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Qin Y, Wang F, Wang X, Zhang C, Liu H, Wu G, Zhang X. Thermally robust α-diimine nickel complexes for 1,3-Butadiene polymerization enhanced by intra-ligand H…F interaction. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Li D, Liu K, Tang J, Cui Z, Hua J. Preparation of high 1,2‐orientation butadiene‐styrene copolymer by coordination copolymerization with molybdenum‐based catalytic system. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber and PlasticsQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solid LaboratoryInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber and PlasticsQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Zixu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber and PlasticsQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hua
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber and PlasticsQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong 266042 People's Republic of China
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Min X, Zhan C, Yan P, Ye Z. New strategy for synthesis of hydroxyl-terminated poly(3-hexylthiophene) and its block copolymer using an η 3-π-allyl hydroxyl-functionalized Ni( i) initiator. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39814-39821. [PMID: 35515373 PMCID: PMC9057512 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07773a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel hydroxyl-terminated π-allyl nickel initiator [η3-Ni(CH2CHCHCH2OCOCH3)][BPhF4] is synthesized for the first time. 1H-NMR analysis confirms that the Ni initiator possesses a typical π-allyl structure with a protected hydroxyl group. The Ni initiator is applied to synthesize hydroxyl-terminated poly(3-hexylthiophene). It successfully initiates the homopolymerization of thiophene, and yields narrow molecular weight distribution, hydroxyl-terminated poly(3-hexylthiophene). Moreover, it is found that [η3-Ni(CH2CHCHCH2OCOCH3)][BPhF4] has high initiating activity in the polymerization of styrene and butadiene. A hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene-b-poly(3-hexylthiophene) block copolymer is synthesized by using [η3-Ni(CH2CHCHCH2OCOCH3)][BPhF4] to improve the workability and brittleness of poly(3-hexylthiophene). A novel hydroxyl-terminated π-allyl nickel initiator is synthesized for the first time. Hydroxyl-terminated PB-b-P3HT block copolymer and hydroxyl-terminated P3HT are synthesized by using the initiator to improve the workability of P3HT.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Min
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Jiujiang University
- Jiujiang
- China
- Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry
| | - Changchao Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Jiujiang University
- Jiujiang
- China
- Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry
| | - Ping Yan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Jiujiang University
- Jiujiang
- China
- Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry
| | - Zhigang Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Jiujiang University
- Jiujiang
- China
- Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry
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Schwab MM, Himmel D, Kacprzak S, Radtke V, Kratzert D, Yassine Z, Weis P, Weber S, Krossing I. Reactivity of [Ni(cod)2][Al(ORF)4] towards Small Molecules and Elements. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam M. Schwab
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Straße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Straße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Sylwia Kacprzak
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Straße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Straße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Zeinab Yassine
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Straße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Philippe Weis
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Straße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Straße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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6
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Nakajima Y, Sato K, Shimada S. Development of Nickel Hydrosilylation Catalysts. CHEM REC 2016; 16:2379-2387. [PMID: 27500588 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this account, our studies on nickel-catalyzed hydrosilylation reactions are described. A series of (salicylaldiminato)methylnickel complexes efficiently catalyze alkene hydrosilylation under ambient reaction conditions. Commercially available Ni(II) salts, Ni(acac)2 (acac = acetylacetonato) and its derivatives bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)nickel(II) and bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)nickel(II), also act as versatile hydrosilylation catalyst precursors in the presence of NaBHEt3 . These systems catalyze the hydrosilylation of various alkenes such as industrially important siloxy-, amino-, and epoxy-substituted ones. The arene-supported cationic nickel allyl complexes also serve as good catalysts for alkene hydrosilylation at room temperature. These nickel complexes exhibit high selectivity towards the reaction using secondary hydrosilanes. Mechanistic studies based on experiments and DFT calculations support a novel mechanism, which includes a facile Si-H bond cleavage and a Si-C bond formation, assisted by the cooperative action of the allyl ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 51-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Sato
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 51-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shimada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 51-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
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7
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Mathew J, Nakajima Y, Choe YK, Urabe Y, Ando W, Sato K, Shimada S. Olefin hydrosilylation catalyzed by cationic nickel(ii) allyl complexes: a non-innocent allyl ligand-assisted mechanism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6723-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01665k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cationic nickel allyl complexes catalyse selective monohydrosilylation of α-olefins with sec-silanes via a unique mechanism assisted by a non-innocent allyl ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Mathew
- Department of Chemistry
- St. Joseph's College
- Devagiri
- Calicut
- India
| | - Y. Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Catalytic Chemistry
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Y.-K. Choe
- Nanomaterials Research Institute
- Research Centre for Computational Design of Functional Materials
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Y. Urabe
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Catalytic Chemistry
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - W. Ando
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Catalytic Chemistry
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - K. Sato
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Catalytic Chemistry
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - S. Shimada
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Catalytic Chemistry
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
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8
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Thapaliya B, Debnath S, Arulsamy N, Roddick DM. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of an Unusual Platinum π-Arene Complex: (η6-C6H3Me3)Pt[(C2F5)2PMe]Me+. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhusan Thapaliya
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3838, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Suman Debnath
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3838, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Navamoney Arulsamy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3838, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Dean M. Roddick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3838, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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9
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Kelley P, Lin S, Edouard G, Day MW, Agapie T. Nickel-mediated hydrogenolysis of C-O bonds of aryl ethers: what is the source of the hydrogen? J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5480-3. [PMID: 22394331 PMCID: PMC3340012 DOI: 10.1021/ja300326t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of the hydrogenolysis of aryl ethers by nickel were undertaken with (diphosphine)aryl methyl ethers. A Ni(0) complex containing Ni-arene interactions adjacent to the aryl-O bond was isolated. Heating led to aryl-O bond activation and generation of a nickel aryl methoxide complex. Formal β-H elimination from this species produced a nickel aryl hydride which can undergo reductive elimination in the presence of formaldehyde to generate a carbon monoxide adduct of Ni(0). The reported complexes map out a plausible mechanism of aryl ether hydrogenolysis catalyzed by nickel. Investigations of a previously reported catalytic system using isotopically labeled substrates are consistent with the mechanism proposed in the stoichiometric system, involving β-H elimination from a nickel alkoxide rather than cleavage of the Ni-O bond by H(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kelley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 127-72, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Sibo Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 127-72, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Guy Edouard
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 127-72, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Michael W. Day
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 127-72, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 127-72, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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10
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Benı́tez Junquera L, Puerta MC, Valerga P. R-Allyl Nickel(II) Complexes with Chelating N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Catalytic Activity. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om200937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Benı́tez Junquera
- Departamento de
Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingenierı́a Metalúrgica
y Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz,
11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, España
| | - M. Carmen Puerta
- Departamento de
Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingenierı́a Metalúrgica
y Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz,
11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, España
| | - Pedro Valerga
- Departamento de
Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingenierı́a Metalúrgica
y Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz,
11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, España
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11
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Vaultier F, Monteil V, Spitz R, Thuilliez J, Boisson C. New insights on Ni-based catalysts for stereospecific polymerization of butadiene. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20063e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Polymerization of styrene with tetradentate chelated α-diimine nickel(II) complexes/MAO catalyst systems: Catalytic behavior and microstructure of polystyrene. Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Serrano O, Hoppe E, Fettinger JC, Power PP. Synthesis and characterization of the unusual cluster [Ni2(GaAr′)2(η1:η1-μ2-C2H4)]: Ready addition of ethylene to Ni(COD)(GaAr′)2 at 25 °C and 1 atmosphere. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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O’Connor AR, White PS, Brookhart M. Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity Studies of (Cyclohexenyl)nickel(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100391v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abby R. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Peter S. White
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Maurice Brookhart
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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15
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O'Connor AR, Brookhart M. Polymerization of 1,3-dienes and styrene catalyzed by cationic allyl Ni(II) complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Padavattan G, Jäkel C, Steinke T, Reimer V, Díaz-Valenzuela MB, Crewdson P, Rominger F. Cationic η3-allyl sulfide complexes of nickel(II) for the polymerization of butadiene in aqueous emulsion. J Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Tobisch S. Mechanistic insight into the selective trans-1,4-polymerization of butadiene by terpyridine–iron(II) complexes — A computational study. CAN J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/v09-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The density functional theory (DFT) method has been employed to unravel mechanistic intricacies of the 1,4-polymerization of 1,3-butadiene mediated by the [(η3-RC3H4)FeII(C15H11N3)(η2-C4H6)]+ terpyridine–iron(II) active catalyst species. The π-allyl-insertion mechanism is operative for chain growth, whilst the alternative σ-allyl-insertion mechanism has been explicitly demonstrated as being inoperable. This study elucidates the mechanism of cis–trans regulation and unveils the factors that govern the observed high trans-1,4 stereoselectivity, in particular, the discriminative role of allylic isomerization. An atactic trans-1,4-polydiene is expected from polymerization of a terminally monosubstituted butadiene, the experimental results of which have not been reported thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Tobisch
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom. (e-mail: )
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18
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Walter MD, Moorhouse RA, White PS, Brookhart M. Vinyl addition polymerization of norbornene with cationic (allyl)Ni catalysts: Mechanistic insights and characterization of first insertion products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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O’Connor AR, Urbin SA, Moorhouse RA, White PS, Brookhart M. Synthesis and Reactivity of Cationic (Allyl)(arene)nickel(II) and (Allyl)(arene)palladium(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om801103p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abby R. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Stephanie A. Urbin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Rebecca A. Moorhouse
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Peter S. White
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Maurice Brookhart
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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20
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Korthals B, Berkefeld A, Ahlmann M, Mecking S. Catalytic Polymerization of Butadiene in Aqueous Systems with Cationic Nickel(II) Complexes. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8016579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Korthals
- Universität Konstanz, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Materialwissenschaft, Fachbereich Chemie, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Berkefeld
- Universität Konstanz, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Materialwissenschaft, Fachbereich Chemie, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Ahlmann
- Universität Konstanz, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Materialwissenschaft, Fachbereich Chemie, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Universität Konstanz, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Materialwissenschaft, Fachbereich Chemie, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Urbano J, Hormigo AJ, de Frémont P, Nolan SP, Díaz-Requejo MM, Pérez PJ. Gold-promoted styrene polymerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:759-61. [DOI: 10.1039/b716145j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Jang Y, Choi DS, Kim JG. First emulsion polymerization of styrene with sodium borohydride: evidence of the generation of radical intermediates by sodium borohydride in H2O. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:6570-6574. [PMID: 15274556 DOI: 10.1021/la040012o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Emulsion polymerization of styrene with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in an aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution was successfully accomplished for the first time. Polystyrene with a high molecular weight (M(w) > 2 000 000) and a broad molecular weight distribution (MWD approximately 3.5) was obtained in a conversion of less than 30%. Several pieces of evidence that the polymerization proceeded through radical intermediates were observed. Variations in the concentration of NaBH4 showed a critical range in said concentration, i.e., a borderline that determined whether the main reaction was directed to either a polymerization or a competed reaction with variations in the NaBH4 level. Kinetic studies on the emulsion polymerization of styrene with NaBH4 performed at 50, 55, and 60 degrees C showed that the initiator had an approximately 50-min induction period. A plot of -ln(1 - X), where X is the fractional conversion, as a function of time resulted in a linear relationship, showing that the present initiator system followed first-order kinetics with respect to monomer concentration. The Arrhenius plot between ln k vs 1/T gave a good linear relation, and the overall activation energy was observed to be about 37.5 kcal/mol. The employment of CH3I with NaBH4 significantly increased conversion (>95%) and provided polystyrene with a well-controlled Mw and MWD (<2.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngchan Jang
- Kumho Petrochemical R & D Center, Korea Kumho Petrochemical Company, Limited, P.O. Box 64, Yuseong, Taejon 305-600, South Korea.
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