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FAK Inhibition Attenuates Corneal Fibroblast Differentiation In Vitro. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111682. [PMID: 34827680 PMCID: PMC8616004 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal fibrosis (or scarring) occurs in response to ocular trauma or infection, and by reducing corneal transparency, it can lead to visual impairment and blindness. Studies highlight important roles for transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and -β3 as modulators in corneal wound healing and fibrosis, leading to increased extracellular matrix (ECM) components and expression of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), a myofibroblast marker. In this study, human corneal fibroblasts (hCF) were cultured as a monolayer culture (2D) or on poly-transwell membranes to generate corneal stromal constructs (3D) that were treated with TGF-β1, TGF-β3, or TGF-β1 + FAK inhibitor (FAKi). Results show that hCF 3D constructs treated with TGF-β1 or TGF-β3 impart distinct effects on genes involved in wound healing and fibrosis—ITGAV, ITGB1, SRC and ACTA2. Notably, in the 3D construct model, TGF-β1 enhanced αSMA and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) protein expression, whereas TGF-β3 did not. In addition, in both the hCF 2D cell and 3D construct models, we found that TGF-β1 + FAKi attenuated TGF-β1-mediated myofibroblast differentiation, as shown by abrogated αSMA expression. This study concludes that FAK signaling is important for the onset of TGF-β1-mediated myofibroblast differentiation, and FAK inhibition may provide a novel beneficial therapeutic avenue to reduce corneal scarring.
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Chadwick AC, Heckenast MA, Race JJ, Pringle PG, Sparkes HA. Self-Replication of Chelating Diphosphines via Pt(0)-Catalyzed Hydrophosphination. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ailis C. Chadwick
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Martin A. Heckenast
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - James J. Race
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Paul G. Pringle
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Hazel A. Sparkes
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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Kaminsky CJ, Wright J, Surendranath Y. Graphite-Conjugation Enhances Porphyrin Electrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corey J. Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joshua Wright
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Illinois Institute of Technology, 3300 South Federal Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Zhang Z, Wang S, Hu C, Ma N, Zhang G, Liu Q. Copper(I)-catalyzed benzylic C(sp3)–H geminal difunctionalization: Successive oxidative intramolecular amidation and hydroxylation. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Seetharaman S, Follana-Berná J, Martín-Gomis L, Charalambidis G, Trapali A, Karr PA, Coutsolelos AG, Fernández-Lázaro F, Sastre-Santos Á, D'Souza F. Sequential, Ultrafast Energy Transfer and Electron Transfer in a Fused Zinc Phthalocyanine-free-base Porphyrin-C 60 Supramolecular Triad. Chemphyschem 2018; 20:163-172. [PMID: 30353624 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A supramolecular triad composed of a fused zinc phthalocyanine-free-base porphyrin dyad (ZnPc-H2 P) coordinated to phenylimidazole functionalized C60 via metal-ligand axial coordination was assembled, as a photosynthetic antenna-reaction centre mimic. The process of self-assembly resulting into the formation of C60 Im:ZnPc-H2 P supramolecular triad was probed by proton NMR, UV-Visible and fluorescence experiments at ambient temperature. The geometry and electronic structures were deduced from DFT calculations performed at the B3LYP/6-31G(dp) level. Electrochemical studies revealed ZnPc to be a better electron donor compared to H2 P, and C60 to be the terminal electron acceptor. Fluorescence studies of the ZnPc-H2 P dyad revealed excitation energy transfer from 1 H2 P* to ZnPc within the fused dyad and was confirmed by femtosecond transient absorption studies. Similar to that reported earlier for the fused ZnPc-ZnP dyad, the energy transfer rate constant, kENT was in the order of 1012 s-1 in the ZnPc-H2 P dyad indicating an efficient process as a consequence of direct fusion of the two π-systems. In the presence of C60 Im bound to ZnPc, photoinduced electron transfer leading to H2 P-ZnPc.+ :ImC60 .- charge separated state was observed either by selective excitation of ZnPc or H2 P. The latter excitation involved an energy transfer followed by electron transfer mechanism. Nanosecond transient absorption studies revealed that the lifetime of charge separated state persists for about 120 ns indicating charge stabilization in the triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Jorge Follana-Berná
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Luis Martín-Gomis
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Adelais Trapali
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Paul A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska, 68787, USA
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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Follana-Berná J, Seetharaman S, Martín-Gomis L, Charalambidis G, Trapali A, Karr PA, Coutsolelos AG, Fernández-Lázaro F, D'Souza F, Sastre-Santos Á. Supramolecular complex of a fused zinc phthalocyanine-zinc porphyrin dyad assembled by two imidazole-C 60 units: ultrafast photoevents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7798-7807. [PMID: 29504005 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00382c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A new zinc phthalocyanine-zinc porphyrin dyad (ZnPc-ZnP) fused through a pyrazine ring has been synthesized as a receptor for imidazole-substituted C60 (C60Im) electron acceptor. Self-assembly via metal-ligand axial coordination and the pertinent association constants in solution were determined by 1H-NMR, UV-Vis and fluorescence titration experiments at room temperature. The designed host was able to bind up to two C60Im electron acceptor guest molecules to yield C60Im:ZnPc-ZnP:ImC60 donor-acceptor supramolecular complex. The spectral data showed that the two binding sites behave independently with binding constants similar in magnitude. Steady-state fluorescence studies were indicative of an efficient singlet-singlet energy transfer from zinc porphyrin to zinc phthalocyanine within the fused dyad. Accordingly, the transient absorption studies covering a wide timescale of femto-to-milli seconds revealed ultrafast energy transfer from 1ZnP* to ZnPc (kEnT ∼ 1012 s-1) in the fused dyad. Further, a photo induced electron transfer was observed in the supramolecularly assembled C60Im:ZnPc-ZnP:ImC60 donor-acceptor complex leading to charge separated states, which persisted for about 200 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Follana-Berná
- División de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203 Elche, Spain.
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Antoniades I, Stylianou P, Christodoulou N, Skourides PA. Addressing the Functional Determinants of FAK during Ciliogenesis in Multiciliated Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:488-504. [PMID: 27895123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.767111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as an important regulator of ciliogenesis in multiciliated cells. FAK and other focal adhesion (FA) proteins associate with the basal bodies and their striated rootlets and form complexes named ciliary adhesions (CAs). CAs display similarities with FAs but are established in an integrin independent fashion and are responsible for anchoring basal bodies to the actin cytoskeleton during ciliogenesis as well as in mature multiciliated cells. FAK down-regulation leads to aberrant ciliogenesis due to impaired association between the basal bodies and the actin cytoskeleton, suggesting that FAK is an important regulator of the CA complex. However, the mechanism through which FAK functions in the complex is not clear, and in this study we examined the role of this protein in both ciliogenesis and ciliary function. We show that localization of FAK at CAs depends on interactions taking place at the amino-terminal (FERM) and carboxyl-terminal (FAT) domains and that both domains are required for proper ciliogenesis and ciliary function. Furthermore, we show that an interaction with another CA protein, paxillin, is essential for correct localization of FAK in multiciliated cells. This interaction is indispensable for both ciliogenesis and ciliary function. Finally, we provide evidence that despite the fact that FAK is in the active, open conformation at CAs, its kinase activity is dispensable for ciliogenesis and ciliary function revealing that FAK plays a scaffolding role in multiciliated cells. Overall these data show that the role of FAK at CAs displays similarities but also important differences compared with its role at FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Antoniades
- From the Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Panayiota Stylianou
- From the Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Neophytos Christodoulou
- From the Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Paris A Skourides
- From the Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
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Abstract
Contemporary methods for the modification of porphyrins are presented. In association with the Third International Conference on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines (ICPP-3) a survey of current method developments and reactivity studies is made. The review focuses on synthetic transformations of porphyrins currently in use for various applications and on functional group transformations. A brief survey of important developments covers selectively the literature from late 2001 to early 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O. Senge
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Julia Richter
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Golm, Germany
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Beletskaya I, Tyurin VS, Tsivadze AY, Guilard R, Stern C. Supramolecular chemistry of metalloporphyrins. Chem Rev 2009; 109:1659-713. [PMID: 19301872 DOI: 10.1021/cr800247a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Beletskaya
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leninskiy prosp. 31, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Uno H, Nakamoto KI, Kuroki K, Fujimoto A, Ono N. Synthesis of Porphyrin Dimers Fused with a Benzene Unit. Chemistry 2007; 13:5773-84. [PMID: 17397034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene-connected pyrrolo-porphyrins have been prepared by an inverse-type [3+1] porphyrin synthesis of a bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene-fused dipyrrole with a tripyrrane dicarbaldehyde. Another [3+1] porphyrin synthesis of pyrrole-connected porphyrins with the same or other tripyrrane dicarbaldehydes gave bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene-bridged diporphyrins, the central metals and/or peripheral substituents of which were different. Thermal decomposition of the bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene skeleton to a benzene moiety gave pi-system-fused porphyrin dimers in a highly pure form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemitsu Uno
- Division of Synthesis and Analysis, Department of Molecular Science, Integrated Center for Sciences (INCS), Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
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Kadish KM, E W, Zhan R, Khoury T, Govenlock LJ, Prashar JK, Sintic PJ, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S, Crossley MJ. Porphyrin-Diones and Porphyrin-Tetraones: Reversible Redox Units Being Localized within the Porphyrin Macrocycle and Their Effect on Tautomerism. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:6576-88. [PMID: 17469827 DOI: 10.1021/ja070759b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin-2,3-diones and porphyrin-2,3,7,8- and porphyrin-2,3,12,13-tetraones were shown to have a redox-active unit that can function independently of the macrocycle at large. Electroreduction of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)porphyrin-2,3-diones [(P-dione)M] and the corresponding -2,3,12,13-tetraones [L-(P-tetraone)M] and -2,3,7,8-tetraones [C-(P-tetraone)M], where M = 2H, CuII, ZnII, NiII, and PdII was investigated and the products were characterized by ESR and thin-layer UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical data show that the first two reductions of the porphyrin-diones and the first three reductions of the porphyrin-tetraones occur at the dione units. This was confirmed by ESR spectra of first reduction products which show that the electron spin is totally localized on a semidione unit, independent of the central metal ion and of the number and location of dione units. ESR spectra of the radical anions derived from free-base porphyrin-2,3-dione [(P-dione)2H] and porphyrin-2,3,12,13-tetraone [L-(P-tetraone)2H] confirm the trans-arrangement of the two inner protons and their location on nonsubstituted pyrrolic rings, thereby maintaining an 18-atom 18-pi electron bacteriochlorin-like aromatic delocalization pathway. The redox unit is not similarly isolated in the corner free-base porphyrin-2,3,7,8-tetraone [C-(P-tetraone)2H]. A one-electron reduction of C-(P-tetraone)2H leads to the formation of a tautomer with trans inner hydrogens with one residing on the N of the ring with the reduced unit as the only detectable product. This process is favorable because it creates a more delocalized 18-atom 18-pi electron aromatic pathway. This result is consistent with the measured redox potentials which show the first reduction of C-(P-tetraone)2H to be substantially easier than (P-dione)2H or L-(P-tetraone)2H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA.
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Yang QZ, Siri O, Brisset H, Braunstein P. Synthesis and first characterization of N-alkyldiaminoresorcinols. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gaynor SP, Gunter MJ, Johnston MR, Warrener RN. Probing the dimensions of semi-rigid inner functionalised U-shaped bis-porphyrin cavities. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:2253-66. [PMID: 16729135 DOI: 10.1039/b601417h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of open U-shaped bis-porphyrin cavity molecules is described, with bridged bicyclic backbones to confer rigidity, and a pendant substituted aromatic probe unit suspended on the inside of the cavity. The dimensions and flexibility of the bis-zincporphyrin cavity were probed using several different techniques. Initially the molecular ruler concept was employed, using flexible bidentate ligands as guests with a range of possible linear dimensions. Secondly, NMR methods were employed with rigid bidentate ligand guests of fixed lengths, and thirdly diffusion based NMR methods were utilised. The range of inter-porphyrin distances estimated by these methods suggests that these types of open-cavity systems have a surprising degree of flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun P Gaynor
- Chemistry, School of Biological, Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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