1
|
Mohapatra SK, Al Kurdi K, Jhulki S, Bogdanov G, Bacsa J, Conte M, Timofeeva TV, Marder SR, Barlow S. Benzoimidazolium-derived dimeric and hydride n-dopants for organic electron-transport materials: impact of substitution on structures, electrochemistry, and reactivity. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1651-1663. [PMID: 37942021 PMCID: PMC10630679 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]imidazoles, 1H, and 1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-2,2'-bibenzo[d]imidazoles, 12, are of interest as n-dopants for organic electron-transport materials. Salts of 2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-4,7-dimethoxy-, 2-cyclohexyl-4,7-dimethoxy-, and 2-(5-(dimethylamino)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[d]imidazolium (1g-i+, respectively) have been synthesized and reduced with NaBH4 to 1gH, 1hH, and 1iH, and with Na:Hg to 1g2 and 1h2. Their electrochemistry and reactivity were compared to those derived from 2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)- (1b+) and 2-cyclohexylbenzo[d]imidazolium (1e+) salts. E(1+/1•) values for 2-aryl species are less reducing than for 2-alkyl analogues, i.e., the radicals are stabilized more by aryl groups than the cations, while 4,7-dimethoxy substitution leads to more reducing E(1+/1•) values, as well as cathodic shifts in E(12•+/12) and E(1H•+/1H) values. Both the use of 3,4-dimethoxy and 2-aryl substituents accelerates the reaction of the 1H species with PC61BM. Because 2-aryl groups stabilize radicals, 1b2 and 1g2 exhibit weaker bonds than 1e2 and 1h2 and thus react with 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (VII) via a "cleavage-first" pathway, while 1e2 and 1h2 react only via "electron-transfer-first". 1h2 exhibits the most cathodic E(12•+/12) value of the dimers considered here and, therefore, reacts more rapidly than any of the other dimers with VII via "electron-transfer-first". Crystal structures show rather long central C-C bonds for 1b2 (1.5899(11) and 1.6194(8) Å) and 1h2 (1.6299(13) Å).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swagat K Mohapatra
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology—Indian Oil Campus, ITT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar 751013 Odisha, India
| | - Khaled Al Kurdi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
| | - Samik Jhulki
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
| | - Georgii Bogdanov
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, New Mexico 87701, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- Crystallography Lab, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Maxwell Conte
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
| | - Tatiana V Timofeeva
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, New Mexico 87701, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Longhi E, Risko C, Bacsa J, Khrustalev V, Rigin S, Moudgil K, Timofeeva TV, Marder SR, Barlow S. Synthesis, structures, and reactivity of isomers of [RuCp*(1,4-(Me 2N) 2C 6H 4)] 2. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13020-13030. [PMID: 34581359 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2 {Cp* = η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, R = Me, Et} have previously been found to be moderately air stable, yet highly reducing, with estimated D+/0.5D2 (where D2 and D+ represent the dimer and the corresponding monomeric cation, respectively) redox potentials of ca. -2.0 V vs. FeCp2+/0. These properties have led to their use as n-dopants for organic semiconductors. Use of arenes substituted with π-electron donors is anticipated to lead to even more strongly reducing dimers. [RuCp*(1-(Me2N)-3,5-Me2C6H3)]+PF6- and [RuCp*(1,4-(Me2N)2C6H4)]+PF6- have been synthesized and electrochemically and crystallographically characterized; both exhibit D+/D potentials slightly more cathodic than [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]+. Reduction of [RuCp*(1,4-(Me2N)2C6H4)]+PF6- using silica-supported sodium-potassium alloy leads to a mixture of isomers of [RuCp*(1,4-(Me2N)2C6H4)]2, two of which have been crystallographically characterized. One of these isomers has a similar molecular structure to [RuCp*(1,3,5-Et3C6H3)]2; the central C-C bond is exo,exo, i.e., on the opposite face of both six-membered rings from the metals. A D+/0.5D2 potential of -2.4 V is estimated for this exo,exo dimer, more reducing than that of [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2 (-2.0 V). This isomer reacts much more rapidly with both air and electron acceptors than [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2 due to a much more cathodic D2˙+/D2 potential. The other isomer to be crystallographically characterized, along with a third isomer, are both dimerized in an exo,endo fashion, representing the first examples of such dimers. Density functional theory calculations and reactivity studies indicate that the central bonds of these two isomers are weaker than those of the exo,exo isomer, or of [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2, leading to estimated D+/0.5D2 potentials of -2.5 and -2.6 V vs. FeCp2+/0. At the same time the D2˙+/D2 potentials for the exo,endo dimers are anodically shifted relative to those of [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2, resulting in much greater air stability than for the exo,exo isomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Longhi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, 125 Chemistry-Physics Building, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - John Bacsa
- Crystallography Lab, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Victor Khrustalev
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Sergei Rigin
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA
| | - Karttikay Moudgil
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Tatiana V Timofeeva
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.,Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hanft A, Krummenacher I, Lichtenberg C. Alkali‐Metal Aminotroponiminates: Selectivities and Equilibria in Reversible Radical Coupling of Delocalized π‐Electron Systems. Chemistry 2019; 25:11883-11891. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hanft
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jandl C, Pankhurst JR, Love JB, Pöthig A. Rational Synthesis and Electronic Structure of Functionalized Trinuclear Pd Metal Sheet Sandwich Complexes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jandl
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - James R. Pankhurst
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Electronic structure and spectroscopy of the cycloheptatrienyl molybdenum halide complexes [MoBrL2(η-C7H7)]+ (L2= 2CO, n= 0; L2= 2,2′-bipyridyl, n= 0 or 1). Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
Jones PG, Hrib CG, Randoll S, Wu X, Tamm M. Bis(η-cyclo-hepta-trien-yl)tri-μ-hydrido-dimolybdenum(0,I). Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 65:m96. [PMID: 21581559 PMCID: PMC2967928 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808042244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the title compound, [Mo(2)(η(7)-C(7)H(7))(2)(μ-H)(3)], which displays crystallographic mirror symmetry, two (η(7)-C(7)H(7))Mo units are linked along the Mo-Mo axis by three bridging hydride ligands. The Mo-Mo distance is 2.5732 (4) Å. The perpendicular distances of the Mo atoms from the C(7) planes are 1.5827 (8) and 1.5814 (8) Å, with individual Mo-C bond lengths in the range 2.261 (2)-2.2789 (14) Å. Mo-H distances range from 1.77 (3) to 1.85 (4) Å, with Mo-H-Mo angles of 89 (2) and 92 (1)°.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Postfach 3329, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cristian G. Hrib
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Postfach 3329, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sören Randoll
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Postfach 3329, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Xian Wu
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Postfach 3329, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Postfach 3329, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tamm M. Synthesis and reactivity of functionalized cycloheptatrienyl-cyclopentadienyl sandwich complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:3089-100. [PMID: 18594712 DOI: 10.1039/b802289e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This feature article provides an overview of the synthesis and reactivity of functionalized cycloheptatrienyl-cyclopentadienyl transition metal sandwich complexes of the type [(eta(7)-C(7)H(7))M(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))] (M = group 4, 5 or 6 metal), which can be used as building blocks for the preparation of metallopolymers and polymetallic complexes. Emphasis is placed on 16-electron group 4 complexes (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) and their reactivity towards sigma-donor/pi-acceptor ligands, which indicates that these complexes bear a close resemblance to Lewis acidic M(+IV) complexes. Based on theoretical calculations, this behavior can be mainly attributed to the strong and appreciably covalent metal-cycloheptatrienyl interaction with the cycloheptatrienyl ring acting more as a -3 ligand than as a +1 ligand in these mixed ring complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|