1
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Robson ME, Johnson AL. Zinc and cadmium thioamidate complexes: rational design of single-source precursors for the AACVD of ZnS. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11380-11392. [PMID: 38896487 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
A series of zinc(II) thioamidate complexes [Zn{SC(iPr)NR}2]n for R = iPr (n = 2) (2), tBu (3) (n = 1), Ph (4) (n = 2) and Cy (5) (n = 2) and one cadmium(II) thioamidate complex [Cd{SC(iPr)NtBu}2]3, (6), were designed and synthesised as single-source precursors for AACVD ZnS and CdS. Solid-state structures of all four zinc(II) compounds revealed distorted tetrahedral or trigonal bipyramidal geometries, with varying tendencies for dimeric association, mediated by {Zn-S} bridging bonds. The thermogravimetric analysis identified the {tBu} derivertive, 3, as the most promising precursor based on its low decomposition onset (118 °C) and clean conversion to ZnS. This was attributed to the greater availability of β-hydrogen atoms promoting the pyrolysis mechanism. The corresponding cadmium thioamide 6 was found to crystallise as a trimetallic molecule which lacked the thermal stability to be considered viable for AACVD. Hence, 3 was used to deposit ZnS thin films by AACVD at 200-300 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed phase-pure growth of hexagonal wurtzite ZnS, with approximate crystallite sizes of 15-20 nm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed densely packed spherical nanoclusters. The morphology and crystallinity were most consistent for depositions between 250-300 °C. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated slightly sulfur-deficient stoichiometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Robson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
- Centre of Doctoral Training in Aerosol Science, University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Andrew L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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2
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Sattler W, Shlian DG, Sambade D, Parkin G. Synthesis and structural characterization of bis(2-pyridylthio)(p-tolylthio)methyl zinc complexes and the catalytic hydrosilylation of CO2. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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3
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Cabrera-García A, Blay-Roger R, Blay V, Ravelo ÁG, Martín-Zarza P. Histamine, an effective initiator for the synthesis of polysulfides. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00411d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A solvent-free and metal-free synthesis of highly pure polysulfides is described using histamine, a primary amine, as an initiator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubén Blay-Roger
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universitat de València
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | - Vincent Blay
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- School of Dentistry
- University of California San Francisco
- San Francisco
- USA
| | - Ángel G. Ravelo
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González
- E-38206 La Laguna
- Spain
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4
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Ballmann G, Grams S, Elsen H, Harder S. Dipyrromethene and β-Diketiminate Zinc Hydride Complexes: Resemblances and Differences. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Ballmann
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Samuel Grams
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Elsen
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Tüchler M, Holler S, Huber E, Fischer S, Boese AD, Belaj F, Mösch-Zanetti NC. Synthesis and Characterization of a Thiopyridazinylmethane-Based Scorpionate Ligand: Formation of Zinc Complexes and Rearrangement Reaction. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tüchler
- Institute
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse
1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Holler
- Institute
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse
1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elke Huber
- Institute
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse
1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Susanne Fischer
- Institute
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse
1, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - A. Daniel Boese
- Institute
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institute
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse
1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nadia C. Mösch-Zanetti
- Institute
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse
1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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6
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Rauch M, Rong Y, Sattler W, Parkin G. Synthesis of a terminal zinc hydride compound, [TpBut,Me]ZnH, from a hydroxide derivative, [TpBut,Me]ZnOH: Interconversions with the fluoride complex, [TpBut,Me]ZnF. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Kozhukh J, Fedoce Lopes J, Dos Santos HF, Lippard SJ. Reactions of Organozinc Thiolates with Nitrosonium Ion: C-Nitroso Formation by Possible Transnitrosation. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300922m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kozhukh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Juliana Fedoce Lopes
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hélio F. Dos Santos
- Núcleo de Estudos em Química
Computacional, Departamento de
Química-ICE, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, 36036-330,
Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
| | - Stephen J. Lippard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Importance of iron as the metal ion in peptide deformylase: a biomimetic computational study. Theor Chem Acc 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-010-0827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Kumar M, Papish ET, Zeller M, Hunter AD. New alkylzinc complexes with bulky tris(triazolyl)borate ligands: surprising water stability and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2010:59-61. [PMID: 20023932 DOI: 10.1039/b918328k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bulky alkylzinc complexes, (Ttz(tBu,Me))ZnMe and (Ttz(tBu,Me))ZnEt, show remarkable stability towards water and both complexes crystallize with one molecule of adventitious water hydrogen bonded to two triazole rings; in contrast the less bulky complex, (Ttz(Ph,Me))ZnEt, reacts with water to yield (Ttz(Ph,Me))(2)Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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10
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Godau T, Platzmann F, Heinemann FW, Burzlaff N. An enantiopure N,N,S scorpionate ligand derived from (+)-camphor. Dalton Trans 2009:254-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b819596j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Ingle GK, Makowska‐Grzyka MM, Arif AM, Berreau LM. Divalent Nickel, Cobalt and Iron Complexes of an Amide‐Appended N
2
S
2
Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity with Hydroxide Anion. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200700582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gajendrasingh K. Ingle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322‐0300, USA, Fax: +1‐435‐797‐3390
| | - Magdalena M. Makowska‐Grzyka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322‐0300, USA, Fax: +1‐435‐797‐3390
| | - Atta M. Arif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112‐0850, USA
| | - Lisa M. Berreau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322‐0300, USA, Fax: +1‐435‐797‐3390
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12
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Xiao C, Zhang Y. Catalytic mechanism and metal specificity of bacterial peptide deformylase: a density functional theory QM/MM study. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:6229-35. [PMID: 17503802 DOI: 10.1021/jp068657f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial peptide deformylase (PDF) represents a novel class of mononuclear iron peptidase, and has an intriguing metal preference different from most other metalloproteases. Using a hybrid density functional theory (B3LYP) QM/MM method, we have theoretically investigated its catalytic mechanism and metal specificity by studying both Fe2+-PDF and Zn2+-PDF. In both forms of PDF, the conserved Glu133 residue is protonated in the reactant complex, and acts as a general acid during the reaction. The initial reaction step is the nucleophilic attack of the metal-bound hydroxide on the carbonyl carbon of the substrate. Our calculations indicate that the metal ion in Fe2+-PDF is always pentacoordinated during the reaction process, while that in Zn2+-PDF is only tetrahedrally coordinated and not bound to the substrate in the reactant complex. This difference in their metal coordination is suggested to account for the lower activity of Zn2+-PDF in comparison with Fe2+-PDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyun Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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13
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Karambelkar VV, Xiao C, Zhang Y, Sarjeant AAN, Goldberg DP. Geometric preferences in iron(II) and zinc(II) model complexes of peptide deformylase. Inorg Chem 2007; 45:1409-11. [PMID: 16471944 PMCID: PMC2760226 DOI: 10.1021/ic050995s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A combination of experimental and theoretical studies on (N,S(thiolate))M(II)-formate complexes (M = Fe, Zn) suggests a rationale for the metal ion dependence of peptide deformylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek V Karambelkar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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14
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Galardon E, Giorgi M, Artaud I. Modeling the inhibition of peptide deformylase by hydroxamic acids: influence of the sulfur donor. Dalton Trans 2007:1047-52. [PMID: 17325780 DOI: 10.1039/b616212f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first complexes containing both a sulfur atom and a hydroxamate moiety coordinated to a biologically relevant transition metal were synthesized as models for the structure of inhibited peptide deformylases. Two of these [(N(2)S)Zn(hydroxamate)] complexes were characterized by X-ray crystallography. The first contains a thioether and a simple hydroxamate, the second a thiolate and a N-substituted hydroxamate. Isolation of a complex with a thiolate and a simple hydroxamate group was not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Galardon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Toxicologiques et Pharmacologiques, UMR8601 CNRS, Université René Descartes, 45 rue des St-Pères, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
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15
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Krishnamurthy D, Sarjeant AN, Goldberg DP, Caneschi A, Totti F, Zakharov LN, Rheingold AL. Mononuclear, Dinuclear, and Pentanuclear [{N,S(thiolate)}Iron(II)] Complexes: Nuclearity Control, Incorporation of Hydroxide Bridging Ligands, and Magnetic Behavior. Chemistry 2005; 11:7328-41. [PMID: 16144021 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The mixed N3S(thiolate) ligand 1-[bis[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]amino]-2-methylpropane-2-thiol (Py2SH) was used in the synthesis of four iron(II) complexes: [(Py2S)FeCl] (1), [(Py2S)FeBr] (2), [(Py2S)4Fe5II(mu-OH)2](BF4)4 (3), and [(Py2S)2Fe2II(mu-OH)]BF4 (4). The X-ray structures of 1 and 2 revealed monomeric iron(II)-alkylthiolate complexes with distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometries. The paramagnetic 1H NMR spectra of 1 and 2 display resonances from delta = -25 ppm to +100 ppm, consistent with a high-spin iron(II) ion (S = 2). Spectral assignments were made on the basis of chemical shift information and T1 measurements and show the monomeric structures are intact in solution. To provide entry into hydroxide-containing complexes, a novel synthetic method was developed involving strict aprotic conditions and limiting amounts of H2O. Reaction of Py2SH with NaH and Fe(BF4)2.6 H2O under aprotic conditions led to the isolation of the pentanuclear, mu-OH complex 3, which has a novel dimer-of-dimers type structure connected by a central iron atom. Conductivity data on 3 show this structure is retained in CH2Cl2. Rational modification of the ligand-to-metal ratio allows control over the nuclearity of the product, yielding the dinuclear complex 4. The X-ray structure of 4 reveals an unprecedented face-sharing, biooctahedral complex with an [S2O] bridging arrangement. The magnetic properties of 3 and 4 in the range 1.9-300 K were successfully modeled. Dinuclear 4 is antiferromagnetically coupled [J = -18.8(2) cm(-1)]. Pentanuclear 3 exhibits ferrimagnetic behavior, with a high-spin ground state of S(T) = 6, and was best modeled with three different exchange parameters [J = -15.3(2), J' = -24.7(3), and J'' = -5.36(7) cm(-1)]. DFT calculations provided good support for the interpretation of the magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Krishnamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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16
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Jain R, Hao B, Liu RP, Chan MK. Structures of E. coli peptide deformylase bound to formate: insight into the preference for Fe2+ over Zn2+ as the active site metal. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:4558-9. [PMID: 15796505 DOI: 10.1021/ja0503074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
E. coli peptide deformylase (PDF) catalyzes the deformylation of nascent polypeptides generated during protein synthesis. While PDF was originally thought to be a zinc enzyme, subsequent studies revealed that the active site metal is iron. In an attempt to understand this unusual metal preference, high-resolution structures of Fe-, Co-, and Zn-PDF were determined in complex with its deformylation product, formate. In all three structures, the formate ion binds the metal and forms hydrogen-bonding interactions with the backbone nitrogen of Leu91, the amide side chain of Gln50, and the carboxylate side chain of Glu133. One key difference, however, is how the formate binds the metal. In Fe-PDF and Co-PDF, formate binds in a bidentate fashion, while in Zn-PDF, it binds in a monodentate fashion. Importantly, these structural results provide the first clues into the origins of PDF's metal-dependent activity differences. On the basis of these structures, we propose that the basis for the higher activity of Fe-PDF stems from the better ability of iron to bind and activate the tetrahedral transition state required for cleavage of the N-terminal formyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinku Jain
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, and Ohio State Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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17
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Ji M, Vahrenkamp H. Zinc Thiolate Complexes of (N,N,S)-Tridentate Ligands for the Modeling of Thiolate Alkylating Enzymes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200400927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Karambelkar VV, diTargiani RC, Incarvito CD, Zakharov LN, Rheingold AL, Stern CL, Goldberg DP. Multiple bonding modes exhibited by heteroscorpionate N2S(alkylthiolate) ligands with Zn(II) and Fe(II). Polyhedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2003.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Chiu YH, Canary JW. Stability and acidity constants for ternary ligand-zinc-hydroxo complexes of tetradentate tripodal ligands. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:5107-16. [PMID: 12924881 DOI: 10.1021/ic025855m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four series of tetradentate tripodal ligands containing pyridyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, amino, and/or carboxylic groups were synthesized as hydrolytic zinc enzyme models in order to elucidate the effect of various coordination environments on zinc binding and the acidity of zinc-bound water. In aqueous solution, ligands with same charges showed a good correlation between zinc binding (log K(ZnL)) and zinc-bound water acidity (pK(a) of LZnOH(2)); the stronger the zinc binding, the higher the pK(a). The zinc-bound water acidity decreased as pyridyl groups were replaced by carboxylate groups. However, exchanging amino groups for carboxylate groups gave no change in zinc-bound water acidity regardless of the charge of the atoms in the inner coordination sphere of the metal ion. The results are consistent with the conventional notion that negatively charged carboxylate groups inherently increase zinc binding and result in decreasing zinc-bound water acidity, but also suggest that environmental effects may modulate or dominate control of acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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20
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Karambelkar VV, Krishnamurthy D, Stern CL, Zakharov LN, Rheingold AL, Goldberg DP. A new bis(imidazolyl)(alkylthiolate) tripodal ligand and the spontaneous formation of a disulfide-linked, hydroxo-bridged dinuclear zinc complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2002:2772-3. [PMID: 12478739 DOI: 10.1039/b207770a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The new sterically encumbered, tripodal N2S(alkylthiolate) ligand, LIm2SH, has been synthesized and used to prepare [(LIm2S)ZnCH3], which upon protonolysis under acidic conditions leads to the synthesis of a novel dinucleating ligand and a zinc dimer with an unusual structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek V Karambelkar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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21
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Insights into the role of zinc(II) sites in hydrolytic enzymes: study of the ZnII/X/(py)2CO (X=Cl−, N3−, SO42−; ) reaction systems. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1387-7003(02)00542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Baldwin ET, Harris MS, Yem AW, Wolfe CL, Vosters AF, Curry KA, Murray RW, Bock JH, Marshall VP, Cialdella JI, Merchant MH, Choi G, Deibel MR. Crystal structure of type II peptide deformylase from Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:31163-71. [PMID: 12048187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202750200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The first crystal structure of Class II peptide deformylase has been determined. The enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus has been overexpressed and purified in Escherichia coli and the structure determined by x-ray crystallography to 1.9 A resolution. The purified iron-enriched form of S. aureus peptide deformylase enzyme retained high activity over many months. In contrast, the iron-enriched form of the E. coli enzyme is very labile. Comparison of the two structures details many differences; however, there is no structural explanation for the dramatic activity differences we observed. The protein structure of the S. aureus enzyme reveals a fold similar, but not identical to, the well characterized E. coli enzyme. The most striking deviation of the S. aureus from the E. coli structure is the unique conformation of the C-terminal amino acids. The distinctive C-terminal helix of the latter is replaced by a strand in S. aureus which wraps around the enzyme, terminating near the active site. Although there are no differences at the amino acid level near the active site metal ion, significant changes are noted in the peptide binding cleft which may play a role in the design of general peptide deformylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Baldwin
- Department of Structural Analytical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA.
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