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Du H, Gu X, Johs A, Yin X, Spano T, Wang D, Pierce EM, Gu B. Sonochemical oxidation and stabilization of liquid elemental mercury in water and soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130589. [PMID: 37055993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Over 3000 mercury (Hg)-contaminated sites worldwide contain liquid metallic Hg [Hg(0)l] representing a continuous source of elemental Hg(0) in the environment through volatilization and solubilization in water. Currently, there are few effective treatment technologies available to remove or sequester Hg(0)l in situ. We investigated sonochemical treatments coupled with complexing agents, polysulfide and sulfide, in oxidizing Hg(0)l and stabilizing Hg in water, soil and quartz sand. Results indicate that sonication is highly effective in breaking up and oxidizing liquid Hg(0)l beads via acoustic cavitation, particularly in the presence of polysulfide. Without complexing agents, sonication caused only minor oxidation of Hg(0)l but increased headspace gaseous Hg(0)g and dissolved Hg(0)aq in water. However, the presence of polysulfide essentially stopped Hg(0) volatilization and solubilization. As a charged polymer, polysulfide was more effective than sulfide in oxidizing Hg(0)l and subsequently stabilizing the precipitated metacinnabar (β-HgS) nanocrystals. Sonochemical treatments with sulfide yielded incomplete oxidation of Hg(0)l, likely resulting from the formation of HgS coatings on the dispersed µm-size Hg(0)l bead surfaces. Sonication with polysulfide also resulted in rapid oxidation of Hg(0)l and precipitation of HgS in quartz sand and in the Hg(0)l-contaminated soil. This research indicates that sonochemical treatment with polysulfide could be an effective means in rapidly converting Hg(0)l to insoluble HgS precipitates in water and sediments, thereby preventing its further emission and release to the environment. We suggest that future studies are performed to confirm its technical feasibility and treatment efficacy for remediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Xin Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Alexander Johs
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Xiangping Yin
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Tyler Spano
- Nuclear Nonproliferation Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Dingyong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Eric M Pierce
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Baohua Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States; Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
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Spectroscopic analysis of pigments in a wall painting from a high Roman Empire building in Córdoba (Spain) and identification of the application technique. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang N, Cao P, Ma H, Lin M. How Stabilizers and Reducing Agents Affect the Formation of Nanogold Amalgams. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:7681-7688. [PMID: 34139839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of mercury on the morphology and formation mechanism of gold amalgams in the presence of different reducing agents (ascorbic acid and sodium borohydride) was systematically studied. In the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), chemical reducing agents not only reduced mercury ions in the solution but also replaced the CTAB molecules on the surface of the gold nanorod. The stability of the reducing agents in the colloidal system and the combining capacity of the reducing agent to the gold nanoparticles can affect the alloying process of mercury and gold, thereby forming a rod-shaped or spherical gold amalgam. Once CTAB was removed, a similar transformation process occurs between the gold nanorods and mercury. In addition, without the presence of a stabilizer, mercury that cannot be dispersed undergoes Ostwald ripening growth, which causes the gold amalgam nanoalloys to form a tip-to-tip structure as a result of mercury enrichment because of the weak shielding effects occurring at the tips of the gold nanorods. After the CTAB molecules were substituted with ascorbic acid and alkylthiol molecules, the question of whether the shielding effect weakened or disappeared was also investigated. By investigation, this research found that, in comparison to the blocking effect of CTAB molecules, the binding ability of the reducing agent to gold plays a dominant role in the nanoamalgam formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Houyi Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
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Hussein AM, Madkour FS, Afifi HM, Abdel-Ghani M, Abd Elfatah M. Comprehensive study of an ancient Egyptian foot case cartonnage using Raman, ESEM-EDS, XRD and FTIR. VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 106:102987. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vibspec.2019.102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Carter EA, Perez FR, Garcia JM, Edwards HGM. Raman spectroscopic analysis of an important Visigothic historiated manuscript. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:rsta.2016.0041. [PMID: 27799425 PMCID: PMC5095521 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been used to study fragments of early Visigothic historiated manuscripts from the important mediaeval library at Santo Domingo de Silos which were a part of a Beato dating from the tenth to the mid-eleventh centuries. These fragments are from some of the oldest manuscripts in the scriptorium of the monastery. In this study, a comparison is made between the pigments and inks used on these manuscripts and those used in a previous study of the unique Visigothic Beato de Valcavado in Santa Cruz, Valladolid, completed in the year 970, which is noted for its quality of execution as well as its content and is remarkable eschatologically in being identifiable as the complete work of only a single scribe. For comparative purposes, the pigments and inks used in the Silos Monastery Beato and a series of historiated early manuscripts from mediaeval times through to the Renaissance also held in the monastic library were analysed. Raman spectroscopy identified a range of mineral and organic pigments such as cinnabar, orpiment, minium, azurite and indigo. In addition, a number of admixtures were found, for example, indigo and orpiment to produce vergaut (green) and a mixture of cinnabar with iron-gall ink and cerussite to produce darker and lighter shades of red. Some interesting conclusions were drawn about the use of iron-gall and carbon-based inks.This article is part of the themed issue 'Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Carter
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Core Facility and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fernando Rull Perez
- Unidad Asociada UVa-CSIC al Centro de Astrobiología, Parque Tecnológico de Boecillo, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús Medina Garcia
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Howell G M Edwards
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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Vítek P, Ali EMA, Edwards HGM, Jehlička J, Cox R, Page K. Evaluation of portable Raman spectrometer with 1064 nm excitation for geological and forensic applications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 86:320-7. [PMID: 22079176 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of miniaturized Raman instrumentation is in demand for applications relevant to forensic, pharmaceutical and art analyses, as well as geosciences, and planetary exploration. In this study we report on evaluation of a portable dispersive Raman spectrometer equipped with 1064 nm laser excitation. Selected samples from geological, geobiological and forensic areas of interest have been studied from which the advantages, disadvantages and the analytical potential of the instrument are assessed based on a comparison with bench instrumentation and other portable Raman spectrometers using 785 nm excitation. It is demonstrated that the instrument operating with 1064 nm excitation has potential for expanding the number and types of samples that can be measured by miniaturized Raman spectroscopy without interfering fluorescence background emission. It includes inorganic and organic minerals, biomolecules within living lichen and endolithic cyanobacteria as well as drugs of abuse and explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Vítek
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Colombo C, Bevilacqua F, Brambilla L, Conti C, Realini M, Striova J, Zerbi G. Terracotta polychrome sculptures examined before and after their conservation work: contributions from non-invasive in situ analytical techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:757-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Karapanagiotis I, Minopoulou E, Valianou L, Daniilia S, Chryssoulakis Y. Investigation of the colourants used in icons of the Cretan School of iconography. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 647:231-42. [PMID: 19591711 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The red shades of 13 icons (15th-17th century) of the Cretan School of iconography are investigated in detail to identify the inorganic and organic colouring materials comprising the paint layers. Examination of sample cross-sections is performed with optical microscopy. Micro-Raman spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a photodiode array detector are employed for the identification of the inorganic and organic colouring materials, respectively. The results reveal the extensive use of coccid dyes by the Cretan painters: kermes (Kermes vermilio Planchon) is found in icons dated before the middle 16th century and cochineal in icons created several decades after the discovery of the New World. Other dyestuffs detected in the historical samples are madder (possibly Rubia tinctorum L., according to HPLC profiles), soluble redwood and indigoid dyes. Organic dyes were used by the painters as exclusive colouring matters (or glazes) or in mixtures with inorganic pigments, such as red ochre, cinnabar, minium, azurite lead white and carbon black. Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled to a negative electrospray ionization mode is employed to provide information on the identity of some unknown colouring components, of the aforementioned dyes, detected in the historical samples. The results suggest that (i) the type B compound (also known as Bra') is a dehydro-brazilein product and (ii) the deprotonated molecular ion of the type C compound corresponds to m/z - 243. Both compounds are commonly used as markers for the identification of soluble redwood in historical samples. LC-MS analysis of cochineal shows that the dcIV and dcVII components are isomeric with carminic acid, as it has been recently suggested. Finally, LC-MS is employed to identify and record kermesic and flavokermesic acid in kermes and rubiadin in wild madder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Karapanagiotis
- Ormylia Art Diagnosis Centre, Sacred Convent of the Annunciation, 63071 Ormylia, Chalkidiki, Greece.
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Aghatabay NM, Tulu M, Mahmiani Y, Somer M, Dulger B. FT-Raman, FT-IR, NMR structural characterization and antimicrobial activities of 1,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)-3,4-dithiahexane ligand and its Hg(II) halide complexes. Struct Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-007-9253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Edwards HGM, Farwell DW, Brooke CJ. Raman spectroscopic study of a post-medieval wall painting in need of conservation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:312-21. [PMID: 16132151 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopic studies of four specimens from an important angel wall painting in need of conservation work in a medieval church have provided some information about the pigments and pigment compositions which will influence possible future preservation and restoration strategies. Excitation of the Raman spectra at 1,064 nm in macroscopic mode and at 785 nm in microscopic mode revealed that the white pigment on the angel's wings was a mixture of barytes with calcite and lead white in minor composition. Although the specimens provided were not directly associated with coloured regions of the painting, yellow and blue microcrystals were found and they were identified as chrome yellow and lazurite, respectively. Red and brown particles were identified as cinnabar/vermilion and haematite. Several green particles were also found but could not be identified. The green and blue crystals could be related to neighbouring coloured regions of the artwork and the yellow colour could be identified as a background to the angel figure. Particles of carbon were found to be dispersed throughout the specimens and can be ascribed to soot from candles, heating stoves or oil lamps providing lighting in the church. No evidence for biological deterioration was found from the spectra. The unusual pigment palette is strongly suggestive of a later date of painting than was originally believed but there is a possibility that an earlier rendition exists underneath. Following a review of the spectroscopic data, a more extensive sampling protocol is recommended, from which some stratigraphic evidence could identify the underlying plaster and possible artwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howell G M Edwards
- Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
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Zadrożna I, Połeć-Pawlak K, Głuch I, Ackacha MA, Mojski M, Witowska-Jarosz J, Jarosz M. Old master paintings - A fruitful field of activity for analysts: Targets, methods, outlook. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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