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Borne KD, Cooper JC, Ashfold MNR, Bachmann J, Bhattacharyya S, Boll R, Bonanomi M, Bosch M, Callegari C, Centurion M, Coreno M, Curchod BFE, Danailov MB, Demidovich A, Di Fraia M, Erk B, Faccialà D, Feifel R, Forbes RJG, Hansen CS, Holland DMP, Ingle RA, Lindh R, Ma L, McGhee HG, Muvva SB, Nunes JPF, Odate A, Pathak S, Plekan O, Prince KC, Rebernik P, Rouzée A, Rudenko A, Simoncig A, Squibb RJ, Venkatachalam AS, Vozzi C, Weber PM, Kirrander A, Rolles D. Ultrafast electronic relaxation pathways of the molecular photoswitch quadricyclane. Nat Chem 2024; 16:499-505. [PMID: 38307994 PMCID: PMC10997510 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The light-induced ultrafast switching between molecular isomers norbornadiene and quadricyclane can reversibly store and release a substantial amount of chemical energy. Prior work observed signatures of ultrafast molecular dynamics in both isomers upon ultraviolet excitation but could not follow the electronic relaxation all the way back to the ground state experimentally. Here we study the electronic relaxation of quadricyclane after exciting in the ultraviolet (201 nanometres) using time-resolved gas-phase extreme ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy combined with non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. We identify two competing pathways by which electronically excited quadricyclane molecules relax to the electronic ground state. The fast pathway (<100 femtoseconds) is distinguished by effective coupling to valence electronic states, while the slow pathway involves initial motions across Rydberg states and takes several hundred femtoseconds. Both pathways facilitate interconversion between the two isomers, albeit on different timescales, and we predict that the branching ratio of norbornadiene/quadricyclane products immediately after returning to the electronic ground state is approximately 3:2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis D Borne
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Joseph C Cooper
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Julien Bachmann
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Surjendu Bhattacharyya
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Matteo Bonanomi
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (CNR-IFN), CNR, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Bosch
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Marcello Coreno
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), CNR, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davide Faccialà
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (CNR-IFN), CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Raimund Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ruaridh J G Forbes
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S Hansen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca A Ingle
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roland Lindh
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lingyu Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Henry G McGhee
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sri Bhavya Muvva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Asami Odate
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shashank Pathak
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Artem Rudenko
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Richard J Squibb
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Caterina Vozzi
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (CNR-IFN), CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Peter M Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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Hemauer F, Krappmann D, Schwaab V, Hussain Z, Freiberger EM, Waleska-Wellnhofer NJ, Franz E, Hampel F, Brummel O, Libuda J, Hirsch A, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Surface science and liquid phase investigations of oxanorbornadiene/oxaquadricyclane ester derivatives as molecular solar thermal energy storage systems on Pt(111). J Chem Phys 2023; 159:074703. [PMID: 37602805 DOI: 10.1063/5.0158124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition to renewable energy sources comes along with the search for new energy storage solutions. Molecular solar thermal systems directly harvest and store solar energy in a chemical manner. By a suitable molecular design, a higher overall efficiency can be achieved. In this study, we investigate the surface chemistry of oxa-norbornadiene/quadricyclane derivatives on a Pt(111) surface. Specifically, we focus on the energy storage and release properties of molecules that are substituted with ester moieties of different sizes. For our model catalytic approach, synchrotron radiation-based x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were conducted in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and correlated with the catalytic behavior in the liquid phase monitored by photochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. The differences in their spectral appearance enabled us to unambiguously differentiate the energy-lean and energy-rich isomers and decomposition products. Next to qualitative information on the adsorption motifs, temperature-programmed experiments allowed for the observation of thermally induced reactions and the deduction of the related reaction pathways. We analyzed the selectivity of the cycloreversion reaction from the energy-rich quadricyclane derivative to its energy-lean norbornadiene isomer and competing processes, such as desorption and decomposition. For the 2,3-bis(methylester)-substitution, the cycloreversion reaction was found to occur between 310 and 340 K, while the thermal stability limit of the compounds was determined to be 380 K. The larger 2,3-bis(benzylester) derivatives have a lower apparent adsorption energy and a decomposition onset already at 135 K. In the liquid phase (in acetonitrile), we determined the rate constants for the cycloreversion reaction on Pt(111) to k = 5.3 × 10-4 s-1 for the 2,3-bis(methylester)-substitution and k = 6.3 × 10-4 s-1 for the 2,3-bis(benzylester) derivative. The selectivities were of >99% and 98% for the two molecules, respectively. The difference in the catalytic behavior of Pt(111) for both derivatives is less pronounced in the liquid phase than in UHV, which we attribute to the passivation of the Pt(111) surface by carbonaceous species under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valentin Schwaab
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zarah Hussain
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Marie Freiberger
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalie J Waleska-Wellnhofer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evanie Franz
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Hernández F, Cox JM, Li J, Crespo-Otero R, Lopez SA. Multiconfigurational Calculations and Photodynamics Describe Norbornadiene Photochemistry. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5311-5320. [PMID: 37022327 PMCID: PMC10629221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Storing solar energy is a vital component of using renewable energy sources to meet the growing demands of the global energy economy. Molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage is a promising means to store solar energy with on-demand energy release. The light-induced isomerization reaction of norbornadiene (NBD) to quadricyclane (QC) is of great interest because of the generally high energy storage density (0.97 MJ kg-1) and long thermal reversion lifetime (t1/2,300K = 8346 years). However, the mechanistic details of the ultrafast excited-state [2 + 2]-cycloaddition are largely unknown due to the limitations of experimental techniques in resolving accurate excited-state molecular structures. We now present a full computational study on the excited-state deactivation mechanism of NBD and its dimethyl dicyano derivative (DMDCNBD) in the gas phase. Our multiconfigurational calculations and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations have enumerated the possible pathways with 557 S2 trajectories of NBD for 500 fs and 492 S1 trajectories of DMDCNBD for 800 fs. The simulations predicted the S2 and S1 lifetimes of NBD (62 and 221 fs, respectively) and the S1 lifetime of DMDCNBD (190 fs). The predicted quantum yields of QC and DCQC are 10 and 43%, respectively. Our simulations also show the mechanisms of forming other possible reaction products and their quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico
J. Hernández
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Jordan M. Cox
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jingbai Li
- Hoffmann
Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen
Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Steven A. Lopez
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Vessally E, Aryana S. Maximizing the solar energy storage of the four substituted norbornadiene-quadricyclane system: DFT calculations. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602441601009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rudakov F, Weber PM. Ultrafast structural and isomerization dynamics in the Rydberg-exited quadricyclane: norbornadiene system. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:134303. [PMID: 22482548 DOI: 10.1063/1.3697472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The quadricyclane-norbornadiene system is an important model for the isomerization dynamics between highly strained molecules. In a breakthrough observation for a polyatomic molecular system of that complexity, we follow the photoionization from Rydberg states in the time-domain to derive a measure for the time-dependent structural dynamics and the time-evolving structural dispersion even while the molecule is crossing electronic surfaces. The photoexcitation to the 3s and 3p Rydberg states deposits significant amounts of energy into vibrational motions. We observe the formation and evolution of the vibrational wavepacket on the Rydberg surface and the internal conversion from the 3p Rydberg states to the 3s state. In that state, quadricyclane isomerizes to norbornadiene with a time constant of τ(2) = 136(45) fs. The lifetime of the 3p Rydberg state in quadricyclane is τ(1) = 320(31) and the lifetime of the 3s Rydberg state in norbornadiene is τ(3) = 394(32).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor Rudakov
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37931, USA.
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Vessally E. Maximizing the Solar Energy Storage of the Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane System: Mono-Heteroatom Effect by DFT Calculations. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500802454037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Vessally
- a Payame Noor University (PNU) , Zanjan, Iran
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Vessally E. Maximizing the solar energy storage of di-substituted norbornadiene—quadricyclane system through electronic effects. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024409050215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Schreier WJ, Schrader TE, Koller FO, Gilch P, Crespo-Hernández CE, Swaminathan VN, Carell T, Zinth W, Kohler B. Thymine dimerization in DNA is an ultrafast photoreaction. Science 2007; 315:625-9. [PMID: 17272716 PMCID: PMC2792699 DOI: 10.1126/science.1135428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy was used to study the formation of cyclobutane dimers in the all-thymine oligodeoxynucleotide (dT)18 by ultraviolet light at 272 nanometers. The appearance of marker bands in the time-resolved spectra indicates that the dimers are fully formed approximately 1 picosecond after ultraviolet excitation. The ultrafast appearance of this mutagenic photolesion points to an excited-state reaction that is approximately barrierless for bases that are properly oriented at the instant of light absorption. The low quantum yield of this photoreaction is proposed to result from infrequent conformational states in the unexcited polymer, revealing a strong link between conformation before light absorption and photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang J. Schreier
- Department für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Oettingenstr. 67, D-80538 München, Germany
| | - Tobias E. Schrader
- Department für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Oettingenstr. 67, D-80538 München, Germany
| | - Florian O. Koller
- Department für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Oettingenstr. 67, D-80538 München, Germany
| | - Peter Gilch
- Department für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Oettingenstr. 67, D-80538 München, Germany
| | | | - Vijay N. Swaminathan
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zinth
- Department für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Oettingenstr. 67, D-80538 München, Germany
| | - Bern Kohler
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Kassaee M, Vessally E. Solar energy storage in norbornadiene–quadricyclane system: electronic effects via ab initio computations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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