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Podder A, Lee HJ, Kim BH. Fluorescent Nucleic Acid Systems for Biosensors. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arup Podder
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Ha Jung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Byeang Hyean Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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2
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Chowdhury JA, Moriguchi T, Shinozuka K. Pseudo-Dumbbell-Type Molecular Beacon Probes Bearing Modified Deoxyuridine Derivatives and a Silylated Pyrene as a Fluorophore. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20140372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakir Ahmed Chowdhury
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University
| | - Tomohisa Moriguchi
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University
| | - Kazuo Shinozuka
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University
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3
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Boonlua C, Ditmangklo B, Reenabthue N, Suparpprom C, Poomsuk N, Siriwong K, Vilaivan T. Pyrene-labeled pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acid as a hybridization-responsive DNA probe: comparison between internal and terminal labeling. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47997h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Internally pyrene-labeled pyrrolidinyl PNA yields much larger fluorescence increase than terminally labeled PNA upon hybridization with complementary DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalothorn Boonlua
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Boonsong Ditmangklo
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nisanath Reenabthue
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Naresuan University
- Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Chaturong Suparpprom
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Naresuan University
- Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Nattawee Poomsuk
- Materials Chemistry Research Unit
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Khon Kaen University
- Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Khatcharin Siriwong
- Materials Chemistry Research Unit
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Khon Kaen University
- Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tirayut Vilaivan
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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4
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Ditmangklo B, Boonlua C, Suparpprom C, Vilaivan T. Reductive alkylation and sequential reductive alkylation-click chemistry for on-solid-support modification of pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acid. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:614-25. [PMID: 23517168 DOI: 10.1021/bc3005914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A methodology for the site-specific attachment of fluorophores to the backbone of pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) with an α/β-backbone derived from D-prolyl-(1S,2S)-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (acpcPNA) has been developed. The strategy involves a postsynthetic reductive alkylation of the aldehyde-containing labels onto the acpcPNA that was previously modified with (3R,4S)-3-aminopyrrolidine-4-carboxylic acid on the solid support. The reductive alkylation reaction is remarkably efficient and compatible with a range of reactive functional groups including Fmoc-protected amino, azide, and alkynes. This allows further attachment of readily accessible carboxyl-, alkyne-, or azide-containing labels via amide bond formation or Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC, also known as click chemistry). The label attached in this way does not negatively affect the affinity and specificity of the pairing of the acpcPNA to its DNA target. Applications of this methodology in creating self-reporting pyrene- and thiazole orange-labeled acpcPNA probes that can yield a change in fluorescence in response to the presence of the correct DNA target have also been explored. A strong fluorescence enhancement was observed with thiazole orange-labeled acpcPNA in the presence of DNA. The specificity could be further improved by enzymatic digestion with S1 nuclease, providing a 9- to 60-fold fluorescence enhancement with fully complementary DNA and a less than 3.5-fold enhancement with mismatched DNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boonsong Ditmangklo
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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Hall LM, Gerowska M, Brown T. A highly fluorescent DNA toolkit: synthesis and properties of oligonucleotides containing new Cy3, Cy5 and Cy3B monomers. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:e108. [PMID: 22495935 PMCID: PMC3413114 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cy3B is an extremely bright and stable fluorescent dye, which is only available for coupling to nucleic acids post-synthetically. This severely limits its use in the fields of genomics, biology and nanotechnology. We have optimized the synthesis of Cy3B, and for the first time produced a diverse range of Cy3B monomers for use in solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. This molecular toolkit includes phosphoramidite monomers with Cy3B linked to deoxyribose, to the 5-position of thymine, and to a hexynyl linker, in addition to an oligonucleotide synthesis resin in which Cy3B is linked to deoxyribose. These monomers have been used to incorporate single and multiple Cy3B units into oligonucleotides internally and at both termini. Cy3B Taqman probes, Scorpions and HyBeacons have been synthesized and used successfully in mutation detection, and a dual Cy3B Molecular Beacon was synthesized and found to be superior to the corresponding Cy3B/DABCYL Beacon. Attachment of Cy3, Cy3B and Cy5 to the 5-position of thymidine by an ethynyl linker enabled the synthesis of an oligonucleotide FRET system. The rigid linker between the dye and nucleobase minimizes dye–dye and dye–DNA interactions and reduces fluorescence quenching. These reagents open up new future applications of Cy3B, including more sensitive single-molecule and cell-imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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Østergaard ME, Maity J, Babu BR, Wengel J, Hrdlicka PJ. Novel insights into the use of Glowing LNA as nucleic acid detection probes--influence of labeling density and nucleobases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7265-8. [PMID: 21071224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Appropriately designed 2'-N-(pyren-1-yl)carbonyl-2'-amino-LNA (locked nucleic acid) display large increases in fluorescence intensity and remarkably high quantum yields upon hybridization with nucleic acid targets. Thermal denaturation and fluorescence spectroscopy studies on ONs modified with known thymine monomer X and novel 5-methylcytosine monomer Y provide new insights into the design principles and mechanism of these Glowing LNA nucleic acid detection probes.
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7
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Østergaard ME, Cheguru P, Papasani MR, Hill RA, Hrdlicka PJ. Glowing Locked Nucleic Acids: Brightly Fluorescent Probes for Detection of Nucleic Acids in Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14221-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1057295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Østergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, Department of Animal Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2330, and Biological Applications of Nanotechnology (BANTech) Center, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844
| | - Pallavi Cheguru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, Department of Animal Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2330, and Biological Applications of Nanotechnology (BANTech) Center, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844
| | - Madhusudhan R. Papasani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, Department of Animal Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2330, and Biological Applications of Nanotechnology (BANTech) Center, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844
| | - Rodney A. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, Department of Animal Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2330, and Biological Applications of Nanotechnology (BANTech) Center, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844
| | - Patrick J. Hrdlicka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, Department of Animal Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2330, and Biological Applications of Nanotechnology (BANTech) Center, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844
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8
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Gupta P, Langkjær N, Wengel J. Synthesis and biophysical studies of coronene functionalized 2'-amino-LNA: a novel class of fluorescent nucleic acids. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:513-20. [PMID: 20099893 DOI: 10.1021/bc900421r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of 2'-N-(coronen-1-yl)methyl-2'-amino-LNA monomer X or 2'-N-4-(coronen-1-yl)-4-oxobutanoyl-2'-amino-LNA monomer Y into short DNA strands induces high binding affinity toward DNA or RNA and a marked red-shift in steady-state fluorescence emission upon hybridization to cDNA or RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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9
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Kodama T, Matsuo C, Ori H, Miyoshi T, Obika S, Miyashita K, Imanishi T. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel bridged nucleic acid, 2′,5′-BNAON, with S-type sugar conformation fixed by N–O linkage. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Astakhova IV, Korshun VA, Jahn K, Kjems J, Wengel J. Perylene attached to 2'-amino-LNA: synthesis, incorporation into oligonucleotides, and remarkable fluorescence properties in vitro and in cell culture. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1995-2007. [PMID: 18771303 DOI: 10.1021/bc800202v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During recent years, fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides have been extensively investigated within diagnostic approaches. Among a large variety of available fluorochromes, the polyaromatic hydrocarbon perylene is an object of increasing interest due to its high fluorescence quantum yield, long-wave emission compared to widely used pyrene, and photostability. These properties make perylene an attractive label for fluorescence-based detection in vitro and in vivo. Herein, the synthesis of 2'- N-(perylen-3-yl)carbonyl-2'-amino-LNA monomer X and its incorporation into oligonucleotides is described. Modification X induces high thermal stability of DNA:DNA and DNA:RNA duplexes, high Watson-Crick mismatch selectivity, red-shifted fluorescence emission compared to pyrene, and high fluorescence quantum yields. The thermal denaturation temperatures of duplexes involving two modified strands are remarkably higher than those for double-stranded DNAs containing modification X in only one strand, suggesting interstrand communication between perylene moieties in the studied 'zipper' motifs. Fluorescence of single-stranded oligonucleotides having three monomers X is quenched compared to modified monomer (quantum yields Phi F = 0.03-0.04 and 0.67, respectively). However, hybridization to DNA/RNA complements leads to Phi F increase of up to 0.20-0.25. We explain it by orientation of the fluorochrome attached to the 2'-position of 2'-amino-LNA in the minor groove of the nucleic acid duplexes, thus protecting perylene fluorescence from quenching with nucleobases or from the environment. At the same time, the presence of a single mismatch in DNA or RNA targets results in up to 8-fold decreased fluorescence intensity of the duplex. Thus, distortion of the duplex geometry caused by even one mismatched nucleotide induces remarkable quenching of fluorescence. Additionally, a perylene-LNA probe is successfully applied for detection of mRNA in vivo providing excitation wavelength, which completely eliminates cell autofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Astakhova
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Venkatesan N, Seo YJ, Kim BH. Quencher-free molecular beacons: a new strategy in fluorescence based nucleic acid analysis. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:648-63. [PMID: 18362974 DOI: 10.1039/b705468h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular beacons (MBs) have been used as viable fluorescent probes in nucleic acid analysis. Many researchers around the world continue to modify the MBs to suit their needs. As a result, a number of nucleic acid probing systems with close resemblance to the MBs are being reported from time to time. Quencher-free molecular beacons (QF-MBs) are a significant modification of the conventional MB; in QF-MBs the quencher part has been eliminated. Despite the absence of the quencher, the QF-MBs can identify specific target DNA. They can also be used in SNP typing and in real-time PCR analysis for quantification of DNAs. The design, factors behind functioning and applications of different types of QF-MBs and closely related quencher-free nucleic acid probing systems (QF-NAPs) have been described in this tutorial review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Venkatesan
- Laboratory for Modified Nucleic Acid Systems, Department of Chemistry, BK School of Molecular Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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12
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Socher E, Jarikote DV, Knoll A, Röglin L, Burmeister J, Seitz O. FIT probes: peptide nucleic acid probes with a fluorescent base surrogate enable real-time DNA quantification and single nucleotide polymorphism discovery. Anal Biochem 2008; 375:318-30. [PMID: 18249184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to accurately quantify specific nucleic acid molecules in complex biomolecule solutions in real time is important in diagnostic and basic research. Here we describe a DNA-PNA (peptide nucleic acid) hybridization assay that allows sensitive quantification of specific nucleic acids in solution and concomitant detection of select single base mutations in resulting DNA-PNA duplexes. The technique employs so-called FIT (forced intercalation) probes in which one base is replaced by a thiazole orange (TO) dye molecule. If a DNA molecule that is complementary to the FIT-PNA molecule (except at the site of the dye) hybridizes to the probe, the TO dye exhibits intense fluorescence because stacking in the duplexes enforces a coplanar arrangement even in the excited state. However, a base mismatch at either position immediately adjacent to the TO dye dramatically decreases fluorescence, presumably because the TO dye has room to undergo torsional motions that lead to rapid depletion of the excited state. Of note, we found that the use of d-ornithine rather than aminoethylglycine as the PNA backbone increases the intensity of fluorescence emitted by matched probe-target duplexes while specificity of fluorescence signaling under nonstringent conditions is also increased. The usefulness of the ornithine-containing FIT probes was demonstrated in the real-time PCR analysis providing a linear measurement range over at least seven orders of magnitude. The analysis of two important single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CFTR gene confirmed the ability of FIT probes to facilitate unambiguous SNP calls for genomic DNA by quantitative PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Socher
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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French DJ, McDowell DG, Debenham P, Gale N, Brown T. HyBeacon probes for rapid DNA sequence detection and allele discrimination. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 429:171-185. [PMID: 18695966 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-040-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
HyBeacon probes are single-stranded oligonucleotides with one or more internal base(s) labeled with a fluorescent dye. When a probe forms a duplex with its target sequence, the level of fluorescence emission increases considerably. HyBeacons have been developed as new tools for rapid sequence detection and discrimination and have been employed in a wide variety of applications including infectious diagnostics and analysis of human polymorphisms. Single-labeled (FVG1) and dual-labeled (FVG11) probes were designed to analyze the factor V Leiden (R506Q) polymorphism which causes an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Detection and identification of factor V alleles is performed by melting curve analysis and determination of probe melting temperature (T(m)). HyBeacon hybridization to the glutamine allele (Q) causes the formation of mismatched DNA duplexes that are detected through decreases in T(m). HyBeacon probes are included in homogeneous PCR assays to genotype samples with respect to the factor V polymorphism within 20 min, using purified DNAs and unpurified saliva/blood samples. This paper describes the preparation of homogeneous PCR assays, LightCycler target amplification, and subsequent melting curve analysis. This chapter also describes the use of homologous oligonucleotides and melting curve analysis as a method for probe evaluation.
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Saito Y, Mizuno E, Bag SS, Suzuka I, Saito I. Design of a novel G-quenched molecular beacon: a simple and efficient strategy for DNA sequence analysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:4492-4. [PMID: 17971966 DOI: 10.1039/b709715h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
G-quenched MBs are devised from readily available starting materials and used for sequence specific DNA detection with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Saito
- Department of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, School of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8642, Japan.
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Ryu JH, Seo YJ, Hwang GT, Lee JY, Kim BH. Triad base pairs containing fluorene unit for quencher-free SNP typing. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Synthesis of oligo-2′-O-methylribonucleotides containing α-amino acid residues in 2′-position. Russ Chem Bull 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-007-0120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Bethge L, Jarikote DV, Seitz O. New cyanine dyes as base surrogates in PNA: forced intercalation probes (FIT-probes) for homogeneous SNP detection. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 16:114-25. [PMID: 17981472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Forced intercalation probes (FIT-probes) are nucleic acid probes, in which an intercalator cyanine dye such as thiazole orange (TO) serves as a replacement of a canonical nucleobase. These probes signal hybridization by showing strong increases of fluorescence. TO in FIT-probes responds to adjacent base mismatches by attenuation of fluorescence intensities at conditions where both matched and mismatched target DNA are bound. The interesting features of TO labeled FIT-probes posed the question whether the forced intercalation concept can be extended to other cyanine dyes of the thiazole orange family. Herein, we present the synthesis of three asymmetrical cyanine dyes and their incorporation into PNA-conjugates by means of both divergent and linear solid-phase synthesis. Melting analysis revealed that the DNA affinity of PNA probes remained high irrespective of the replacement of a nucleobase by the cyanines YO (oxazole yellow), MO or JO. Of the three new tested dye-PNA-conjugates, the YO-containing PNA has properties useful for homogeneous SNP detection. YO-PNA is demonstrated to signal the presence of fully complementary DNA by up to 20-fold enhancement of fluorescence. In addition, YO emission discriminates against single base mismatches by attenuation of fluorescence. Oxazole yellow (YO) as a base surrogate in PNA may prove useful in the multiplex detection of single base mutations at non-stringent conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Bethge
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Holland CA, Kiechle FL. Point-of-care molecular diagnostic systems — past, present and future. Curr Opin Microbiol 2005; 8:504-9. [PMID: 16098787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The field of molecular diagnostics has greatly decreased the time it takes to identify infectious agents and to test their antimicrobial resistance. Portable devices are currently in development that can easily identify a variety of nucleic acid targets (either DNA or RNA) from multiple sample types in under an hour. This is done by a variety of methods including real-time polymerase chain reaction, probe-based assays, bioluminescence real-time amplification, and microarray or micro-pump technologies. These self-contained systems require only minimal training and perform all steps of the assay from extraction through detection with little or no operator intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Holland
- William Beaumont Hospital, Department of Clinical Pathology, Royal Oak, MI 48073-6769, USA.
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Abstract
Synthetic chemistry has been central to the design of modern methods of genetic analysis. In this article, we discuss the underlying chemistry and biophysical principles that have been used in the development of robust methods for the analysis of DNA in the diagnostic laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan T Ranasinghe
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK SO17 1BJ
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Sørensen MD, Petersen M, Wengel J. Functionalized LNA (locked nucleic acid): high-affinity hybridization of oligonucleotides containing N-acylated and N-alkylated 2′-amino-LNA monomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2003:2130-1. [PMID: 13678165 DOI: 10.1039/b307026c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, synthesis and very efficient hybridization for a series of N-acylated and N-alkylated derivatives of 2'-amino-LNA are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads D Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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