CA, Guldi DM, Kim D, Matsuo Y. Synthesis of Thieno-Bridged Porphyrins: Changing the Antiaromatic Contribution by the Direction of the Thiophene Ring. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16540-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3082999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mitsushige
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo,
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo,
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Byung Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Susanne Kuhri
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy
and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schierl
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy
and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy
and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Yutaka Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo,
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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15
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Sahoo AK, Mori S, Shinokubo H, Osuka A. Facile Peripheral Functionalization of Porphyrins by Pd-Catalyzed [3+2] Annulation with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Sahoo AK, Mori S, Shinokubo H, Osuka A. Facile Peripheral Functionalization of Porphyrins by Pd-Catalyzed [3+2] Annulation with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7972-5. [PMID: 17094153 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akhila K Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, PRESTO & CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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17
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Taquet JP, Siri O, Collin JP, Messaoudi A, Braunstein P. One-electron oxidation-induced dimerising C–C coupling of a 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzoquinonediimine: a chemical and electrochemical investigation. NEW J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b408762c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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