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Liang J, Li X, Wang S, Adair KR, Li W, Zhao Y, Wang C, Hu Y, Zhang L, Zhao S, Lu S, Huang H, Li R, Mo Y, Sun X. Site-Occupation-Tuned Superionic Li xScCl 3+xHalide Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7012-7022. [PMID: 32212650 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The enabling of high energy density of all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) requires the development of highly Li+-conductive solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) with good chemical and electrochemical stability. Recently, halide SSEs based on different material design principles have opened new opportunities for ASSLBs. Here, we discovered a series of LixScCl3+x SSEs (x = 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4) based on the cubic close-packed anion sublattice with room-temperature ionic conductivities up to 3 × 10-3 S cm-1. Owing to the low eutectic temperature between LiCl and ScCl3, LixScCl3+x SSEs can be synthesized by a simple co-melting strategy. Preferred orientation is observed for all the samples. The influence of the value of x in LixScCl3+x on the structure and Li+ diffusivity were systematically explored. With increasing x value, higher Li+, lower vacancy concentration, and less blocking effects from Sc ions are achieved, enabling the ability to tune the Li+ migration. The electrochemical performance shows that Li3ScCl6 possesses a wide electrochemical window of 0.9-4.3 V vs Li+/Li, stable electrochemical plating/stripping of Li for over 2500 h, as well as good compatibility with LiCoO2. LiCoO2/Li3ScCl6/In ASSLB exhibits a reversible capacity of 104.5 mAh g-1 with good cycle life retention for 160 cycles. The observed changes in the ionic conductivity and tuning of the site occupations provide an additional approach toward the design of better SSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Liang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Xiaona Li
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Keegan R Adair
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Weihan Li
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Changhong Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Yongfeng Hu
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co. Ltd, fifth Floor, No. 43, Mining Building, North Sanhuan Middle Road, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Shangqian Zhao
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co. Ltd, fifth Floor, No. 43, Mining Building, North Sanhuan Middle Road, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Shigang Lu
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co. Ltd, fifth Floor, No. 43, Mining Building, North Sanhuan Middle Road, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Huan Huang
- Glabat Solid-State Battery Inc., 700 Collip Circle, London, ON N6G 4X8, Canada
| | - Ruying Li
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xueliang Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
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Corradini D, Madden PA, Salanne M. Coordination numbers and physical properties in molten salts and their mixtures. Faraday Discuss 2016; 190:471-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00223k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mixtures of trivalent metal halides with alkali halides are involved in many technologies but, from a more fundamental and general perspective, are worthy of study as interesting systems in which to examine the relationship between atomic-scale structure and physical properties. Here we examine the relationship between the viscosity and local and longer range structural measures in such mixtures where the trivalent metal cations span a significant size range and exhibit different behaviours in the dependence of their viscosity on the mixture composition. We characterise the structure and dynamics of the first coordination shell and the relationship between its structural relaxation time and the shear relaxation time of the mixture (the Maxwell relaxation time). We are then led to an examination of the structure of the networks which progressively form between the trivalent metal cations as their concentration increases in the mixtures. Here we find significant differences between small and larger cations, sufficient to explain the different behaviour of their viscosities. We draw attention to the similarities and differences of these networks with those which form in highly viscous, glass-forming materials like BeF2:LiF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A. Madden
- Department of Materials
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3PH
- UK
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