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Abstract
Endogenous photosensitizers play a critical role in both beneficial and harmful light-induced transformations in biological systems. Understanding their mode of action is essential for advancing fields such as photomedicine, photoredox catalysis, environmental science, and the development of sun care products. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of endogenous photosensitizers in human skin, investigating the connections between their electronic excitation and the subsequent activation or damage of organic biomolecules. We gather the physicochemical and photochemical properties of key endogenous photosensitizers and examine the relationships between their chemical reactivity, location within the skin, and the primary biochemical events following solar radiation exposure, along with their influence on skin physiology and pathology. An important take-home message of this review is that photosensitization allows visible light and UV-A radiation to have large effects on skin. The analysis presented here unveils potential causes for the continuous increase in global skin cancer cases and emphasizes the limitations of current sun protection approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick L Bastos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank H Quina
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vos E, Scott TR, González-Vázquez J, Corral I, Truhlar DG, Gagliardi L. Intrastrand Photolesion Formation in Thio-Substituted DNA: A Case Study Including Single-Reference and Multireference Methods. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10422-10433. [PMID: 33284609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The substitution of canonical nucleobases by thiated analogues in natural DNA has been exploited in pharmacology, photochemotherapy, and structural biology. Thionucleobases react with adjacent thymines leading to 6-4 pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs), which are a major source of DNA photodamage, in particular intrastrand cross-linked photolesions. Here, we study the mechanism responsible for the formation of 6-4PPs in thionucleobases by employing quantum-mechanical calculations. We use multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory, complete active space second-order perturbation theory, and Kohn-Sham density functional theory. Scrutinizing the photochemistry of thionucleobases can elucidate the reaction mechanism of these prodrugs and identify the role that triplet excited states play in the generation of photolesions in the natural biopolymer. Three different possible mechanisms to generate the 6-4PPs are presented, and we conclude that the use of multireference approaches is indispensable to capture important features of the potential energy surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vos
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Thais R Scott
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jesús González-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IadChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IadChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Fingerhut BP, Heil K, Kaya E, Oesterling S, de Vivie-Riedle R, Carell T. Mechanism of UV-induced Dewar lesion repair catalysed by DNA (6-4) photolyase. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20122d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Heil K, Pearson D, Carell T. Chemical investigation of light induced DNA bipyrimidine damage and repair. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 40:4271-8. [PMID: 21076781 DOI: 10.1039/c000407n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In all organisms, genetic information is stored in DNA and RNA. Both of these macromolecules are damaged by many exogenous and endogenous events, with UV irradiation being one of the major sources of damage. The major photolesions formed are the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), pyrimidine-pyrimidone-(6-4)-photoproducts, Dewar valence isomers and, for dehydrated spore DNA, 5-(α-thyminyl)-5,6-dihydrothymine (SP). In order to be able to investigate how nature's repair and tolerance mechanisms protect the integrity of genetic information, oligonucleotides containing sequence and site-specific UV lesions are essential. This tutorial review provides an overview of synthetic procedures by which these oligonucleotides can be generated, either through phosphoramidite chemistry or direct irradiation of DNA. Moreover, a brief summary on their usage in analysing repair and tolerance processes as well as their biological effects is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Heil
- Center for Integrative Protein Science CiPSM at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Glas AF, Kaya E, Schneider S, Heil K, Fazio D, Maul MJ, Carell T. DNA (6-4) photolyases reduce Dewar isomers for isomerization into (6-4) lesions. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:3254-5. [PMID: 20166732 DOI: 10.1021/ja910917f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Repair of the Dewar valence isomers by (6-4) photolyases proceeds via an enzyme catalyzed ring-opening reaction of the Dewar lesion to the (6-4) photoproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Glas
- Center for Integrative Protein Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Glas AF, Schneider S, Maul MJ, Hennecke U, Carell T. Crystal structure of the T(6-4)C lesion in complex with a (6-4) DNA photolyase and repair of UV-induced (6-4) and Dewar photolesions. Chemistry 2009; 15:10387-96. [PMID: 19722240 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UV-light irradiation induces the formation of highly mutagenic lesions in DNA, such as cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD photoproducts), pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproducts ((6-4) photoproducts) and their Dewar valence isomers ((Dew) photoproducts). Here we describe the synthesis of defined DNA strands containing these lesions by direct irradiation. We show that all lesions are efficiently repaired except for the T(Dew)T lesion, which cannot be cleaved by the repair enzyme under our conditions. A crystal structure of a T(6-4)C lesion containing DNA duplex in complex with the (6-4) photolyase from Drosophila melanogaster provides insight into the molecular recognition event of a cytosine derived photolesion for the first time. In light of the previously postulated repair mechanism, which involves rearrangement of the (6-4) lesions into strained four-membered ring repair intermediates, it is surprising that the not rearranged T(6-4)C lesion is observed in the active site. The structure, therefore, provides additional support for the newly postulated repair mechanism that avoids this rearrangement step and argues for a direct electron injection into the lesion as the first step of the repair reaction performed by (6-4) DNA photolyases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Glas
- Department for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Guérineau V, Matus SKA, Halgand F, Laprévote O, Clivio P. Studies on the chemical synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides containing the s 5T(6-4)T photoproduct: side reactions derived from the methylsulfenyl thiol protection elucidated by MALDI mass spectrometry. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:899-907. [PMID: 15007420 DOI: 10.1039/b314831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to incorporate the phosphoramidite of the thymine-thymine (6-4) photoproduct C5 thiol analogue (s(5)T(6-4)T PP), whose sulfur atom was protected with the methylsulfenyl group, into oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), are reported. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) coupled to enzymatic digestion, accurate mass measurements and tandem mass spectrometry experiments, we demonstrated that ODNs containing the (2-cyanoethylthio)(5)T(6-4)T PP were obtained. Supported by model reactions, these results were explained 1) by the incorporation, during oligonucleotide synthesis, of the sulfur deprotected phosphoramidite that arose from a Michaelis-Arbusov-type rearrangement, and 2) the Michael addition to the thiol of acrylonitrile released upon the cyanoethyl phosphotriester deprotection. To avoid the formation of the cyanoethyl adduct, the phosphotriester deprotection was carried out in the presence of a thiol in excess. This afforded the ODN containing the h(5)T(6-4)T PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Guérineau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, avenue de la Terrasse, F-91 198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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