1
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McMahon CJ, Martinez B, Henry CS. Characterization of Factors Affecting Stripping Voltammetry on Thermoplastic Electrodes. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 170:096507. [PMID: 37807977 PMCID: PMC10552556 DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/acfa68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic carbon electrodes (TPEs) are an alternative form of carbon composite electrodes that have shown excellent electrochemical performance with applications in biological sensing. However, little has been done to apply TPEs to environmental sensing, specifically heavy metal analysis. The work here focuses on lead analysis and based on their electrochemical properties, TPEs are expected to outperform other carbon composite materials; however, despite testing multiple formulations, TPEs showed inferior performance. Detailed electrode characterization was conducted to examine the cause for poor lead sensing behavior. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the surface functional groups, indicating that acidic and alkaline functional groups impact lead electrodeposition. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical characterization demonstrated that both the binder and graphite can influence the surface morphology, electroactive area, and electron kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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2
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Comparing electrochemical pre-treated 3D printed native and mechanically polished electrode surfaces for analytical sensing. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Abdalla A, Jones W, Flint MS, Patel BA. Bicomponent composite electrochemical sensors for sustained monitoring of hydrogen peroxide in breast cancer cells. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Iffelsberger C, Jellett CW, Pumera M. 3D Printing Temperature Tailors Electrical and Electrochemical Properties through Changing Inner Distribution of Graphite/Polymer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101233. [PMID: 33938128 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The rise of 3D printing technology, with fused deposition modeling as one of the simplest and most widely used techniques, has empowered an increasing interest for composite filaments, providing additional functionality to 3D-printed components. For future applications, like electrochemical energy storage, energy conversion, and sensing, the tuning of the electrochemical properties of the filament and its characterization is of eminent importance to improve the performance of 3D-printed devices. In this work, customized conductive graphite/poly(lactic acid) filament with a percentage of graphite filler close to the conductivity percolation limit is fabricated and 3D-printed into electrochemical devices. Detailed scanning electrochemical microscopy investigations demonstrate that 3D-printing temperature has a dramatic effect on the conductivity and electrochemical performance due to a changed conducive filler/polymer distribution. This may allow, e.g., 3D printing of active/inactive parts of the same structure from the same filament when changing the 3D printing nozzle temperature. These tailored properties can have profound influence on the application of these 3D-printed composites, which can lead to a dramatically different functionality of the final electrical, electrochemical, and energy storage device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Iffelsberger
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Cameron W Jellett
- Center of Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Center of Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- 3D Printing & Innovation Hub, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, CZ-613 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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5
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Cu(I) Coordination Complex Precursor for Randomized CuO x Microarray Loaded on Carbon Nanofiber with Excellent Electrocatalytic Performance for Electrochemical Glucose Detection. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19245353. [PMID: 31817245 PMCID: PMC6960723 DOI: 10.3390/s19245353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A homoleptic ionic Cu(I) coordination complex that was based on 2,2′-biquinoline ligand functionalized with long alkyl chains (Cu(I)–C18) was used as a precursor to modify a carbon nanofiber paste electrode (Cu–C18/CNF). Randomized copper oxide microelectrode arrays dispersed within carbon nanofiber paste (CuOx/CNF) were obtained by electrochemical treatment of Cu–C18/CNF while using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The CuOx/CNF exhibited high electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation at +0.6 V and +1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterized the electrodes composition. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave-voltammetry (SWV), and multiple-pulsed amperometry (MPA) techniques provided optimized conditions for glucose oxidation and detection. A preconcentration step that involved 10 minutes accumulation at open circuit potential before SWV running led to the lowest limit of detection and the highest sensitivity for glucose detection (5419.77 µA·mM−1·cm−2 at + 1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl) vs. Cu-based electrodes reported to date in literature.
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6
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Patel N, Fagan-Murphy A, Covill D, Patel BA. 3D Printed Molds Encompassing Carbon Composite Electrodes To Conduct Multisite Monitoring in the Entire Colon. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11690-11696. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Patel
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, ‡Centre for Stress and Age-Related
Diseases, and §School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Aidan Fagan-Murphy
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, ‡Centre for Stress and Age-Related
Diseases, and §School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Derek Covill
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, ‡Centre for Stress and Age-Related
Diseases, and §School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, ‡Centre for Stress and Age-Related
Diseases, and §School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
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7
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Silicone Substrate with Collagen and Carbon Nanotubes Exposed to Pulsed Current for MSC Osteodifferentiation. Int J Biomater 2017; 2017:3684812. [PMID: 28912813 PMCID: PMC5587965 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3684812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential for clinical translation through their induction into osteoblasts for regeneration. Bone healing can be driven by biophysical stimulation using electricity for activating quiescent adult stem cells. It is hypothesized that application of electric current will enhance their osteogenic differentiation, and addition of conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to the cell substrate will provide increased efficiency in current transmission. Cultured MSCs were seeded and grown onto fabricated silicone-based composites containing collagen and CNT fibers. Chemical inducers, namely, glycerol phosphate, dexamethasone, and vitamin C, were then added to the medium, and pulsatile submilliampere electrical currents (about half mA for 5 cycles at 4 mHz, twice a week) were applied for two weeks. Calcium deposition indicative of MSC differentiation and osteoblastic activity was quantified through Alizarin Red S and spectroscopy. It was found that pulsed current significantly increased osteodifferentiation on silicone-collagen films without CNTs. Under no external current, the presence of 10% (m/m) CNTs led to a significant and almost triple upregulation of calcium deposition. Both CNTs and current parameters did not appear to be synergistic. These conditions of enhanced osteoblastic activities may further be explored ultimately towards future therapeutic use of MSCs.
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8
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SARI TK, JIN J, ZEIN R, MUNAF E. Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for the Determination of Trace Cr(VI) with Graphite/Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer Composite Electrodes. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:801-806. [PMID: 28690257 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trisna K. SARI
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Jiye JIN
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Rahmiana ZEIN
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Andalas University
| | - Edison MUNAF
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Andalas University
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Kondo T, Udagawa I, Aikawa T, Sakamoto H, Shitanda I, Hoshi Y, Itagaki M, Yuasa M. Enhanced Sensitivity for Electrochemical Detection Using Screen-Printed Diamond Electrodes via the Random Microelectrode Array Effect. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1753-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kondo
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- ACT-C/JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0012, Japan
| | - Ikuto Udagawa
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Aikawa
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hironori Sakamoto
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Isao Shitanda
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Hoshi
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itagaki
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Yuasa
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- ACT-C/JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0012, Japan
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10
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Improvement of the detection limit for biosensors: Advances on the optimization of biocomposite composition. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Safavi A, Banazadeh A, Sedaghati F. Synthesis of palladium nanoparticles on organically modified silica: Application to design of a solid-state electrochemiluminescence sensor for highly sensitive determination of imipramine. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 796:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Ilinoiu EC, Manea F, Serra PA, Pode R. Simultaneous/selective detection of dopamine and ascorbic acid at synthetic zeolite-modified/graphite-epoxy composite macro/quasi-microelectrodes. SENSORS 2013; 13:7296-307. [PMID: 23736851 PMCID: PMC3715222 DOI: 10.3390/s130607296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present paper aims to miniaturize a graphite-epoxy and synthetic zeolite-modified graphite-epoxy composite macroelectrode as a quasi-microelectrode aiming in vitro and also, envisaging in vivo simultaneous electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) neurotransmitters, or DA detection in the presence of AA. The electrochemical behavior and the response of the designed materials to the presence of dopamine and ascorbic acid without any protective membranes were studied by cyclic voltammetry and constant-potential amperometry techniques. The catalytic effect towards dopamine detection was proved for the synthetic zeolite-modified graphite-epoxy composite quasi-microelectrode, allowing increasing the sensitivity and selectivity for this analyte detection, besides a possible electrostatic attraction between dopamine cation and the negative surface of the synthetic zeolite and electrostatic repulsion with ascorbic acid anion. Also, the synthetic zeolite-modified graphite-epoxy composite quasi-microelectrode gave the best electroanalytical parameters for dopamine detection using constant-potential amperometry, the most useful technique for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elida Cristina Ilinoiu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering of Inorganic Compounds and Environment, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Victoriei Sqr., No. 2, Timisoara 300006, Romania; E-Mails: (E.C.I.); (R.P.)
| | - Florica Manea
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering of Inorganic Compounds and Environment, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Victoriei Sqr., No. 2, Timisoara 300006, Romania; E-Mails: (E.C.I.); (R.P.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +40-256-403-070; Fax: +40-256-403-063
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Viale. San Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Rodica Pode
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering of Inorganic Compounds and Environment, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Victoriei Sqr., No. 2, Timisoara 300006, Romania; E-Mails: (E.C.I.); (R.P.)
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13
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Recent advances in graphite powder-based electrodes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3525-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Doroodmand MM. Discrete Fourier Transform as applicable technique in electrochemical detection of hydrazine using multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyacrylonitrile ceramic fiber as working electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:1969-74. [PMID: 23498220 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Effect of "Discrete Fourier Transform" (DFT) is studied for electrochemical detection of some electroactive species using multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyacrylonitrile ceramic fiber as ultra micro electrode. Based on DFT theory, two independent phases i.e. the imaginary and real phases are evaluated during the oxidation/reduction of the quasi-reversible or irreversible electroactive species, revealing the independent components of imaginary (IImaginary) and real (IReal) currents. The results show that, in different electrochemical modes such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), the contribution of DFT to the electrochemical signals significantly improves the detection limit of the electrochemical technique. More sensitive signals are obtained at high scan rates according to the combination of electrochemical techniques with the DFT theory. The reliability of DFT algorithm was evaluated for rapid determination of trace amount of hydrazine (N2H4) at a scan rate up to 800 V s(-1). In this study, the amounts of phase and amplitude were estimated to 1.69 and 31.57, respectively. The detection limit of hydrazine was 4.13×10(-9) M. The application of this technique was also evaluated for determination of hydrazine in different industrial wastewater samples.
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15
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Sansuk S, Bitziou E, Joseph MB, Covington JA, Boutelle MG, Unwin PR, Macpherson JV. Ultrasensitive detection of dopamine using a carbon nanotube network microfluidic flow electrode. Anal Chem 2012. [PMID: 23190004 DOI: 10.1021/ac3023586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical measurement of dopamine (DA), in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4), with a limit of detection (LOD) of ∼5 pM in 50 μL (∼ 250 attomol) is achieved using a band electrode comprised of a sparse network of pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), which covers <1% of the insulating substrate. The SWNT electrodes are deployed as amperometric (anodic) detectors in microfluidic cells, produced by microstereolithography, designed specifically for flow injection analysis (FIA). The flow cells, have a channel (duct) geometry, with cell height of 25 μm, and are shown to be hydrodynamically well-defined, with laminar Poiseuille flow. In the arrangement where solution continuously flows over the electrode but the electrode is only exposed to the analyte for short periods of time, the SWNT electrodes do not foul and can be used repeatedly for many months. The LOD for dopamine (DA), reported herein, is significantly lower than previous reports using FIA-electrochemical detection. Furthermore, the SWNT electrodes can be used as grown, i.e., they do not require chemical modification or cleanup. The extremely low background signals of the SWNT electrodes, as a consequence of the sparse surface coverage and the low intrinsic capacitance of the SWNTs, means that no signal processing is required to measure the low currents for DA oxidation at trace levels. DA detection in artificial cerebral fluid is also possible with a LOD of ∼50 pM in 50 μL (∼2.5 fmol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwat Sansuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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16
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Safavi A, Maleki N, Tajabadi F. SE-30 Graphite Composite Electrode: An Alternative for the Development of Electrochemical Biosensors. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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A new modified conducting carbon composite electrode as sensor for ascorbate and biosensor for glucose. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 76:135-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Barsan MM, Pinto EM, Florescu M, Brett CM. Development and characterization of a new conducting carbon composite electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 635:71-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Manea F, Radovan C, Corb I, Pop A, Burtica G, Malchev P, Picken S, Schoonman J. Simultaneous Determination of 4-Chlorophenol and Oxalic Acid Using an Expanded Graphite-Epoxy Composite Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Migheli R, Puggioni G, Dedola S, Rocchitta G, Calia G, Bazzu G, Esposito G, Lowry JP, O'Neill RD, Desole MS, Miele E, Serra PA. Novel integrated microdialysis-amperometric system for in vitro detection of dopamine secreted from PC12 cells: design, construction, and validation. Anal Biochem 2008; 380:323-30. [PMID: 18577368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel dual channel in vitro apparatus, derived from a previously described design, has been coupled with dopamine (DA) microsensors for the flow-through detection of DA secreted from PC12 cells. The device, including two independent microdialysis capillaries, was loaded with a solution containing PC12 cells while a constant phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) medium perfusion was carried out using a dual channel miniaturized peristaltic pump. One capillary was perfused with normal PBS, whereas extracellular calcium was removed from extracellular fluid of the second capillary. After a first period of stabilization and DA baseline recording, KCl (75 mM) was added to the perfusion fluid of both capillaries. In this manner, a simultaneous "treatment-control" experimental design was performed to detect K+-evoked calcium-dependent DA secretion. For this purpose, self-referencing DA microsensors were developed, and procedures for making, testing, and calibrating them are described in detail. The electronic circuitry was derived from previously published schematics and optimized for dual sensor constant potential amperometry applications. The microdialysis system was tested and validated in vitro under different experimental conditions, and DA secretion was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). PC12 cell viability was quantified before and after each experiment. The proposed apparatus serves as a reliable model for studying the effects of different drugs on DA secretion through the direct comparison of extracellular DA increase in treatment-control experiments performed on the same initial PC12 cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Migheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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21
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A new, third generation, PVC/TTF–TCNQ composite amperometric biosensor for glucose determination. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Stozhko NY, Malakhova NA, Fyodorov MV, Brainina KZ. Modified carbon-containing electrodes in stripping voltammetry of metals. Part II. Composite and microelectrodes. J Solid State Electrochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-007-0474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Corb I, Manea F, Radovan C, Pop A, Burtica G, Malchev P, Picken S, Schoonman J. Carbon-based Composite Electrodes: Preparation, Characterization and Application in Electroanalysis. SENSORS 2007; 7:2626-2635. [PMID: 28903250 PMCID: PMC3965232 DOI: 10.3390/s7112626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrodes based on carbon, i.e., expanded graphite (20%, wt.)-epoxy composite (20EG-Epoxy) and expanded graphite (20%, wt.)-polystyrene composite (20EG-PS) have been prepared, characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), and tested as anodic sensors. The electrodes exhibited good mechanical resistance and low electrical resistances. Scan rate dependent cyclic voltammetry responses at 20EG-Epoxy and 20EG-PS composite electrodes, which were exemplified for thiourea (TU), a toxic sulphur organic compound selected as testing target analyte in 0.1 M Na2SO4 supporting electrolyte, were investigated. The obtained voltammetric data were in accordance with those for a random array of microelectrodes. The voltammetric and chronoamperometric detection results of TU in tap water samples, without a supplementary addition of supporting electrolyte, at 20EG-Epoxy electrode proved its use for direct analysis of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Corb
- "Politehnica" University of Timisoara, P-ta Victoriei, nr.2, 300006, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Florica Manea
- "Politehnica" University of Timisoara, P-ta Victoriei, nr.2, 300006, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Ciprian Radovan
- West University of Timisoara, Str. Pestalozzi, Nr.16, 300115, Romania.
| | - Aniela Pop
- "Politehnica" University of Timisoara, P-ta Victoriei, nr.2, 300006, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Georgeta Burtica
- "Politehnica" University of Timisoara, P-ta Victoriei, nr.2, 300006, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Plamen Malchev
- Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephen Picken
- Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Joop Schoonman
- Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.
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24
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Wittstock G, Burchardt M, Pust SE, Shen Y, Zhao C. Scanning electrochemical microscopy for direct imaging of reaction rates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1584-617. [PMID: 17285666 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Not only in electrochemistry but also in biology and in membrane transport, localized processes at solid-liquid or liquid-liquid interfaces play an important role at defect sites, pores, or individual cells, but are difficult to characterize by integral investigation. Scanning electrochemical microscopy is suitable for such investigations. After two decades of development, this method is based on a solid theoretical foundation and a large number of demonstrated applications. It offers the possibility of directly imaging heterogeneous reaction rates and locally modifying substrates by electrochemically generated reagents. The applications range from classical electrochemical problems, such as the investigation of localized corrosion and electrocatalytic reactions in fuel cells, sensor surfaces, biochips, and microstructured analysis systems, to mass transport through synthetic membranes, skin and tissue, as well as intercellular communication processes. Moreover, processes can be studied that occur at liquid surfaces and liquid-liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie und Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
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25
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Baron R, Šljukić B, Salter C, Crossley A, Compton R. Development of an Electrochemical Sensor Nanoarray for Hydrazine Detection Using a Combinatorial Approach. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200703822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Electrochemical Oxidation and Determination of Oxalic Acid at an Exfoliated Graphite-Polystyrene Composite Electrode. SENSORS 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/s7040615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Wittstock G, Burchardt M, Pust S, Shen Y, Zhao C. Elektrochemische Rastermikroskopie zur direkten Abbildung von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Zacco E, Pividori MI, Alegret S, Galve R, Marco MP. Electrochemical Magnetoimmunosensing Strategy for the Detection of Pesticides Residues. Anal Chem 2006; 78:1780-8. [PMID: 16536412 DOI: 10.1021/ac0512610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical immunosensing strategy for the detection of atrazine based on magnetic beads is presented. Different coupling strategies for the modification of the magnetic beads with the specific anti-atrazine antibody have been developed. The immunological reaction for the detection of atrazine performed on the magnetic bead is based on a direct competitive assay using a peroxidase (HRP) tracer as the enzymatic label. After the immunochemical reactions, the modified magnetic beads can be easily captured by a magnetosensor made of graphite-epoxy composite, which is also used as the transducer for the electrochemical immunosensing. The electrochemical detection is thus achieved through a suitable substrate and mediator for the enzyme HRP. The electrochemical approach is also compared with a novel magneto-ELISA based on optical detection. The performance of the electrochemical immunosensing strategy based on magnetic beads was successfully evaluated using spiked real orange juice samples. The detection limit for atrazine using the competitive electrochemical magnetoimmunosensing strategy with anti-atrazine-specific antibody covalent coupled with tosyl-activated magnetic beads was found to be 6 x 10(-3) microg L(-1) (0.027 nmol L(-1)). This strategy offers great promise for rapid, simple, cost-effective, and on-site analysis of biological, food, and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zacco
- Sensors & Biosensors Group, Analytical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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29
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Kırgöz Ü, Marín S, Pumera M, Merkoçi A, Alegret S. Stripping Voltammetry with Bismuth Modified Graphite-Epoxy Composite Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Castañeda MT, Pérez B, Pumera M, del Valle M, Merkoçi A, Alegret S. Sensitive stripping voltammetry of heavy metals by using a composite sensor based on a built-in bismuth precursor. Analyst 2005; 130:971-6. [PMID: 15912248 DOI: 10.1039/b502486m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new graphite-epoxy composite electrode (GECE) containing Bi(NO(3))(3) as a built-in bismuth precursor for simultaneous and individual anodic stripping analysis of heavy trace metals like lead and cadmium is reported. The developed Bi(NO(3))(3)-GECE is compatible with bismuth film electrodes reported previously including the composite electrodes (Bi-GECE) recently reported by our group. Bi(NO(3))(3)-GECE displays the ability for the detection of both individual and simultaneous determination of heavy trace metals and exhibits well defined, reproducible and sharp stripping signals. The sensitive response is combined with the minimal toxicity of Bi(NO(3))(3). This novel sensor would be an appropriate alternative tool to sensors using bismuth in solution during their utilization in environmental quality monitoring as well as other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Castañeda
- Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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31
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Ramírez-García S, Alegret S, Céspedes F, Forster RJ. Carbon Composite Microelectrodes: Charge Percolation and Electroanalytical Performance. Anal Chem 2003; 76:503-12. [PMID: 14750840 DOI: 10.1021/ac034536p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microelectrodes based on two different epoxy-graphite composites (Araldite-M/HY5162 and Araldite-PY302-2/HY943) that are compatible with organic solvents have been developed and characterized. The variation in the bulk conductivity with graphite particle loading is described by percolation theory and indicates that the particles interact strongly with one another. The percolation threshold is 52% v/v loading of graphite, and this composite exhibits a bulk conductivity of 15 S m(-1). Microdisk electrodes of 25-microm diameter were produced by first etching a microcavity at the tip of a platinum microelectrode, which was then packed with a composite containing 60% v/v graphite so as to optimize both electrical conductivity and the electrode stability in acetonitrile and methanol solutions. Solution phase voltammetry of ferrocene is nearly ideal, and the responses are dominated by radial diffusion (slow scan rates) and semi-infinite linear diffusion (fast scan rates). The microelectrodes display high signal-to-noise ratios, good sensitivity, and low detection limits. The response times given by the product of the resistance, R, and capacitance, C, are 7.5 x 10(-4) and 1.4 x 10(-1) s for the Araldite M and PY302-2 composites, respectively. Although these response times are significantly slower than those associated with microelectrodes based on carbon fibers or metal wires, they are sufficient for time-resolved electroanalytical applications. The long response times arise from the large composite resistances, 3.1 x 10(11) and 8.3 x 10(11) Omega cm(-2) for Araldite M and PY302-2, respectively. Voltammetry of ferrocene in the absence of deliberately added supporting electrolyte is also reported. Significantly, indistinguishable slopes and intercepts for a calibration curve of peak current vs ferrocene concentration where 2 < [ferrocene] < 50 microM are obtained in the presence and absence of supporting electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ramírez-García
- Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Graphite-epoxy composite as an alternative material to design mercury free working electrodes for stripping voltammetry. Electrochim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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