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Qureshi MS, Yusoff ARBM, Wirzal MDH, Sirajuddin, Barek J, Afridi HI, Üstündag Z. Methods for the Determination of Endocrine-Disrupting Phthalate Esters. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:146-59. [PMID: 25831046 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2015.1004157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are endocrine disruptors frequently occurring in the general and industrial environment and in many industrial products. Moreover, they are also suspected of being carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, and they show diverse toxicity profiles depending on their structures. The European Union and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) have included many phthalates in the list of priority substances with potential endocrine-disrupting action. They are: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DINP), di-iso-decyl phthalate (DIDP), di-n-decyl phthalate (DnDP), and dioctyl phthalate (DOP). There is an ever-increasing demand for new analytical methods suitable for monitoring different phthalates in various environmental, biological, and other matrices. Separation and spectrometric methods are most frequently used. However, modern electroanalytical methods can also play a useful role in this field because of their high sensitivity, reasonable selectivity, easy automation, and miniaturization, and especially low investment and running costs, which makes them suitable for large-scale monitoring. Therefore, this review outlines possibilities and limitations of various analytical methods for determination of endocrine-disruptor phthalate esters in various matrices, including somewhat neglected electroanalytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munawar Saeed Qureshi
- a Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Malaysia.,b Education & Literacy Department , Government College & Postgraduate Center , Government of Sindh , Pakistan
| | | | - Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal
- a Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Malaysia
| | | | - Jiri Barek
- d UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry , University Research Centre UNCE, Charles University in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- c National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry , University of Sindh , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| | - Zafer Üstündag
- e Department of Chemistry , Dumlupinar University , Kutahya , Turkey
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Wu M, Wang H, Dong G, Musselman BD, Liu CC, Guo Y. Combination of Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction and Direct Analysis in Real Time-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry for Sensitive and Rapid Analysis of 15 Phthalate Plasticizers in Beverages. CHINESE J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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da Silva CEDL, da Costa WF, Minguzzi S, da Silva RCDL, Simionatto E. Assessment of Volatile Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Jatropha ribifolia (Pohl) Baill by HS-SPME-GC-MS Using Different Fibers. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:352606. [PMID: 24371539 PMCID: PMC3859261 DOI: 10.1155/2013/352606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of essential oil and volatile obtained from the roots of Jatropha ribifolia (Pohl) Baill was performed in this work. The Clevenger extractor was utilized in hydrodistillation of oil and chemical composition determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). The identification of compounds was confirmed by retention index (Kovats index) obtained from a series of straight chain alkanes (C7-C30) and by comparison with NIST and ADAMS library. A total of 61 compounds were identified in essential oil by GC-MS. The extraction of volatile was performed also by the use of the solid phase microextraction (SPME) with four different fibers. The essential oil extraction was extremely rapid (15 s) to avoid saturation of the fiber and the MS detector. The majority of the composition of essential oil is the terpenes: β-pinene (major compound 9.16%), β-vatirene (8.34%), α-gurjunene (6.98%), α-pinene (6.35%), camphene (4.34%), tricyclene (3.79%) and dehydro aromadendrene (3.52%) it and aldehydes and alcohols. Through the SPME it was possible to determine the nine volatile compounds not identified in oil 2,3,4-trimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, α-phellandrene, 3-carene, trans-p-mentha-2,8-dienol, pinocamphone, D-verbenon, 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-(2-methyl-cyclopropyl)-cyclohexene, 2,4-diisocyanato-1-methylbenzene, and (6-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dimethylehenyl) methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Eliane de Lara da Silva
- Centro de Pesquisas e Tecnologia em Recursos Naturais (CPTREN), Pós-Gradução em Recursos Naturais (PGRN), Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Rua Emílio Mascolli, 275, 79950-000 Naviraí, MS, Brazil
| | - Willian Ferreira da Costa
- Complexos e Centrais de Apoio a Pesquisa (COMCAP), Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jd Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandro Minguzzi
- Centro de Pesquisas e Tecnologia em Recursos Naturais (CPTREN), Pós-Gradução em Recursos Naturais (PGRN), Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Rua Emílio Mascolli, 275, 79950-000 Naviraí, MS, Brazil
| | - Rogério Cesar de Lara da Silva
- Centro de Pesquisas e Tecnologia em Recursos Naturais (CPTREN), Pós-Gradução em Recursos Naturais (PGRN), Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Rua Emílio Mascolli, 275, 79950-000 Naviraí, MS, Brazil
| | - Euclésio Simionatto
- Centro de Pesquisas e Tecnologia em Recursos Naturais (CPTREN), Pós-Gradução em Recursos Naturais (PGRN), Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Rua Emílio Mascolli, 275, 79950-000 Naviraí, MS, Brazil
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Lv X, Hao Y, Jia Q. Preconcentration Procedures for Phthalate Esters Combined with Chromatographic Analysis. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:632-44. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Solid-phase microextraction of phthalate esters from aqueous media by electrophoretically deposited TiO2 nanoparticles on a stainless steel fiber. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1283:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cui H, Hua L, Hou K, Wu J, Chen P, Xie Y, Wang W, Li J, Li H. Coupling of stir bar sorptive extraction with single photon ionization mass spectrometry for determination of volatile organic compounds in water. Analyst 2012; 137:513-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15876g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Adeniyi AA, Okedeyi OO, Yusuf KA. Flame ionization gas chromatographic determination of phthalate esters in water, surface sediments and fish species in the Ogun river catchments, Ketu, Lagos, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 172:561-569. [PMID: 20221801 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The detection and quantification of four phthalate esters-dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)-in water, sediment, and some fish species were carried out using flame ionization gas chromatography. The samples were collected from the Ogun river catchments, Ketu, Lagos. The DMP was not detected in the water and fish samples but was detected in sediments collected from four of the six sampling sites. The concentration of DEP, DBP, and DEHP in the fish species ranged from 320.0-810.0, 380.0-1,080.0, and 40.0-150.0 μg/kg in Tilapia sp.; 310.0-860.0, 400.0-1,170.0, and 40.0-110.0 μg/kg in Chrysichthys sp.; and 320.0-810.0, 400.0-3,970.0, and 30.0-300.0 μg/kg (DEHP) in Synodontis sp., respectively. The differences in fish phthalate levels are not statistically significant at p < 0.05, an indication that phthalate esters accumulation is not fish species dependent. The DEP, DBP, and DEHP values recorded are considerably higher than the maximum allowed concentrations for drinking water prescribed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The phthalate pollution index and biosediment accumulation factor values were also calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleke A Adeniyi
- Department of Chemistry, Lagos State University, Ojo, PMB 1087, Apapa, Lagos, Nigeria.
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Vo TTB, Jung EM, Dang VH, Yoo YM, Choi KC, Yu FH, Jeung EB. Di-(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate and flutamide alter gene expression in the testis of immature male rats. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:104. [PMID: 19781091 PMCID: PMC2760555 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the androgenic and anti-androgenic effects of endocrine disruptors (EDs) alter reproductive function and exert distinct effects on developing male reproductive organs. To further investigate these effects, we used an immature rat model to examine the effects of di-(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and flutamide (Flu) on the male reproductive system. Immature male SD rats were treated daily with DEHP and Flu on postnatal days (PNDs) 21 to 35, in a dose-dependent manner. As results, the weights of the testes, prostate, and seminal vesicle and anogenital distances (AGD) decreased significantly in response to high doses of DEHP or Flu. Testosterone (T) levels significantly decreased in all DEHP- treated groups, whereas luteinizing hormone (LH) plasma levels were not altered by any of the two treatments at PND 36. However, treatment with DEHP or Flu induced histopathological changes in the testes, wherein degeneration and disorders of Leydig cells, germ cells and dilatation of tubular lumen were observed in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, hyperplasia and denseness of Leydig, Sertoli and germ cells were observed in rats given with high doses of Flu. The results by cDNA microarray analysis indicated that 1,272 genes were up-regulated by more than two-fold, and 1,969 genes were down-regulated in response to DEHP, Flu or both EDs. These genes were selected based on their markedly increased or decreased expression levels. These genes have been also classified on the basis of gene ontology (e.g., steroid hormone biosynthetic process, regulation of transcription, signal transduction, metabolic process, biosynthetic process...). Significant decreases in gene expression were observed in steroidogenic genes (i.e., Star, Cyp11a1 and Hsd3b). In addition, the expression of a common set of target genes, including CaBP1, Vav2, Plcd1, Lhx1 and Isoc1, was altered following exposure to EDs, suggesting that they may be marker genes to screen for the anti-androgenic or androgenic effects of EDs. Overall, our results demonstrated that exposure to DEHP, Flu or both EDs resulted in a alteration of gene expression in the testes of immature male rats. Furthermore, the toxicological effects of these EDs on the male reproductive system resulted from their anti-androgenic effects. Taken together, these results provide a new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the detrimental impacts of EDs, in regards to anti-androgenic effects in humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy TB Vo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Vu Hoang Dang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Yoo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank H Yu
- School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-768, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Faster and simpler determination of chlorophenols in water by fiber introduction mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 620:97-102. [PMID: 18558129 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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da Silva RC, Zuin VG, Yariwake JH, Eberlin MN, Augusto F. Fiber introduction mass spectrometry: determination of pesticides in herbal infusions using a novel sol-gel PDMS/PVA fiber for solid-phase microextraction. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:1358-62. [PMID: 17902108 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
An application of the direct coupling of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with mass spectrometry (MS), a technique known as fiber introduction mass spectrometry (FIMS), is described to determine organochlorine (OCP) and organophosphorus (OPP) pesticides in herbal infusions of Passiflora L. A new fiber coated with a composite of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PDMS/PVA) was used. Sensitive, selective, simple and simultaneous quantification of several OCP and OPP was achieved by monitoring diagnostic fragment ions of m/z 266 (chlorothalonil), m/z 195 (alpha-endosulfan), m/z 278 (fenthion), m/z 263 (methyl parathion) and m/z 173 (malathion). Simple headspace SPME extraction (25 min) and fast FIMS detection (less than 40 s) of OCP and OPP from a highly complex herbal matrix provided good linearity with correlation coefficients of 0.991-0.999 for concentrations ranging from 10 to 140 ng ml(-1) of each compound. Good accuracy (80 to 110%), precision (0.6-14.9%) and low limits of detection (0.3-3.9 ng ml(-1)) were also obtained. Even after 400 desorption cycles inside the ionization source of the mass spectrometer, no visible degradation of the novel PDMS/PVA fiber was detected, confirming its suitability for FIMS. Fast (ca 20 s) pesticide desorption occurs for the PDMS/PVA fiber owing to the small thickness of the film and its reduced water sorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Cesar da Silva
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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da Silva RC, Zuin VG, Yariwake JH, Eberlin MN, Augusto F. Fiber introduction mass spectrometry: determination of pesticides in herbal infusions using a novel sol-gel PDMS/PVA fiber for solid-phase microextraction. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:825-9. [PMID: 17538979 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An application of the direct coupling of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with mass spectrometry (MS), a technique known as fiber introduction mass spectrometry (FIMS), is described to determine organochlorine (OCP) and organophosphorus (OPP) pesticides in herbal infusions of Passiflora L. A new fiber coated with a composite of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PDMS/PVA) was used. Sensitive, selective, simple and simultaneous quantification of several OCP and OPP was achieved by monitoring diagnostic fragment ions of m/z 266 (chlorothalonil), m/z 195 (alpha-endosulfan), m/z 278 (fenthion), m/z 263 (methyl parathion) and m/z 173 (malathion). Simple headspace SPME extraction (25 min) and fast FIMS detection (less than 40 s) of OCP and OPP from a highly complex herbal matrix provided good linearity with correlation coefficients of 0.991-0.999 for concentrations ranging from 10 to 140 ng ml(-1) of each compound. Good accuracy (80 to 110%), precision (0.6-14.9%) and low limits of detection (0.3-3.9 ng ml(-1)) were also obtained. Even after 400 desorption cycles inside the ionization source of the mass spectrometer, no visible degradation of the novel PDMS/PVA fiber was detected, confirming its suitability for FIMS. Fast (ca 20 s) pesticide desorption occurs for the PDMS/PVA fiber owing to the small thickness of the film and its reduced water sorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Cesar da Silva
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Tonhi E, Collins KE, Collins CH. High-performance liquid chromatographic stationary phases based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) immobilized on silica. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1075:87-94. [PMID: 15974121 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the preparation and characterization of six stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) obtained by deposition of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) in HPLC silica particles, followed by immobilization using different processes (thermal treatments, thermal treatment + microwave irradiation, self-immobilization + gamma irradiation and self-immobilization + microwave irradiation). The chromatographic parameters of all the phases were evaluated with a mixture of test compounds having varied natures (acid, basic and neutral). The stability of one of these phases was evaluated in both a neutral mobile phase and a higher pH mobile phase used at an elevated temperature, with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edivan Tonhi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, CEP 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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