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Wu L, Li Y, Fu Z, Su BL. Hierarchically structured porous materials: synthesis strategies and applications in energy storage. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:1667-1701. [PMID: 34691502 PMCID: PMC8288509 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the growing energy demands of sustainable development, it is crucial to develop new materials that can improve the efficiency of energy storage systems. Hierarchically structured porous materials have shown their great potential for energy storage applications owing to their large accessible space, high surface area, low density, excellent accommodation capability with volume and thermal variation, variable chemical compositions and well controlled and interconnected hierarchical porosity at different length scales. Porous hierarchy benefits electron and ion transport, and mass diffusion and exchange. The electrochemical behavior of hierarchically structured porous materials varies with different pore parameters. Understanding their relationship can lead to the defined and accurate design of highly efficient hierarchically structured porous materials to enhance further their energy storage performance. In this review, we take the characteristic parameters of the hierarchical pores as the survey object to summarize the recent progress on hierarchically structured porous materials for energy storage. This is the first of this kind exclusively to survey the performance of hierarchically structured porous materials from different porous characteristics. For those who are not familiar with hierarchically structured porous materials, a series of very significant synthesis strategies of hierarchically structured porous materials are firstly and briefly reviewed. This will be beneficial for those who want to quickly obtain useful reference information about the synthesis strategies of new hierarchically structured porous materials to improve their performance in energy storage. The effect of different organizational, structural and geometric parameters of porous hierarchy on their electrochemical behavior is then deeply discussed. We outline the existing problems and development challenges of hierarchically structured porous materials that need to be addressed in renewable energy applications. We hope that this review can stimulate strong intuition into the design and application of new hierarchically structured porous materials in energy storage and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bao-Lian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry (CMI), University of Namur, Namur B-5000, Belgium
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Kitamura R, Watanabe H, Oaki Y, Imai H. Supermicroporous Silica Nanograins: Synthesis and Application. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5594-5598. [PMID: 30924656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Supermicroporous silicas having micropores 1-2 nm in diameter were miniaturized to 30-40 nm in diameter using a combination of binary organic agents: cationic surfactant as a porogen and polyethylene glycol as a growth suppressor in a concentrated system. The miniaturized nanograins of the porous silica were effective as a porous and transparent matrix for WO3 quantum dots that exhibit enhanced photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Kitamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Hiroto Watanabe
- Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute , 2-4-10 Aomi , Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064 , Japan
| | - Yuya Oaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
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Yang XY, Chen LH, Li Y, Rooke JC, Sanchez C, Su BL. Hierarchically porous materials: synthesis strategies and structure design. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:481-558. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00829a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 839] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses recent advances in synthesis strategies of hierarchically porous materials and their structural design from micro-, meso- to macro-length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Li-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Joanna Claire Rooke
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry (CMI)
- University of Namur
- B-5000 Namur
- Belgium
| | - Clément Sanchez
- Chimie de la Matiere Condensee de Paris
- UniversitePierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI)
- Collège de France
- France
| | - Bao-Lian Su
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
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Sun M, Chen C, Chen L, Su B. Hierarchically porous materials: Synthesis strategies and emerging applications. Front Chem Sci Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-016-1578-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Shi L, Xu Y, Zhang N, Lin S, Li X, Guo P, Li X. Direct synthesis of Al-SBA-15 containing aluminosilicate species plugs in an acid-free medium and structural adjustment by hydrothermal post-treatment. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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LI X, SUN M, ROOKE JC, CHEN L, SU BL. Synthesis and applications of hierarchically porous catalysts. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(11)60507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Wang W, Shan W, Yue X, Ru H. Partitioned cooperative self-assembly process: taking the mesopore swelling strategy one step further for the preparation of mesocellular foams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm14866h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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May A, Stébé MJ, Gutiérrez JM, Blin JL. Coexistence of two kinds of fluorinated hydrogenated micelles as building blocks for the design of bimodal mesoporous silica with two ordered mesopore networks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:14000-14004. [PMID: 22043901 DOI: 10.1021/la203753q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple and effective route has been developed for the synthesis of bimodal (3.6 and 9.4 nm) mesoporous silica materials that have two ordered interconnected pore networks. Mesostructures have been prepared through the self-assembly mechanism by using a mixture of polyoxyethylene fluoroalkyl ether and triblock copolymer as building blocks. The investigation of the R(F)(8)(EO)(9)/P123/water phase diagram shows that in the considered surfactant range of concentrations the system is micellar (L(1)). DLS measurements indicate that this micellar phase is composed of two types of micelles; the size of the first one at around 7.6 nm corresponds unambiguously to the pure fluorinated micelles. The second type of micelles at higher diameter consists of fluorinated micelles that have accommodated a weak fraction of P123 molecules. Thus, in this study the bimodal mesoporous silica is really templated by two kinds of micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A May
- Chemical Engineering Department, Chemistry Faculty, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Lemaire A, Wang QY, Wei Y, Liu Z, Su BL. Hierarchically structured meso-macroporous aluminosilicates with high tetrahedral aluminium content in acid catalysed esterification of fatty acids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 363:511-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lemaire A, Rooke JC, Chen LH, Su BL. Direct observation of macrostructure formation of hierarchically structured meso-macroporous aluminosilicates with 3D interconnectivity by optical microscope. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:3030-3043. [PMID: 21275420 DOI: 10.1021/la104679h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchically structured spongy meso-macroporous aluminosilicates with high tetrahedral aluminum content were synthesized from a mixture of single molecular alkoxide precursor, (sec-BuO)2-Al-O-Si(OEt)3, already containing Si-O-Al bonds, and a silica coreactant, tetramethoxysilane (TMOS). The spontaneous byproduct templated macroporous structure formation has been directly visualized using in situ high-resolution optical microscopy (OM), allowing the crucial observation of a microbubble dispersion which is directly correlated to the macrostructure observed by electronic microscopies (SEM and TEM). This discovery leads to a comparative study with meso-macroporous pure metal oxide and to a proposal of the formation mechanism of meso-macroporous aluminosilicates with 3D interconnectivity. The aluminosilicate phase/microbubbles emulsion is produced by a phase separation process occurring between the aluminosilicate nanoparticles and the liquid hydrolysis-condensation reaction byproducts (water, methanol, ethanol, and butanol). The use of alkoxysilane improves the heterocondensation rates between the highly reactive aluminum alkoxide part of the single precursor and added silica species but, above all, leads to the spontaneous generation of an unusual meso-macroporosity in alkaline media. The particles obtained at pH = 13.0 featured regular micrometer-sized macrospheres separated by very thin mesoporous walls and connected by submicrometric openings, providing a 3D interconnectivity. The slight increase in pH value to 13.5 induced significant modifications in morphology and textural properties due to the slower gelification process of the aluminosilicate phase, resulting in the formation of an aluminosilicate material constituted of 1-2 µm large independent hollow mesoporous spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Lemaire
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry (CMI), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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Niu D, Ma Z, Li Y, Shi J. Synthesis of core-shell structured dual-mesoporous silica spheres with tunable pore size and controllable shell thickness. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 132:15144-7. [PMID: 20939576 DOI: 10.1021/ja1070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Core-shell structured dual-mesoporous silica spheres (DMSS) that possess smaller pores (2.0 nm) in the shell and larger tunable pores (12.8-18.5 nm) in the core have been successfully synthesized by utilizing an amphiphilic block copolymer (polystyrene-b-poly (acrylic acid), PS-b-PAA) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as cotemplates. The thickness of the shells and the larger pore size in the core could be easily tuned by changing the amounts of TEOS and the hydrophobic block (PS) length during synthesis, respectively. By encapsulating hydrophobic magnetite nanoparticles into the cores, superparamagnetic dual-mesoporous silica spheres were obtained. Drug storage and release testing results showed that the diffusing rate of the stored drug could be efficiently controlled by changing the shell thickness of DMSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Niu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Yang XY, Léonard A, Lemaire A, Tian G, Su BL. Self-formation phenomenon to hierarchically structured porous materials: design, synthesis, formation mechanism and applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2763-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03734f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Liu M, Yang H. Facile synthesis and characterization of macro–mesoporous γ-Al2O3. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Syntheses of complex mesoporous silicas using mixtures of nonionic block copolymer surfactants: understanding formation of different structures using solubility parameters. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 353:169-80. [PMID: 20934707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of block copolymer (BCP) nonionic surfactant mixtures (including Pluronic, Brij and Tetronic types) as templates for synthesizing porous silica materials of mixed pore sizes is explored here. These systems have important applications because combinations of pore sizes can allow rapid access of reactants (via large pores) whilst providing the very high surface area of small pores for higher reaction rates or size selectivity. Examples of the materials prepared here include pore size bimodal hexagonal p6mm channel structures and cubic Im3m cage structures. It is shown here that the chemical similarity, as indicated by the solubility parameter, of the surfactants is an important factor in determining the pore structure and size distribution (PSD) of the pores. Monomodal pore structures are usually obtained when the solubility parameters of the surfactants are similar and bimodal pore structures when the solubility parameters are reasonably different. When the interaction parameter is very high disordered porous systems are formed. Ternary co-surfactant systems, e.g. P123-25R4-P65, can also yield highly ordered bimodal mesoporous silica with a hexagonal structure.
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Wang W, Pang Y, Hodgson SNB. Design and fabrication of bimodal meso-mesoporous WO3 thin films and their electrochromic properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01446j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Hierarchically structured functional materials: Synthesis strategies for multimodal porous networks. PURE APPL CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-09-05-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchically porous materials displaying multimodal pore sizes are desirable for their improved flow performance coupled with high surface areas. In the last five years, a tremendous amount of research has focused upon the synthesis and applications of hierarchically porous materials. This review aims to open up a new avenue of research in this exciting field. At first, recent progress in the synthesis of hierarchically porous materials, targeted through templating methods, is reviewed. These synthesis methods involve a supermolecular assembly of amphiphilic polymers or surfactants combined with second surfactant systems or with macrotemplates such as solid particles, liquid drops, and air bubbles. The preparation procedures using surfactants combined with other chemical or physical methods, controlled phase-separation, or template replication will also be discussed. Subsequently, an innovative procedure concerning the self-formation of hierarchically porous materials is thoroughly examined. This self-formation procedure is based on a self-generated porogen mechanism. Porogens such as alcohol molecules can be precisely controlled at the molecular level to design new hierarchically porous materials. Most of these synthesis methods allow an easy and independent adjustment to the multiporosity of a material, i.e., its micro-, meso-, and macroporosity.
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18
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Preparation and characterization of bimodal mesoporous montmorillonite by using single template. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Wang C, Du Y, Li D, Guan X, Li F, Xiao FS. Design and synthesis of ordered mesoporous silica materials with high degree of silica condensation at high temperature from a mixture of polymer surfactant with small organic ammonium. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 319:370-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 11/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhou W, Liu K, Fu H, Pan K, Zhang L, Wang L, Sun CC. Multi-modal mesoporous TiO(2)-ZrO(2) composites with high photocatalytic activity and hydrophilicity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:035610. [PMID: 21817584 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/03/035610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing the amphiphilic triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 as the surfactant, and Ti(O(n)Bu)(4) and ZrOCl(2)·8H(2)O as the inorganic sources, a series of multi-modal mesoporous TiO(2)-ZrO(2) composites have been successfully synthesized through a one-step method. The resultant materials were characterized in detail by x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, high resolution scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N(2) adsorption and water contact angle measurements. The effect of calcination temperatures on the physical parameters, hydrophilicity and photocatalytic activity of the obtained mesoporous TiO(2)-ZrO(2) composites was also investigated in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China. State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computation Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China
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Cho W, Cha BJ, Lee HI, Kim JM, Char K. Synthesis of porous silica with hierarchical structure directed by a silica precursor carrying a pore-generating cage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b810295c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Vaz PD, Nunes CD, Vasconcellos-Dias M, Nolasco MM, Ribeiro-Claro PJA, Calhorda MJ. Vibrational Study on the Local Structure of Post-Synthesis and Hybrid Mesoporous Materials: Are There Fundamental Distinctions? Chemistry 2007; 13:7874-82. [PMID: 17611947 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic mesoporous materials of the MCM-41 type are important materials that can be prepared by either post-synthesis or one-pot synthesis procedures. A complete control of the characteristics at a local level is of the utmost importance in view of the applications of such materials. However, there are not many studies relating such features with synthetic approaches. In this work, we prepared samples by post-synthesis derivatization of materials from Si-based MCM-41, with bidentate nitrogen ligands bearing one or two silylated arms, and by one-pot synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid materials. The bulk properties of the two kinds of materials were comparable. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the local environment, namely, the number of OH groups and distribution of SiO(4) units (large and small ring units). Hydrophilicity correlates with both the type of organic moiety used (mono- or disilylated), as well as with the synthetic procedure. The same vibrational studies showed how the structure in the channels changes as a function of pressure, reflecting the low mechanical stability of the mesoporous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro D Vaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CQB, Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, C8 Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Xiong L, Shi J, Zhang L, Nogami M. Facile One-Step Synthesis of Highly Ordered Bimodal Mesoporous Phosphosilicate Monoliths. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:11878-9. [PMID: 17845036 DOI: 10.1021/ja070466i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangming Xiong
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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Yuan ZY, Su BL. Insights into hierarchically meso–macroporous structured materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b512304f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Frunza L, Kosslick H, Pitsch I, Frunza S, Schönhals A. Rotational Fluctuations of Water inside the Nanopores of SBA-Type Molecular Sieves. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:9154-9. [PMID: 16852089 DOI: 10.1021/jp044503t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rotational molecular dynamics of water confined to nanoporous molecular sieves of a regular hexagonal (SBA-15) and of a foamlike pore structure was studied by dielectric spectroscopy in the frequency range from 10(-2) to 10(9) Hz and in a broad temperature interval. Two relaxation processes were observed: the process at lower frequencies is related to water molecules forming a layer, which is strongly adsorbed at the pore surface, whereas the relaxation process at higher frequencies is assigned to fluctuations of water molecules situated close to the center of the pore. The relaxation times of the low-frequency process for both materials and of the high-frequency process for the SBA-15 material have an unusual saddlelike temperature dependence, reported here for the first time. To describe this temperature dependence, a model developed for water confined to nanoporous glasses by Ryabov et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 1845] was applied, which considers two competing effects. The characteristic features of these two competing processes were compared with those reported for other porous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Frunza
- National Institute of Materials Physics, R-077125 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
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El-Safty SA, Mizukami F, Hanaoka T. Transparent cubic Fd3m mesoporous silica monoliths with highly controllable pore architectures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b500088b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Okabe A, Niki M, Fukushima T, Aida T. A simple route to bimodal mesoporous silica via tetrafluoroborate ion-mediated hydrophobic transformation of template micellar surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b500348b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yuan ZY, Su BL. Characterization of pore systems of mesoporous silicas templated by cetylpyridinium under mild-alkaline condition: the effect of low-temperature ammonia post-treatment. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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