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Konwar M, Hazarika N, Sarmah BK, Das A. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of Imidazo[1,5-a]quinolin-2-iums Salts and Internal Alkynes via C-H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401133. [PMID: 38593238 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II)-catalyzed synthesis of π-conjugated fused imidazo[1,5-a]quinolin-2-ium derivatives have been achieved via C-H activation of quinoline-functionalized NHC (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) and oxidative coupling with internal alkynes. The reaction occurred with high efficiency, broad substrate scope, tolerates a wide range of functional groups and utilized into a gram-scale. Synthetic applications of the coupled product have been exemplified in the late-stage derivatization of various highly functionalized scaffolds. Moreover, most of the annulated products exhibit intense fluorescence and have potential applications in optoelectronic devices. Mechanistic studies have provided insights into the spectroscopic characterization of key five-membered ruthenacycle intermediate and Ru(0) sandwich species. Based on several control experiments, deuterium-kinetic isotope effect, and thermodynamic activation parameters the mechanistic finding demonstrated that fused imidazo-[1,5-a]quinolin-2-ium C(2)-H bond cleavage is the rate-determining step and ruling out the possibility of reductive elimination for controlling the rate of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monuranjan Konwar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nitumoni Hazarika
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Bikash Kumar Sarmah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
- Department of Chemistry, Sonari College, Charaideo, 785690, Assam, India
| | - Animesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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2
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Schlosser J, Fedorova O, Fedorov Y, Ihmels H. Photoinduced in situ generation of DNA-targeting ligands: DNA-binding and DNA-photodamaging properties of benzo[ c]quinolizinium ions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:101-117. [PMID: 38264449 PMCID: PMC10804566 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The photoreactions of selected styrylpyridine derivatives to the corresponding benzo[c]quinolizinium ions are described. It is shown that these reactions are more efficient in aqueous solution (97-44%) than in organic solvents (78-20% in MeCN). The quinolizinium derivatives bind to DNA by intercalation with binding constants of 6-11 × 104 M-1, as shown by photometric and fluorimetric titrations as well as by CD- and LD-spectroscopic analyses. These ligand-DNA complexes can also be established in situ upon irradiation of the styrylpyridines and formation of the intercalator directly in the presence of DNA. In addition to the DNA-binding properties, the tested benzo[c]quinolizinium derivatives also operate as photosensitizers, which induce DNA damage at relative low concentrations and short irradiation times, even under anaerobic conditions. Investigations of the mechanism of the DNA damage revealed the involvement of intermediate hydroxyl radicals and C-centered radicals. Under aerobic conditions, singlet oxygen only contributes to marginal extent to the DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julika Schlosser
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cµ), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Olga Fedorova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri Fedorov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cµ), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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Liu Z, Li Q, Yang C, Zheng X, Wu D, Gao G, Lan J. Ir(III)-catalyzed quadruple C-H activation of N-arylimidazolium and diaryliodonium salts: facile access to polysubstituted imidazo[1,2- f]phenanthridiniums. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7042-7045. [PMID: 35647666 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01646j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, N-heterocyclic carbene-directed Ir(III)-catalyzed cascade C-H arylation/annulation of N-arylimidazolium with diaryliodonium salts has been accomplished for the first time via a quadruple C-H activation strategy to construct imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridinium structures. This protocol overcomes the compatibility of three kinds of different C-H activations with high catalytic efficiency, which allows ortho-unhindered N-arylimidazoliums to undergo a diarylation/annulation reaction, affording a variety of polysubstituted imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridiniums. Neutral imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridines are also prepared via a demethylation reaction of imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridiniums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Chengyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Xuesong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Ge Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Jingbo Lan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
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Wickhorst PJ, Ihmels H, Paululat T. Studies on the Interactions of 3,11-Difluoro-6,8,13-trimethyl-8 H-quino[4,3,2- kl]acridinium and Insulin with the Quadruplex-Forming Oligonucleotide Sequence a2 from the Insulin-Linked Polymorphic Region. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216595. [PMID: 34771003 PMCID: PMC8587938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, several quadruplex-DNA-forming sequences have been identified in the insulin-linked polymorphic region (ILPR), which is a guanine-rich oligonucleotide sequence in the promoter region of insulin. The formation of this non-canonical quadruplex DNA (G4-DNA) has been shown to be involved in the biological activity of the ILPR, specifically with regard to its interplay with insulin. In this context, this contribution reports on the investigation of the association of the quadruplex-forming ILPR sequence a2 with insulin as well as with the well-known G4-DNA ligand 3,11-difluoro-6,8,13-trimethyl-8H-quino[4,3,2-kl]acridinium (1), also named RHPS4, by optical and NMR spectroscopy. CD- and NMR-spectroscopic measurements confirmed the preferential formation of an antiparallel quadruplex structure of a2 with four stacked guanine quartets. Furthermore, ligand 1 has high affinity toward a2 and binds by terminal π stacking to the G1-G11-G15-G25 quartet. In addition, the spectroscopic studies pointed to an association of insulin to the deoxyribose backbone of the loops of a2.
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Wickhorst PJ, Druzhinin SI, Ihmels H, Müller M, Sutera Sardo M, Schönherr H, Viola G. A Dimethylaminophenyl‐Substituted Naphtho[1,2‐
b
]quinolizinium as a Multicolor NIR Probe for the Fluorimetric Detection of Intracellular Nucleic Acids and Proteins. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jonas Wickhorst
- Department of Chemistry – Biology University of Siegen, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ) Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 57068 Siegen Germany
| | - Sergey I. Druzhinin
- Department of Chemistry – Biology University of Siegen, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ) Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 57068 Siegen Germany
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry – Biology University of Siegen, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ) Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 57068 Siegen Germany
| | - Mareike Müller
- Department of Chemistry – Biology University of Siegen, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ) Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 57068 Siegen Germany
| | | | - Holger Schönherr
- Department of Chemistry – Biology University of Siegen, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ) Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 57068 Siegen Germany
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Department of Women's and Child's health Oncohematology laboratory University of Padova Via Giustiniani 2 I-35128 Padova Italy
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Ruthenium (II)-catalyzed synthesis of phthalides via the cascade addition and cyclization of aromatic acids with aldehydes. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Pithan PM, Decker D, Sardo MS, Viola G, Ihmels H. Synthesis and fluorosolvatochromism of 3-arylnaphtho[1,2-b]quinolizinium derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:854-62. [PMID: 27340476 PMCID: PMC4901894 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic biaryl derivatives were synthesized by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of 3-bromonaphtho[1,2-b]quinolizinium bromide with arylboronic acids. The resulting cationic biaryl derivatives exhibit pronounced fluorosolvatochromic properties. First photophysical studies in different solvents showed that the emission energy of the biaryl derivatives decreases with increasing solvent polarity. This red-shifted emission in polar solvents is explained by a charge shift (CS) in the excited state and subsequent solvent relaxation. Furthermore, the polarity of protic polar and aprotic polar solvents affects the emission energy to different extent, which indicates a major influence of hydrogen bonding on the stabilization of the ground and excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil M Pithan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen and Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - David Decker
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen and Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Manlio Sutero Sardo
- University of Padova, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giampietro Viola
- University of Padova, Department of Woman’s and Child’s health, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen and Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
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Yue X, Armijo Z, King K, Bondar MV, Morales AR, Frazer A, Mikhailov IA, Przhonska OV, Belfield KD. Steady-state and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of new two-photon absorbing fluorene-containing quinolizinium cation membrane probes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2833-2846. [PMID: 25622309 DOI: 10.1021/am508093p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, linear photophysical characterization, and nonlinear optical properties of two new symmetrical fluorene-containing quinolizinium derivatives, 2,8-bis((E)-2-(7-(diphenylamino)-9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)vinyl)quinolizinium hexafluorophosphate (1) and 2,8-bis((E)-2-(7-((7-(diphenylamino)-9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)ethynyl)-9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2yl)vinyl)quinolizinium hexafluorophosphate (2), are reported. The nature of the dual-band steady-state fluorescence emission of 1 and 2 was determined, and violation of Kasha's rule along with a strong dependence on solvent polarity were shown. A relatively complex structure of two-photon absorption (2PA) spectra of 1 and 2, with maximum cross sections of ∼400-600 GM, was determined using the open aperture Z-scan method. Different types of fast relaxation processes with characteristic times of 0.3-0.5 ps and 1.5-2 ps were observed in the excited states of the new compounds via femtosecond transient absorption pump-probe spectroscopy. To better understand the photophysical behavior of 1 and 2, a quantum-mechanical study was undertaken using TD-DFT and ZINDO/S methods. Simulated linear absorption spectra were found to be in good agreement with experimental data, while 2PA cross sections were overestimated. Although the new dyes were highly fluorescent in nonpolar solvents, they were essentially nonfluorescent in polar media. Significantly, the quinolizinium dyes exhibited fluorescence turn-on behavior upon binding to bovine serum album (BSA) protein, exhibiting over 4-fold fluorescence enhancement, which was a finding that was leveraged to demonstrate cell membrane fluorescence imaging of HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Yue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida , P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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9
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Luo CZ, Gandeepan P, Cheng CH. A convenient synthesis of quinolizinium salts through Rh(III) or Ru(II)-catalyzed C-H bond activation of 2-alkenylpyridines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:8528-30. [PMID: 23938459 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45004j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of quinolizinium salts from 2-vinylpyridines and alkynes via Rh(III) or Ru(II)-catalyzed C-H activation and annulation reaction is described. A possible mechanism involving pyridine assisted vinylic ortho-C-H activation, alkyne insertion and reductive elimination is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Zong Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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10
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Benner K, Ihmels H, Kölsch S, Pithan PM. Targeting abasic site-containing DNA with annelated quinolizinium derivatives: the influence of size, shape and substituents. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1725-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42140f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A comparative analysis showed that the type and degree of annelation as well as methyl or chloro-substitution are relevant structural features that determine the interactions of quinolizinium derivatives with abasic site-containing DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Benner
- University of Siegen
- Organic Chemistry II
- Siegen, Germany
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- University of Siegen
- Organic Chemistry II
- Siegen, Germany
| | - Sarah Kölsch
- University of Siegen
- Organic Chemistry II
- Siegen, Germany
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Aggarwal R, Sumran G, Kumar V, Mittal A. Copper(II) chloride mediated synthesis and DNA photocleavage activity of 1-aryl/heteroaryl-4-substituted-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:6083-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Miskolczy Z, Megyesi M, Biczók L, Görner H. Effect of electrolytes, nucleotides and DNA on the fluorescence of flavopereirine natural alkaloid. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:592-600. [PMID: 21264432 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00367k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The absorption and fluorescence characteristics of flavopereirine, a pharmaceutically important natural alkaloid, were studied to reveal how the complex formation and the change of the microenvironment affect the deactivation kinetics from the singlet-excited state. The fluorescence lifetime was not influenced by the ionic strength, but a significant deuterium effect was observed showing that hydrogen bonding in the singlet-excited state promoted energy dissipation. Nucleotides caused both static and dynamic quenching. The rate constant of the latter process increased when the nucleobase was capable of donating electron to the excited flavopereirine. The spectrophotometric measurements provided evidence for non-cooperative binding to double-stranded DNA with an equilibrium constant of 4.6 × 10(5) M(-1). Time-resolved fluorescence signals showed that three kinds of complexes are formed with distinct fluorescence lifetimes. Flavopereirine binding to chondroitin sulfate was also found, which led to different fluorescence characteristics at pH 2 and 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsombor Miskolczy
- Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525, Budapest, Hungary
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Patro BS, Maity B, Chattopadhyay S. Topoisomerase inhibitor coralyne photosensitizes DNA, leading to elicitation of Chk2-dependent S-phase checkpoint and p53-independent apoptosis in cancer cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:945-60. [PMID: 19922265 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of synergism between the topoisomerase inhibition by coralyne and its DNA photonicking properties being used to kill cancer cells was explored. Compared with coralyne alone, the CUVA treatment dramatically enhanced DNA damage and apoptosis in cells. Despite causing an increased p53 expression, the CUVA treatment led to p53-independent apoptosis, causing almost similar cell death in wild-type, p53 mutant, and p53-silenced tumor cells. Expression of the p53-regulated downstream proteins like p21, and DNA-damage-dependent p53 phosphorylation at serine-15 residue also was not elicited by the CUVA treatment, at a low coralyne concentration. Instead, it led to an immediate activation of the Chk2-mediated S-phase arrest, despite activating PARP protein for DNA repair. The S-phase arrest subsequently ensures apoptosis through activation of caspases-3 and -9, the latter being reflected from the results with a specific caspase-9 inhibitor. Abrogation of Chk2 activity by shRNA or by using ATM-specific inhibitor (ATMi) led to a defective S-phase checkpoint and further augmentation in apoptosis. However, at a high coralyne concentration, the CUVA-induced apoptosis followed multiple and independent pathways, involving several caspases. The CUVA treatment may represent a novel mechanism-based protocol for increasing the efficacy of coralyne in inducing apoptosis in both p53 wild-type and mutant tumor cells.
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Prunkl C, Pichlmaier M, Winter R, Kharlanov V, Rettig W, Wagenknecht HA. Optical, Redox, and DNA-Binding Properties of Phenanthridinium Chromophores: Elucidating the Role of the Phenyl Substituent for Fluorescence Enhancement of Ethidium in the Presence of DNA. Chemistry 2010; 16:3392-402. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Barbafina A, Amelia M, Latterini L, Aloisi GG, Elisei F. Photophysical Properties of Quinolizinium Salts and Their Interactions with DNA in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:14514-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Barbafina
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Matteo Amelia
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Loredana Latterini
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Gian Gaetano Aloisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
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Barraja P, Diana P, Montalbano A, Carbone A, Cirrincione G, Viola G, Salvador A, Vedaldi D, Dall'acqua F. Thiopyrano[2,3-e]indol-2-ones: angelicin heteroanalogues with potent photoantiproliferative activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9668-83. [PMID: 18951030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new class of compounds, the thiopyrano[2,3-e]indol-2-ones, bioisosters of the angular furocoumarin angelicin, was synthesized with the aim of obtaining new photochemotherapeutic agents. In particular 7,8-dimethyl-thiopyranoindolone 6c s showed a remarkable phototoxicity and a great dose UVA dependence reaching IC(50) values at submicromolar level. This latter photoinduced a massive apoptosis and a remarkable photodamage to lipids and proteins. Although it did not intercalate DNA, it was able to cause photooxidation of DNA bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Barraja
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Tossicologico e Biologico Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Ihmels H, Otto D, Dall'Acqua F, Faccio A, Moro S, Viola G. Comparative Studies on the DNA-Binding Properties of Linear and Angular Dibenzoquinolizinium Ions. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8401-11. [PMID: 17064012 DOI: 10.1021/jo0612271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of the linear dibenzo[b,g]quinolizinium (5a) and the angular dibenzo[a,f]quinolizinium (6) with DNA was studied in detail in order to evaluate the influence of the shape of polycyclic quinolizinium ions on their DNA-binding properties. First, the synthesis and the thermally induced dimerization of 5a were reinvestigated because the preparation and isolation of the bromide salt of 5a according to literature procedures turned out to be problematic. The dibenzo[b,g]quinolizinium bromide [5a(Br)] tends to dimerize in solution with a highly selective and unprecedented formation of the corresponding anti-head-to-head dimer. Nevertheless, it was observed that careful exclusion of bromide ions from the reaction mixture suppresses the formation of the dimer. Moreover, the dimer may be transformed to the monomer by a remarkably rapid photoinduced electron-transfer reaction with 1-methoxynaphthalene. The association of 5a and 6 with nucleic acids was investigated by spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric DNA titrations, CD and LD spectroscopy, DNA thermal denaturation studies, and competition-dialysis techniques. Both dibenzoquinolizinium ions 5a and 6 exhibit an intercalative mode of binding to double-stranded DNA with moderate binding constants (K = 1-7 x 10(5) M(-1)) and a slight preference for association with GC-rich DNA regions. The structures of the intercalation complexes were calculated by molecular modeling methods. Competition-dialysis studies reveal that the isomers 5a and 6 bind selectively to triple-helical DNA (poly[dA]-poly[dT]2) as compared to selected synthetic and native double-stranded nucleic acids. Notably, the selectivity of the linear dibenzo[b,g]quinolizinium 5a toward triplex DNA is higher than the one of the angular derivative 6. In contrast, the DNA thermal denaturation studies reveal a higher stabilization of triple-helical DNA in the presence of 6 (DeltaTm3-->2 = 28 degrees C at r = 0.5) as compared to the stabilization by 5a (DeltaTm3-->2 = 14 degrees C at r = 0.5). This comparison emphasizes the importance of the extended pi system for the interaction of annelated quinolizinium ions with DNA. Moreover, the comparison between 5a and 6 demonstrates the significant influence of the shape of the pi system on the duplex- and triplex-stabilizing properties of the dibenzoquinolizinium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Ihmels
- Organic Chemistry II, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany.
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Ihmels H, Faulhaber K, Vedaldi D, Dall'Acqua F, Viola G. Intercalation of Organic Dye Molecules into Double-stranded DNA. Part 2: The Annelated Quinolizinium Ion as a Structural Motif in DNA Intercalators†. Photochem Photobiol 2005; 81:1107-15. [PMID: 15934789 DOI: 10.1562/2005-01-25-ir-427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA intercalators represent an important class of compounds with a high potential as DNA-targeting drugs. In this review it is demonstrated that annelated quinolizinium derivatives such as coralyne and derivatives thereof intercalate into DNA and that this structural motif allows several variations of the substitution pattern without loss of intercalating properties. The commonly applied methods for the evaluation of the DNA association, mainly spectroscopic studies, are pointed out. In addition, studies on the biological activities of annelated quinolizinium derivatives, such as topoisomerase poisoning or cell toxicity, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Ihmels
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.
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Aslanoglu M, Ayne G. Voltammetric studies of the interaction of quinacrine with DNA. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004; 380:658-63. [PMID: 15316709 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2797-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Revised: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The binding interaction of the antimalarial drug quinacrine with herring sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been studied by square wave voltammetry. The binding parameters, the binding constant K and the binding site size s, were obtained simultaneously by the analysis of bound and free quinacrine concentration corresponding to the limits of slow and fast binding kinetics compared to the experimental timescale. The binding constant and the binding site size for the interaction of quinacrine with DNA were K = 1.59 (+/-0.18)x10(5) M(-1) and s = 7.1 (+/-0.15) base pairs and K = 7.35 (+/-0.83)x10(5) M(-1), s = 6.2 (+/-0.02) base pairs for the limiting conditions of static and mobile binding equilibrium respectively. The standard Gibbs free energy change (Delta G0 = - RT ln K) is approximately -29.67 kJ/mol at 25 degrees C, which highlights the spontaneity of the binding of quinacrine with DNA. The binding of quinacrine to herring sperm DNA results in peak potential shifts in voltammetric and a red shift in UV-absorption measurements. The ionic strength dependence of the binding constant is not large. Furthermore, the relative viscosity of DNA increases in the presence of quinacrine. These characteristics strongly support the intercalation of quinacrine into DNA. The results also show that the intercalation of quinacrine into DNA may occur at approximately every seventh base pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Aslanoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Harran University, 63100 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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Ihmels H, Faulhaber K, Wissel K, Viola G, Vedaldi D. 6-Aminoacridizinium bromide: a fluorescence probe which lights up in AT-rich regions of DNA. Org Biomol Chem 2003; 1:2999-3001. [PMID: 14518118 DOI: 10.1039/b305439j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The title compound exhibits a selective enhancement of its fluorescence intensity in the presence of AT-rich DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Ihmels
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany.
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