1
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Büchler J, Malca SH, Patsch D, Voss M, Turner NJ, Bornscheuer UT, Allemann O, Le Chapelain C, Lumbroso A, Loiseleur O, Buller R. Algorithm-aided engineering of aliphatic halogenase WelO5* for the asymmetric late-stage functionalization of soraphens. Nat Commun 2022; 13:371. [PMID: 35042883 PMCID: PMC8766452 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization of natural products offers an elegant route to create novel entities in a relevant biological target space. In this context, enzymes capable of halogenating sp3 carbons with high stereo- and regiocontrol under benign conditions have attracted particular attention. Enabled by a combination of smart library design and machine learning, we engineer the iron/α-ketoglutarate dependent halogenase WelO5* for the late-stage functionalization of the complex and chemically difficult to derivatize macrolides soraphen A and C, potent anti-fungal agents. While the wild type enzyme WelO5* does not accept the macrolide substrates, our engineering strategy leads to active halogenase variants and improves upon their apparent kcat and total turnover number by more than 90-fold and 300-fold, respectively. Notably, our machine-learning guided engineering approach is capable of predicting more active variants and allows us to switch the regio-selectivity of the halogenases facilitating the targeted analysis of the derivatized macrolides’ structure-function activity in biological assays. The late-stage functionalization of unactivated carbon–hydrogen bonds is a difficult but important task, which has been met with promising but limited success through synthetic organic chemistry. Here the authors use machine learning to engineer WelO5* halogenase variants, which led to regioselective chlorination of inert C–H bonds on a representative polyketide that is a non-natural substrate for the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Büchler
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.,School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sumire Honda Malca
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - David Patsch
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.,Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Moritz Voss
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Allemann
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland.,Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexandre Lumbroso
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Loiseleur
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland.
| | - Rebecca Buller
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
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2
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Molecular Conformations and Biological Activity of N-Hetaryl(aryl)alkyl-4-methyl-2,2-dioxo-1H-2λ6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxamides. Sci Pharm 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm86040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of our previous studies on the search for synthetic analgesics among N-R-amides of bicyclic hetaryl-3-carboxylic acids has been performed; on its basis N-hetaryl(aryl)-alkyl-4-methyl-2,2-dioxo-1H-2λ6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxamides have been selected as new study objects. The “one pot synthesis” of these compounds, which is simple to perform and at the same time highly effective, has been offered. The method consists in the initial reaction of 4-methyl-2,2-dioxo-1H-2λ6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid and N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide with the subsequent amidation of imidazolide formed with hetarylalkyl- or benzylamines in the same solvent. The peculiarities of 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of the substances obtained, as well as their electrospray ionization liquid chromato-mass spectra are discussed. According to the results of the pharmacological tests carried out on the model of carrageenan inflammation it has been found that all without exception N-hetaryl(aryl)alkyl-4-methyl-2,2-dioxo-1H-2λ6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxamides demonstrate the statistically significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Among the substances presented in this article analgesics and antiphlogistics, which increase the pain threshold and suppress the inflammatory response more effectively than Lornoxicam and Diclofenac in the same doses, have been identified. The molecular and crystal structures of a large group of the substances synthesized have been studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. Comparison of these data with the results of biological tests has revealed the fact of excellent correlation between the molecular conformations of N-hetaryl(aryl)alkyl-4-methyl-2,2-dioxo-1H-2λ6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxamides recorded in the crystal and the potency of their analgesic effect. N-Thiophen-2-ylmethyl- and N-4-methoxybenzyl-amides of 4-methyl-2,2-dioxo-1H-2λ6,1-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid has shown a high analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect, therefore, they deserve more careful research.
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3
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Woods LM, Arico JW, Frein JD, Sackett DL, Taylor RE. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 7-Deoxy-Epothilone Analogues. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E648. [PMID: 28304361 PMCID: PMC5372660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of two deoxygenated analogues of potent epothilones is reported in an effort to analyze the relative importance of molecular conformation and ligand-target interactions to biological activity. 7-deoxy-epothilone D and 7-deoxy-(S)-14-methoxy-epothilone D were prepared through total synthesis and shown to maintain the conformational preferences of their biologically active parent congeners through computer modeling and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. The significant decrease in observed potency for each compound suggests that a hydrogen bond between the C7-hydroxyl group and the tubulin binding site plays a critical role in the energetics of binding in the epothilone class of polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Woods
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Harper Cancer Research Institute, and the Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery & Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Joseph W Arico
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Harper Cancer Research Institute, and the Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery & Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Frein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Harper Cancer Research Institute, and the Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery & Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Dan L Sackett
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Richard E Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Harper Cancer Research Institute, and the Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery & Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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4
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Wang Q, Sciabola S, Barreiro G, Hou X, Bai G, Shapiro MJ, Koehn F, Villalobos A, Jacobson MP. Dihedral Angle-Based Sampling of Natural Product Polyketide Conformations: Application to Permeability Prediction. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:2194-2206. [PMID: 27731994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrocycles pose challenges for computer-aided drug design due to their conformational complexity. One fundamental challenge is identifying all low-energy conformations of the macrocyclic ring, which is important for modeling target binding, passive membrane permeation, and other conformation-dependent properties. Macrocyclic polyketides are medically and biologically important natural products characterized by structural and functional diversity. Advances in synthetic biology and semisynthetic methods may enable creation of an even more diverse set of non-natural product polyketides for drug discovery and other applications. However, the conformational sampling of these flexible compounds remains demanding. We developed and optimized a dihedral angle-based macrocycle conformational sampling method for macrocycles of arbitrary structure, and here we apply it to diverse polyketide natural products. First, we evaluated its performance using a data set of 37 polyketides with available crystal structures, with 9-22 rotatable bonds in the macrocyclic ring. Our optimized protocol was able to reproduce the crystal structure of polyketides' aglycone backbone within 0.50 Å RMSD for 31 out of 37 polyketides. Consistent with prior structural studies, our analysis suggests that polyketides tend to have multiple distinct low-energy structures, including the bioactive (target-bound) conformation as well as others of unknown significance. For this reason, we also introduce a strategy to improve both efficiency and accuracy of the conformational search by utilizing torsional restraints derived from NMR vicinal proton couplings to restrict the conformational search. Finally, as a first application of the method, we made blinded predictions of the passive membrane permeability of a diverse set of polyketides, based on their predicted structures in low- and high-dielectric media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Simone Sciabola
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gabriela Barreiro
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xinjun Hou
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | | | - Anabella Villalobos
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew P Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Ranade AR, Higgins L, Markowski TW, Glaser N, Kashin D, Bai R, Hong KH, Hamel E, Höfle G, Georg GI. Characterizing the Epothilone Binding Site on β-Tubulin by Photoaffinity Labeling: Identification of β-Tubulin Peptides TARGSQQY and TSRGSQQY as Targets of an Epothilone Photoprobe for Polymerized Tubulin. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3499-514. [PMID: 26986898 PMCID: PMC4845752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoaffinity labeling with an epothilone A photoprobe led to the identification of the β-tubulin peptides TARGSQQY and TSRGSQQY as targets of the photoprobe for polymerized tubulin. These peptides represent residues 274-281 in different β-tubulin isotypes. Placing the carbene producing 21-diazo/triazolo moiety of the photoprobe in the vicinity of the TARGSQQY peptide in a homology model of TBB3 predicted a binding pose and conformation of the photoprobe that are very similar to the ones reported for 1) the high resolution cocrystal structure of epothilone A with an α,β-tubulin complex and for 2) a saturation transfer difference NMR and transferred NOESY NMR study of dimeric and polymerized tubulin. Our findings thus provide additional support for these models as physiologically the most relevant among several modes of binding that have been proposed for epothilone A in the taxane pocket of β-tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwait R. Ranade
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - LeeAnn Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Todd W. Markowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nicole Glaser
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dmitry Kashin
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Kwon Ho Hong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Gerhard Höfle
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gunda I. Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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6
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Larsen EM, Wilson MR, Taylor RE. Conformation-activity relationships of polyketide natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1183-206. [PMID: 25974024 PMCID: PMC4443481 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyketides represent an important class of secondary metabolites that interact with biological targets connected to a variety of disease-associated pathways. Remarkably, nature's assembly lines, polyketide synthases, manufacture these privileged structures through a combinatorial mixture of just a few structural units. This review highlights the role of these structural elements in shaping a polyketide's conformational preferences, the use of computer-based molecular modeling and solution NMR studies in the identification of low-energy conformers, and the importance of conformational analogues in probing the bound conformation. In particular, this review covers several examples wherein conformational analysis complements classic structure-activity relationships in the design of biologically active natural product analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Larsen
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 250 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
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7
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Lopes Jesus AJ, Jarmelo S, Fausto R, Reva I. Conformational preferences of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 140:54-64. [PMID: 25589387 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The conformational space of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), an important dopamine metabolite, has been investigated by quantum chemical methods (B3LYP and MP2, with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set) and matrix-isolation infrared spectroscopy. Detailed analysis of the calculated potential energy surfaces of the molecule led to identification of thirteen unique conformers, all of them showing the acetic acid side chain out of the aromatic ring plane by 60-95°. According to the calculated Gibbs energies, the five lowest energy conformers make up 99.7% of the conformational mixture at 298.15K, exhibiting individual populations falling between 16% and 24%. The main conformational trends of this molecule were interpreted on the grounds of a thorough analysis of the structural parameters and by the application of the Natural Bond Orbital theory. The role of the intramolecular interactions on the relative stability and structure of the conformers was also investigated. The infrared spectrum of DOPAC was registered after isolation of its monomers in argon and xenon matrices. Only one of DOPAC forms populated in the gas phase could be trapped in both matrix gases. This result is in agreement with the predicted low energy barriers for conformational isomerization and is also supported by annealing experiments. The spectra of matrix-isolated model compounds, phenylacetic acid and catechol, were studied under the same experimental conditions. These data were used as references and assisted in the interpretation of the results obtained for DOPAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Lopes Jesus
- Centre of Chemistry - Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - S Jarmelo
- Centre of Chemistry - Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R Fausto
- Centre of Chemistry - Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I Reva
- Centre of Chemistry - Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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8
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Giuliano MW, Miller SJ. Site-Selective Reactions with Peptide-Based Catalysts. SITE-SELECTIVE CATALYSIS 2015; 372:157-201. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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9
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Jiménez VA, Alderete JB, Navarrete KR. Structural insight into epothilones antitumor activity based on the conformational preferences and tubulin binding modes of epothilones A and B obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:789-803. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.911702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica A. Jiménez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello Sede Concepción, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano, 7100 Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Joel B. Alderete
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Karen R. Navarrete
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion, Chile
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10
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Ganesh T, Brodie PJ, Banerjee A, Bane S, Kingston DGI. Synthesis of isotopically labeled epothilones. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 57:78-81. [PMID: 24307484 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The epothilones, including epothilones B and D, are macrocyclic lactones, which have potent cytotoxicities and promote the polymerization of tubulin to mictotubules by binding to and stabilizing the tubulin polymer. They have a very similar mechanism of action to paclitaxel (Taxol®). The determination of the microtubule-binding conformation of the epothilones is an important piece of information in designing improved analogs for possible clinical use, and internuclear distance information that will assist the determination of this conformation can be obtained by rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) NMR studies of microtubule-bound epothilones with appropriate stable isotope labels. Analogs of epothilone B and epothilone D with [(2) H3 ] and [(19) F] labels were prepared from an advanced precursor for potential use in REDOR NMR studies to determine internuclear distances in tubulin-bound ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thota Ganesh
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, M/C 0212, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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11
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Larsen EM, Wilson MR, Zajicek J, Taylor RE. Conformational preferences of zampanolide and dactylolide. Org Lett 2013; 15:5246-9. [PMID: 24102367 DOI: 10.1021/ol402462h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The solution conformation behavior of the macrolide core of microtubule-stabilizing agents (-)-zampanolide and (-)-dactylolide has been determined through a combination of high-field NMR experiments and computational modeling. Taken together, the results demonstrate that in solution both molecules exist as a mixture of three interconverting conformational families, one of which bears strong resemblance to zampanolide's tubulin-bound conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Larsen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame , 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, United States
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12
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Sang F, Feng P, Chen J, Ding Y, Duan X, Zhai J, Ma X, Zhang B, Zhang Q, Lin J, Chen Y. Epothilone D and its 9-Methyl analogues: combinatorial syntheses, conformation, and biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:321-32. [PMID: 23994325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Epothilone D (Epo D) and its 9-Methyl conformational analogues were synthesized through a highly efficient combinatorial approach. The fragment E was synthesized in 11 total steps with 6 longest linear steps, and each aldehyde B was prepared via a 3-step sequence. Starting from the common precursor E and a suitable aldehydes B, each target molecule were obtained in only 4 steps. The 9-(S)-epo D and 9-(R)-epo D demonstrated significant difference in inhibition activities against cancer cell lines and in conformational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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13
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Coderch C, Klett J, Morreale A, Díaz JF, Gago F. Comparative Binding Energy (COMBINE) Analysis Supports a Proposal for the Binding Mode of Epothilones to β-Tubulin. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:836-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Zhan W, Jiang Y, Banerjee A, Brodie PJ, Bane S, Kingston DGI, Liotta DC, Snyder JP. C6-C8 bridged epothilones: consequences of installing a conformational lock at the edge of the macrocycle. Chemistry 2011; 17:14792-804. [PMID: 22127984 PMCID: PMC3248799 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of conformationally restrained epothilone analogues with a short bridge between the methyl groups at C6 and C8 was designed to mimic the binding pose assigned to our recently reported EpoA-microtubule binding model. A versatile synthetic route to these bridged epothilone analogues has been successfully devised and implemented. Biological evaluation of the compounds against A2780 human ovarian cancer and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines suggested that the introduction of a bridge between C6-C8 reduced potency by 25-1000 fold in comparison with natural epothilone D. Tubulin assembly measurements indicate these bridged epothilone analogues to be mildly active, but without significant microtubule stabilization capacity. Molecular mechanics and DFT energy evaluations suggest the mild activity of the bridged epo-analogues may be due to internal conformational strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA), Fax: (+1) 404-712-8670
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA), Fax: (+1) 404-712-8670
| | - Abhijit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902-6016 (USA)
| | - Peggy J. Brodie
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 (USA)
| | - Susan Bane
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902-6016 (USA)
| | - David G. I. Kingston
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 (USA)
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA), Fax: (+1) 404-712-8670
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA), Fax: (+1) 404-712-8670
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15
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Smith AB, Risatti CA, Atasoylu O, Bennett CS, Liu J, Cheng H, TenDyke K, Xu Q. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of diminutive forms of (+)-spongistatin 1: lessons learned. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14042-53. [PMID: 21761891 PMCID: PMC3164888 DOI: 10.1021/ja2046167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of two diminutive forms of (+)-spongistatin 1, in conjunction with the development of a potentially general design strategy to simplify highly flexible macrocyclic molecules while maintaining biological activity, have been achieved. Examination of the solution conformations of (+)-spongistatin 1 revealed a common conformational preference along the western perimeter comprising the ABEF rings. Exploiting the hypothesis that the small-molecule recognition/binding domains are likely to comprise the conformationally less mobile portions of a ligand led to the design of analogues, incorporating tethers (blue) in place of the CD and the ABCD components of the (+)-spongistatin 1 macrolide, such that the conformation of the retained (+)-spongistatin 1 skeleton would mimic the assigned solution conformations of the natural product. The observed nanomolar cytotoxicity and microtubule destabilizing activity of the ABEF analogue provide support for both the assigned solution conformation of (+)-spongistatin 1 and the validity of the design strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, 19104, United States.
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Erdélyi M, Navarro-Vázquez A, Pfeiffer B, Kuzniewski CN, Felser A, Widmer T, Gertsch J, Pera B, Díaz JF, Altmann KH, Carlomagno T. The binding mode of side chain- and C3-modified epothilones to tubulin. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:911-20. [PMID: 20432490 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The tubulin-binding mode of C3- and C15-modified analogues of epothilone A (Epo A) was determined by NMR spectroscopy and computational methods and compared with the existing structural models of tubulin-bound natural Epo A. Only minor differences were observed in the conformation of the macrocycle between Epo A and the C3-modified analogues investigated. In particular, 3-deoxy- (compound 2) and 3-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-Epo A (3) were found to adopt similar conformations in the tubulin-binding cleft as Epo A, thus indicating that the 3-OH group is not essential for epothilones to assume their bioactive conformation. None of the available models of the tubulin-epothilone complex is able to fully recapitulate the differences in tubulin-polymerizing activity and microtubule-binding affinity between C20-modified epothilones 6 (C20-propyl), 7 (C20-butyl), and 8 (C20-hydroxypropyl). Based on the results of transferred NOE experiments in the presence of tubulin, the isomeric C15 quinoline-based Epo B analogues 4 and 5 show very similar orientations of the side chain, irrespective of the position of the nitrogen atom in the quinoline ring. The quinoline side chain stacks on the imidazole moiety of beta-His227 with equal efficiency in both cases, thus suggesting that the aromatic side chain moiety in epothilones contributes to tubulin binding through strong van der Waals interactions with the protein rather than hydrogen bonding involving the heteroaromatic nitrogen atom. These conclusions are in line with existing tubulin polymerization and microtubule-binding data for 4, 5, and Epo B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Erdélyi
- NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Chen QH, Ganesh T, Jiang Y, Banerjee A, Sharma S, Bane S, Snyder JP, Kingston DGI. Novel epothilone lactones by an unusual diversion of the Grubbs' metathesis reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2019-21. [PMID: 20221478 DOI: 10.1039/b926174e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An unusual reaction with Grubbs' catalyst during the synthesis of bridged epothilones yielded five-membered internal lactones instead of the expected metathesis products. Three of the lactones have activities comparable to epothilone D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, M/C 0212, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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18
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Jogalekar AS, Kriel FH, Shi Q, Cornett B, Cicero D, Snyder JP. The discodermolide hairpin structure flows from conformationally stable modular motifs. J Med Chem 2010; 53:155-65. [PMID: 19894728 DOI: 10.1021/jm9015284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
(+)-Discodermolide (DDM), a polyketide macrolide from marine sponge, is a potent microtubule assembly promoter. Reported solid-state, solution, and protein-bound DDM conformations reveal the unusual result that a common hairpin conformational motif exists in all three microenvironments. No other flexible microtubule binding agent exhibits such constancy of conformation. In the present study, we combine force-field conformational searches with NMR deconvolution in different solvents to compare DDM conformers with those observed in other environments. While several conformational families are perceived, the hairpin form dominates. The stability of this motif is dictated primarily by steric factors arising from repeated modular segments in DDM composed of the C(Me)-CHX-C(Me) fragment. Furthermore, docking protocols were utilized to probe the DDM binding mode in beta-tubulin. A previously suggested pose is substantiated (Pose-1), while an alternative (Pose-2) has been identified. SAR analysis for DDM analogues differentiates the two poses and suggests that Pose-2 is better able to accommodate the biodata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh S Jogalekar
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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19
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Frein JD, Taylor RE, Sackett DL. New sources of chemical diversity inspired by biosynthesis: rational design of a potent epothilone analogue. Org Lett 2009; 11:3186-9. [PMID: 19572566 DOI: 10.1021/ol900971r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A concise total synthesis of (S)-14-methoxyepothilone D has been accomplished. (S)-14-Methoxyepothilone D represents a conceptually novel example of polyketide analogue design based on an alternative biogenetic pattern of extender units. The significant biological activity observed for this compound provides a foundation to support studies designed to prepare derivatives of this type through fermentation of genetically engineered organisms expressing the epothilone PKS gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Frein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, USA
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20
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Hurski AL, Sokolov NA, Kulinkovich OG. A cyclopropanol approach to the synthesis of both enantiomers of the C13–C21 fragment of epothilones. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Altmann KH. Preclinical pharmacology and structure-activity studies of epothilones. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2009; 90:157-220. [PMID: 19209843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-78207-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland.
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22
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Chen QH, Ganesh T, Brodie P, Slebodnick C, Jiang Y, Banerjee A, Bane S, Snyder JP, Kingston DGI. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of bridged epothilone D analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4542-52. [PMID: 19039362 PMCID: PMC2790820 DOI: 10.1039/b814823f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Six epothilone D analogues with a bridge between the C4-methyl and the C12-methyl carbons were prepared in an attempt to constrain epothilone D to its proposed tubulin-binding conformation. Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) was employed as the key step to build the C4-C26 bridge. In antiproliferative assays in the human ovarian cancer (A2780) and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines, and also in tubulin assembly assay, all these compounds proved to be less active than epothilone D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, M/C 0212, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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23
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Feyen F, Jantsch A, Hauenstein K, Pfeiffer B, Altmann KH. Synthesis of 12-aza analogs of epothilones and (E)-9,10-dehydroepothilones. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Alhamadsheh MM, Gupta S, Hudson RA, Perera L, Tillekeratne LMV. Total synthesis and selective activity of a new class of conformationally restrained epothilones. Chemistry 2008; 14:570-81. [PMID: 17955508 PMCID: PMC2712887 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective total syntheses of two novel conformationally restrained epothilone analogues are described. Evans asymmetric alkylation, Brown allylation, and a diastereoselective aldol reaction served as the key steps in the stereoselective synthesis of one of the two key fragments of the convergent synthetic approach. Enzyme resolution was employed to obtain the second fragment as a single enantiomer. The molecules were assembled by esterification, followed by ring-closing metathesis. In preliminary cytotoxicity studies, one of the analogues showed strong and selective growth inhibitory activity against two leukemia cell lines over solid human tumor cell lines. The precise biological mechanism of action and high degree of selectivity of this analogue remain to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoun M. Alhamadsheh
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1)419-530-7946
| | - Shuchi Gupta
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1)419-530-7946
| | - Richard A. Hudson
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1)419-530-7946
| | - Lalith Perera
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (USA)
| | - L. M. Viranga Tillekeratne
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1)419-530-7946
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25
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Young J, Taylor RE. Evolution of polyketides: post-PKS processing in the formation of spiroketals. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:651-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b719088n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Gareiss PC, Palde PB, Hubbard RD, Miller BL. Conformational and Structural Analysis of ater-Cyclopentane Scaffold for Molecular Recognition. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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28
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Watkins EB, Chittiboyina AG, Avery MA. Recent Developments in the Syntheses of the Epothilones and Related Analogues. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Blake Watkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677‐1848, USA
| | - Amar G. Chittiboyina
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677‐1848, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Avery
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677‐1848, USA
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29
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2004. Coord Chem Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Alhamadsheh MM, Hudson RA, Viranga Tillekeratne LM. Design, Total Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Open-Chain Epothilone Analogues. Org Lett 2006; 8:685-8. [PMID: 16468742 DOI: 10.1021/ol0528787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The design, total synthesis, and biological evaluation of two open-chain analogues of epothilone incorporating the critical C1-C8 fragment and the aromatic side chain held together by a small molecular scaffold have been achieved. Biological evaluation revealed that further restraint between the flexible C1-C8 region and the molecular scaffold may be necessary for potent inhibition of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoun M Alhamadsheh
- Department of Medicinal & Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
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31
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Thepchatri P, Cicero DO, Monteagudo E, Ghosh AK, Cornett B, Weeks ER, Snyder JP. Conformations of Laulimalide in DMSO-d6. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:12838-46. [PMID: 16159277 DOI: 10.1021/ja042890e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Laulimalide is one of the newest naturally occurring macrolides known to act as a microtubule stabilizing agent with properties similar to Taxol. It also stands as being one of the most flexible with 18 rotatable bonds. This large number of rotatable bonds allows for approximately 3(18) potential conformers. To examine the conformational energy surface of laulimalide, we have performed an NAMFIS deconvolution analysis for laulimalide in DMSO-d6. The latter has been supplemented with a post-NAMFIS energy analysis at the Becke3LYP/6-31G level that examines the opposing effects of internal hydrogen bonding and syn-pentane interactions. In this way, we have identified 15 laulimalide conformations that can be classified into 5 different families: Supine, Convex, Cobra, Stretch, and Concave motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pahk Thepchatri
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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32
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Heinz DW, Schubert WD, Höfle G. Lange gesucht - die bioaktive Konformation von Epothilon und seine Bindung im Tubulin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Heinz DW, Schubert WD, Höfle G. Much Anticipated-The Bioactive Conformation of Epothilone and Its Binding to Tubulin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:1298-301. [PMID: 15714588 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk W Heinz
- Division of Structural Biology, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische, Forschung, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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34
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Abstract
Novel and structurally diverse natural products containing imidazol-, oxazole-, or thiazole-unit(s) display a wide variety of biological activities. The isolation, biological activity and total synthesis of naturally occurring muscarine, imidazole, oxazole and thiazole alkaloids have been reviewed. The literature covers from January 2003 to June 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Jin
- Institute and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
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35
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Quintard D, Bertrand P, Bachmann C, Gesson JP. Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Macrocycles Related to 10-Oxa-epothilone. European J Org Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Nettles JH, Li H, Cornett B, Krahn JM, Snyder JP, Downing KH. The binding mode of epothilone A on alpha,beta-tubulin by electron crystallography. Science 2004; 305:866-9. [PMID: 15297674 DOI: 10.1126/science.1099190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The structure of epothilone A, bound to alpha,beta-tubulin in zinc-stabilized sheets, was determined by a combination of electron crystallography at 2.89 angstrom resolution and nuclear magnetic resonance-based conformational analysis. The complex explains both the broad-based epothilone structure-activity relationship and the known mutational resistance profile. Comparison with Taxol shows that the longstanding expectation of a common pharmacophore is not met, because each ligand exploits the tubulin-binding pocket in a unique and independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Nettles
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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