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Zelechonok Y, Kolesnik O, Bezkhlebetskiy Y, Sgibnev‐Gorodetskaya T. NEW MODE OF LC SEPARATION: A new mode of separation using multi‐charged ions in the mobile phase for high performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3520-3528. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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2
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Samatya Ölmez S, Kökden D, Tuncel A. The Novel Polymethacrylate Based Hydrophilic Stationary Phase for Ion Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2022:6568934. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ion chromatography is widely used as a useful and powerful tool for the analysis of anionic and cationic components found in waters and aqueous media. The performance and selectivity of ion chromatography are based on the stationary phase column packed material. In this study, it is aimed to develop new column material with quaternary ammonium functional group based on monodisperse polymeric particles for ion chromatography and to investigate their chromatographic performance. For the analysis of inorganic anions by ion chromatography, new stationary phases macroporous monodisperse particles based on 3-chloro-2-hydroxy propylmethacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate are obtained as column packing material. 3-chloro-2-hydroxy propylmethacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate are transformed to porous monodisperse particle form by using glycidyl methacrylate as the seed latex and ethyl benzene as the porogen solvent via micro-suspension polymerization technique. Then macroporous monodisperse particles surface is functionalized by triethylamine so strong anion exchange is obtained for ion chromatography packing material. A series of stationary phases prepared from polymer particles containing different amounts of porogen solvent were tested. The results show that column packing material is successful to separate inorganic anions mixture such as F−, Cl−, NO2−, Br−, NO3− by using the carbonate and bicarbonate solutions as mobile phases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Didem Kökden
- Chemical Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Tuncel
- Chemical Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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3
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A review of the design of packing materials for ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462313. [PMID: 34332319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of ion chromatography has made remarkable progress in the past few decades, and it is now widely used for the analysis of common ions and organic compounds. Ion chromatography has many advantages, such as fast, high sensitivity, good selectivity and support for simultaneous analysis of multiple ionic compounds. In order to meet the high requirements of material analysis, new packing materials for ion chromatography with higher sensitivity and selectivity have been developed. In this paper, a lot of knowledge of ion chromatography is reviewed, and the development of ion chromatographic packings in recent years, especially in the last five years, is summarized.
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Nesterenko PN, Nesterenko EP. Hydrophobicity of polymer based anion-exchange columns for ion chromatography. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07290. [PMID: 34195411 PMCID: PMC8239727 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The regularities of the retention of alkanoic and alkanesulfonic acids homologues were investigated for the set of 36 anion-exchange columns produced by various manufacturers. The role of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions in the retention and separation of organic anions was studied. The methylene selectivity increments α(CH2) were measured for the studied columns with 10 mM sodium hydroxide eluent. The influence of matrix, surface area, polar group structure, ion-exchange capacity, the density of charged functional groups on the surface and other characteristics of anion-exchangers on resin hydrophobicity was considered. A unified approach for the measurements of hydrophobic properties of anion-exchange resins is proposed and the ratio of chloride retention factor (k Cl) to α(CH2) was introduced as mixed-mode factor. The synergetic effect of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N. Nesterenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina P. Nesterenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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5
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Huang Z, Zhuge C, Zhu Q, Liu H, She Y, Zhu Y. The polystyrene-divinylbenzene stationary phase modified with poly (Amine-Epichlorohydrin) for ion chromatography. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Manipulating selectivity of covalently-bonded hyperbranched anion exchangers toward organic acids. Part III: Effect of diamine structure in the external part of the functional layer. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:310-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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7
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ALOthman ZA, Wabaidur SM. Application of carbon nanotubes in extraction and chromatographic analysis: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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8
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Li Y, Nesterenko PN, Stanley R, Paull B, Macka M. Comparison of cation-exchange capillary columns used for ion chromatographic separation of biogenic amines. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1571:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Zatirakha AV, Uzhel AS, Smolenkov AD, Shpigun OA. Methods for Preparing High Performance Stationary Phases for Anion-Exchange Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3103/s002713141801008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Novel polymer-based anion-exchangers with covalently-bonded functional layers of quaternized polyethyleneimine for ion chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 964:187-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Liu J, Wang Y, Cheng H, Wang N, Wu S, Zhang P, Zhu Y. High-capacity anion exchangers based on poly (glycidylmethacrylate-divinylbenzene) microspheres for ion chromatography. Talanta 2016; 159:272-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Covalently-bonded hyperbranched poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)-based anion exchangers for ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1470:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Hydrothermal carbon nanosphere-based agglomerated anion exchanger for ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1468:73-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Zatirakha A, Smolenkov A, Shpigun O. Preparation and chromatographic performance of polymer-based anion exchangers for ion chromatography: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 904:33-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Shchukina O, Zatirakha A, Smolenkov A, Nesterenko P, Shpigun O. Anion exchangers with branched functional ion exchange layers of different hydrophilicity for ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1408:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Novel Anion Exchangers with Spatially Distant Trimethylammonium Groups in Linear and Branched Hydrophilic Functional Layers. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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How can we improve ion-exchange separations in LC? Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2021-3. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Zatirakha A, Smolenkov A, Pirogov A, Nesterenko P, Shpigun O. Preparation and characterisation of anion exchangers with dihydroxy-containing alkyl substitutes in the quaternary ammonium functional groups. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1323:104-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Kazarian AA, Taylor MR, Haddad PR, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Single column comprehensive analysis of pharmaceutical preparations using dual-injection mixed-mode (ion-exchange and reversed-phase) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 86:174-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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21
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Huang Z, Wu H, Wang F, Yan W, Guo W, Zhu Y. Polystyrene-divinylbenzene stationary phases agglomerated with quaternized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for anion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1294:152-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Nesterenko EP, Nesterenko PN, Connolly D, He X, Floris P, Duffy E, Paull B. Nano-particle modified stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography. Analyst 2013; 138:4229-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Lamb JD, Li N. Ion Chromatography and Membrane Separations Using Macrocyclic Ligands. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Sergeev GM, Sergeeva VP, Elipasheva EV, Maksimova TV, Kulikov PN. Anion exchange selectivity: Study of sorbents with various matrices for separation of chlorine oxoanions and chloroacetic acids. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427212030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Aqel A, Yusuf K, Al-Othman ZA, Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed AY, Alwarthan AA. Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes incorporation into benzyl methacrylate monolithic columns in capillary liquid chromatography. Analyst 2012; 137:4309-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35518c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Zhang Y, Carr PW. Novel ultra stable silica-based stationary phases for reversed phase liquid chromatography--study of a hydrophobically assisted weak acid cation exchange phase. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:763-77. [PMID: 21227426 PMCID: PMC3027354 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A mixed-mode reversed-phase/weak cation exchange (RP/WCX) phase has been developed by introducing a small amount of carboxylate functionality into a hydrophobic hyper-crosslinked (HC) platform. This silica-based HC platform was designed to form an extensive polystyrene network completely confined to the particle's surface. The fully connected polymer network prevents the loss of bonded phase, which leads to superior hydrolytic stability of the new phase when compared to conventional silica-based phases. Compared to previously introduced HC phases the added carboxylic groups impart a new weak cation exchange selectivity to the base hydrophobic HC platform. The phase thus prepared shows a mixed-mode retention mechanism, allowing for both neutral organic compounds and bases of a wide polarity range to be simultaneously separated on the same phase under the same conditions. In addition, the new phase offers the flexibility that gradients in organic modifier, pH or ionic competitors can be used to affect the separation of a wide range of solutes. Moreover, the inherent weak acid cation exchange groups allow formic and acetic acid buffers to be used as eluents thereby avoiding the mass spectrometric ionization suppression problems concomitant to the use of non-volatile additives such as strong amine modifiers (e.g. triethylamine) or salts (e.g. NaCl) to elute basic solutes from the strong cation exchange phase which was previously developed in this lab. The use of the new phase for achieving strong retention of rather hydrophilic neurotransmitters and drugs of abuse without the need for ion pairing agents is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter W. Carr
- University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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27
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Guo H, Chu C, Li Y, Yang B, Liang X. A novel silica based click lysine anion exchanger for ion exchange chromatography. Analyst 2011; 136:5302-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15749c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Characterization of ion chromatography columns based on hydrophobicity and hydroxide eluent strength. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Nesterenko EP, Nesterenko PN, Connolly D, Lacroix F, Paull B. Micro-bore titanium housed polymer monoliths for reversed-phase liquid chromatography of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2138-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Nesterenko EP, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Zwitterionic ion-exchangers in ion chromatography: A review of recent developments. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 652:3-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Marrubini G, Caccialanza G, Massolini G. Determination of glycine and threonine in topical dermatological preparations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:716-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Haddad PR, Nesterenko PN, Buchberger W. Recent developments and emerging directions in ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:456-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Luo H, Ma L, Zhang Y, Carr PW. Synthesis and characterization of silica-based hyper-crosslinked sulfonate-modified reversed stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1182:41-55. [PMID: 18207150 PMCID: PMC3217304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of silica-based sulfonate-modified reversed phase ((-)SO3-HC-C8) has been synthesized; it is based on a newly developed acid stable "hyper-crosslinked" C8 derivatized reversed phase, denoted HC-C8. The (-)SO3-HC-C8 phases containing controlled amounts of sulfonyl groups were made by sulfonating the aromatic hyper-crosslinked network of the HC-C(8) phase at different temperatures. The (-)SO3-HC-C8 phases are only slightly less hydrophobic than the parent HC-C8 phase. The added sulfonyl groups provide a unique strong cation-exchange selectivity to the hydrophobic hyper-crosslinked substrate as indicated by the very large C coefficient as shown through Snyder's hydrophobic subtraction reversed-phase characterization method. This cation-exchange activity clearly distinguishes the sulfonated phase from all other reversed phases as confirmed by the very high values of Snyder's column comparison function F(s). In addition, as was found in previous studies of silica-based and zirconia-based reversed phases, a strong correlation between the cation-exchange interaction and hydrophobic interaction was observed for these sulfonated phases in studies of the retention of cationic solutes. The overall chromatographic selectivity of these (-)SO3-HC-C8 phases is greatly enhanced by its high hydrophobicity through a "hydrophobically assisted" ion-exchange retention process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Smith and Kolthoff Hall, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter W. Carr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Smith and Kolthoff Hall, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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34
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Goswami S, Das PK. Detection and quantification of ppb level potassium in biological samples in the presence of high sodium by ion chromatographic method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 863:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Sanz ML, Martínez-Castro I. Recent developments in sample preparation for chromatographic analysis of carbohydrates. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:74-89. [PMID: 17257608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are a very important group of compounds due to their roles as structural materials, sources of energy, biological functions and environmental analytes; they are characterized by their structural diversity and the high number of isomers they present. While many advances have been made in carbohydrate analysis, the sample preparation remains difficult. This review aims to summarize the most important treatments which have been recently developed to be applied prior to the analysis of carbohydrates by chromatographic techniques. Due to the multiplicity of structures and matrices, many different techniques are required for clean-up, fractionation and derivatization. A number of new techniques which could be potentially adequate for carbohydrate characterization have also been revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Sanz
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3 E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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36
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Schaller D, Hilder EF, Haddad PR. Monolithic stationary phases for fast ion chromatography and capillary electrochromatography of inorganic ions. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1705-19. [PMID: 16970181 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this review is on current developments in monolithic stationary phases for the fast analysis of inorganic ions and other small molecules in ion chromatography (IC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC), concentrating in particular on the properties of organic (polymer) monolithic materials in comparison to inorganic (silica-based) monoliths. The applicability of these materials for fast IC is discussed in the context of recent publications, including the range of synthesis and modification procedures described. While commercial monolithic silica columns already show promising results on current IC instrumentation, polymer-based monolithic stationary phases are currently predominantly used in the capillary format on modified micro-IC systems. However, they are beginning to find application in IC particularly under high pH conditions, with the potential to replace their particle-packed counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schaller
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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37
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Acid–base properties of silica-based ion-exchanger having covalently bonded aminodi(methylphosphonic) acid. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Nesterenko EP, Barron LP, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Flow gradient liquid chromatography using a coated anion exchange microcolumn. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:228-35. [PMID: 16524096 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ion chromatography on a 4.0-mm-long (3.0 mm ID) ion exchange column is presented. Using a 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.22) the separation of up to six UV-absorbing anions was obtained using the microcolumn, containing 5 microm RP support (Phenomenex Gemini) coated with the zwitterionic surfactant, (N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylammonio) undecanoate. The short analytical column facilitated the application of a flow gradient programme over the flow range 0.3-5 mL/min resulting in optimum resolution of nitrite, nitrate, benzoate, iodide, thiocyanate and trichloroacetate in less than 10 min. The effect of both eluent concentration and pH on the retention of six selected anions was investigated, showing a strong pH capacity dependence. The microcolumn was found to exhibit no selectivity towards chloride and so was well suited to the analysis of saline samples. To illustrate this, the rapid analysis of a concentrated iodized table salt sample (20 g/L) was carried out. Following standard addition, a concentration of 3.55 +/- 0.05 microg iodide/g and 1.05 +/- 0.02 microg iodate/g in the solid salt sample was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina P Nesterenko
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Srinivas NR. Applicability of bioanalysis of multiple analytes in drug discovery and development: review of select case studies including assay development considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:383-414. [PMID: 16307470 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development of sound bioanalytical method(s) is of paramount importance during the process of drug discovery and development culminating in a marketing approval. Although the bioanalytical procedure(s) originally developed during the discovery stage may not necessarily be fit to support the drug development scenario, they may be suitably modified and validated, as deemed necessary. Several reviews have appeared over the years describing analytical approaches including various techniques, detection systems, automation tools that are available for an effective separation, enhanced selectivity and sensitivity for quantitation of many analytes. The intention of this review is to cover various key areas where analytical method development becomes necessary during different stages of drug discovery research and development process. The key areas covered in this article with relevant case studies include: (a) simultaneous assay for parent compound and metabolites that are purported to display pharmacological activity; (b) bioanalytical procedures for determination of multiple drugs in combating a disease; (c) analytical measurement of chirality aspects in the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and biotransformation investigations; (d) drug monitoring for therapeutic benefits and/or occupational hazard; (e) analysis of drugs from complex and/or less frequently used matrices; (f) analytical determination during in vitro experiments (metabolism and permeability related) and in situ intestinal perfusion experiments; (g) determination of a major metabolite as a surrogate for the parent molecule; (h) analytical approaches for universal determination of CYP450 probe substrates and metabolites; (i) analytical applicability to prodrug evaluations-simultaneous determination of prodrug, parent and metabolites; (j) quantitative determination of parent compound and/or phase II metabolite(s) via direct or indirect approaches; (k) applicability in analysis of multiple compounds in select disease areas and/or in clinically important drug-drug interaction studies. A tabular representation of select examples of analysis is provided covering areas of separation conditions, validation aspects and applicable conclusion. A limited discussion is provided on relevant aspects of the need for developing bioanalytical procedures for speedy drug discovery and development. Additionally, some key elements such as internal standard selection, likely issues of mass detection, matrix effect, chiral aspects etc. are provided for consideration during method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Drug Development, Discovery Research, Dr Reddy's Laboratories Limited, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad, India.
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Sugrue E, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Solvent enhanced ion chromatography of alkaline earth and transition metal ions on porous monolithic silica. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sugrue E, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Fast ion chromatography of inorganic anions and cations on a lysine bonded porous silica monolith. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1075:167-75. [PMID: 15974130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 0.46 cm x 10.0 cm silica monolith column was modified through the in situ covalent attachment of lysine (2,6-diaminohexanoic acid) groups. Due to the zwitterionic nature of the resultant stationary phase, the modified monolithic column contained both cation and anion exchange capacity. In the case of cation exchange, the capacity was found to be relatively low at between 5 and 6.5 micromoles Me2+ per column. However, as expected, the lysine monolith exhibited a higher anion exchange capacity at 12-13 micromoles A- per column (at pH 3.0), which was found to be dependent upon column pH, due to the dissociation of the weak acid carboxylic acid groups. High-performance separations of transition metal cations and inorganic anions were achieved using the modified monolith, with the effects of eluent concentration, pH and flow rate evaluated. Using elevated flow rates of up to 5 mL/min the separation of nitrite, bromate, bromide, nitrate, iodide and thiocyanate was possible in approximately 100 s with peak efficiencies of between 50 and 100,000 N/m and retention time %RSD of under 0.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Sugrue
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Ríordáin CO, Nesterenko P, Paull B. Zwitterionic ion chromatography with carboxybetaine surfactant-coated particle packed and monolithic type columns. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1070:71-8. [PMID: 15861790 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Both particle packed (25 cm x 0.46 cm I.D. SUPELCOSIL 5 microm C18) and monolithic type (10 cm x 0.46 cm I.D. Merck Chromolith Performance C18) reversed-phase substrates were dynamically coated with a carboxybetaine type zwitterionic surfactant ((dodecyldimethyl-amino) acetic acid) and investigated as stationary phases for use in zwitterionic ion chromatography (ZIC). Investigations into eluent concentration and pH were carried out using KCl eluents containing 0.2 mM of the carboxybetaine surfactant to stabilise the column coatings. It was found that eluent concentration decreased anion retention whilst simultaneously increasing peak efficiencies, which may be due to the dissociation of intra- and inter-molecular salts of the carboxybetaine surfactant under higher ionic strength conditions. The Effect of eluent pH was an increase in anion retention with decreased eluent pH due to the increased protonation of the weak acid terminal group of the carboxybetaine, causing both a relative increase in the positive charge of the stationary phase and less repulsion of the anions by the dissociated weak acid group. The carboxybetaine-coated monolithic phase was applied to rapid anion separations using elevated flow rates and flow rate gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colman O Ríordáin
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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