1
|
Im S, Frey E, Lacks DJ, Genzer J, Dickey MD. Enhanced Triboelectric Charge Stability by Air-Stable Radicals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304459. [PMID: 37675836 PMCID: PMC10625048 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that air-stable radicals enhance the stability of triboelectric charge on surfaces. While charge on surfaces is often undesirable (e.g., static discharge), improved charge retention can benefit specific applications such as air filtration. Here, it is shown that self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing air-stable radicals, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl (TEMPO), hold the charge longer than those without TEMPO. Charging and retention are monitored by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) as a function of time. Without the radicals on the surface, charge retention increases with the water contact angle (hydrophobicity), consistent with the understanding that surface water molecules can accelerate charge dissipation. Yet, the most prolonged charge retention is observed in surfaces treated with TEMPO, which are more hydrophilic than untreated control surfaces. The charge retention decreases with reducing radical density by etching the TEMPO-silane with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) or scavenging the radicals with ascorbic acid. These results suggest a pathway toward increasing the lifetime of triboelectric charges, which may enhance air filtration, improve tribocharging for patterning charges on surfaces, or boost triboelectric energy harvesting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sooik Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| | - Ethan Frey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| | - Daniel J. Lacks
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH44106USA
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| | - Michael D. Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Santanni F, Briganti M, Serrano G, Salvadori E, Veneri A, Batistoni C, Russi SF, Menichetti S, Mannini M, Chiesa M, Sorace L, Sessoli R. VdW Mediated Strong Magnetic Exchange Interactions in Chains of Hydrogen-Free Sublimable Molecular Qubits. JACS AU 2023; 3:1250-1262. [PMID: 37124308 PMCID: PMC10131211 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-rich molecular complexes of dithiolene-like ligands are appealing candidates as molecular spin qubits because spin coherence properties are enhanced in hydrogen-free environments. Herein, we employ the hydrogen-free mononegative 1,3,2-dithiazole-4-thione-5-thiolate (dttt-) ligand as an alternative to common dinegative dithiolate ligands. We report the first synthesis and structural characterization of its Cu2+, Ni2+, and Pt2+ neutral complexes. The XPS analysis of thermal deposition of [Cu(dttt)2] in UHV conditions indicates that films of intact molecules can be deposited on surfaces by sublimation. Thanks to a combined approach employing DC magnetometry and DFT calculations, we highlighted AF exchange interactions of 108 cm-1 and 36 cm-1 attributed to the two different polymorph phases. These couplings are exclusively mediated by S···S VdW interactions, which are facilitated by the absence of counterions and made particularly efficient by the diffuse electron density on S atoms. Furthermore, the spin dynamics of solid-state magnetically diluted samples was investigated. The longest observed T m is 2.3 μs at 30 K, which significantly diverges from the predicted T m > 100 μs. These results point to the diluting matrix severely affecting the coherence lifetime of Cu2+ species via different factors, such as the contributions of neighboring 14N nuclei and the formation of radical impurities in a non-completely controllable way. However, the ease of processing [Cu(dttt)2] via thermal sublimation can allow dispersion in matrices better suited for coherent spin manipulation of isolated molecules and the realization of AF-coupled VdW structures on surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Santanni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” - DICUS, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
- INSTM, Via G. Giusti
9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Matteo Briganti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” - DICUS, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
- INSTM, Via G. Giusti
9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulia Serrano
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
- INSTM, Via G. Giusti
9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Industriale - DIEF, Università
degli Studi di Firenze, Via Santa Marta 3, I-50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
- INSTM, Via G. Giusti
9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e NIS Centre, Università
di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Veneri
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” - DICUS, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
- INSTM, Via G. Giusti
9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Chiara Batistoni
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
- INSTM, Via G. Giusti
9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Sofia F. Russi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e NIS Centre, Università
di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Menichetti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” - DICUS, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
- INSTM, Via G. Giusti
9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Matteo Mannini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” - DICUS, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
- INSTM, Via G. Giusti
9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
- INSTM, Via G. Giusti
9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e NIS Centre, Università
di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sorace
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” - DICUS, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
- INSTM, Via G. Giusti
9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberta Sessoli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” - DICUS, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
- INSTM, Via G. Giusti
9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kapuściński S, Anand B, Bartos P, Garcia Fernandez JM, Kaszyński P. Tethered Blatter Radical for Molecular Grafting: Synthesis of 6-Hydroxyhexyloxy, Hydroxymethyl, and Bis(hydroxymethyl) Derivatives and Their Functionalization. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041176. [PMID: 35208966 PMCID: PMC8876519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic access to 7-CF3-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl radicals containing 4-(6-hydroxyhexyloxy)phenyl, 4-hydroxymethylphenyl or 3,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl groups at the C(3) position and their conversion to tosylates and phosphates are described. The tosylates were used to obtain disulfides and an azide with good yields. The Blatter radical containing the azido group underwent a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition with phenylacetylene under mild conditions, giving the [1,2,3]triazole product in 84% yield. This indicates the suitability of the azido derivative for grafting Blatter radical onto other molecular objects via the CuAAC "click" reaction. The presented derivatives are promising for accessing surfaces and macromolecules spin-labeled with the Blatter radical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Kapuściński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland; (S.K.); (P.B.)
- Centre for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Bindushree Anand
- Centre for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Paulina Bartos
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland; (S.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Jose M. Garcia Fernandez
- Institute for Chemical Research, CSIC, University of Sevilla, Americo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.G.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland; (S.K.); (P.B.)
- Centre for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland;
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
- Correspondence: (J.M.G.F.); (P.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nitronyl nitroxide radicals at the interface: a hybrid architecture for spintronics. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-018-0732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
5
|
Henegar AJ, Cook AJ, Dang P, Gougousi T. Native Oxide Transport and Removal During Atomic Layer Deposition of TiO2 Films on GaAs(100) Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:1667-1675. [PMID: 26741279 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we studied the evolution and transport of the native oxides during the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TiO2 on GaAs(100) from tetrakis dimethyl amino titanium and H2O. Arsenic oxide transport through the TiO2 film and removal during the ALD process was investigated using transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Experiments were designed to decouple these processes by utilizing their temperature dependence. A 4 nm TiO2 layer was initially deposited on a native oxide surface at 100 °C. Ex situ XPS confirmed that this step disturbed the interface minimally. An additional 3 nm TiO2 film was subsequently deposited at 150 to 250 °C with and without an intermediate thermal treatment step at 250 °C. Arsenic and gallium oxide removal was confirmed during this second deposition, leading to the inevitable conclusion that these oxides traversed at least 4 nm of film so as to react with the precursor and its surface reaction/decomposition byproducts. XPS measurements confirmed the relocation of both arsenic and gallium oxides from the interface to the bulk of the TiO2 film under normal processing conditions. These results explain the continuous native oxide removal observed for alkyl-amine precursor-based ALD processes on III-V surfaces and provide further insight into the mechanisms of film growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Henegar
- Department of Physics, UMBC , Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Andrew J Cook
- Department of Physics, UMBC , Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Phillip Dang
- Department of Physics, UMBC , Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shimon D, Feintuch A, Goldfarb D, Vega S. Static (1)H dynamic nuclear polarization with the biradical TOTAPOL: a transition between the solid effect and the cross effect. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:6687-99. [PMID: 24585094 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55504f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To study the solid state (1)H-DNP mechanism of the biradical TOTAPOL under static conditions the frequency swept DNP enhancement spectra of samples containing 20 mM and 5 mM TOTAPOL were measured as a function of MW irradiation time and temperature. We observed that under static DNP conditions the biradical TOTAPOL behaves similar to the monoradical TEMPOL, in contrast to MAS DNP where TOTAPOL is considerably more effective. As previously done for TEMPOL, the TOTAPOL DNP spectra were analyzed taking a superposition of a basic SE-DNP lineshape and a basic CE-DNP lineshape with different amplitudes. The analysis of the steady state DNP spectra showed that the SE was dominant in the 6-10 K range and the CE was dominant above 10 K. DNP spectra obtained as a function of MW irradiation time allowed resolving the individual SE and CE buildup times. At low temperatures the SE buildup time was faster than the CE buildup time and at all temperatures the CE buildup time was close to the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time, T1n. Polarization calculations involving nuclear spin-diffusion for a model system of one electron and many nuclei suggested that the shortening of the T1n for increasing temperatures is the reason why the SE contribution to the overall enhancement was reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Shimon
- Weizmann Institute of Science - Chemical Physics, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kurzbach D, Kattnig DR, Zhang B, Schlüter AD, Hinderberger D. Loading and release capabilities of charged dendronized polymers revealed by EPR spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20435e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
8
|
Mas-Torrent M, Crivillers N, Rovira C, Veciana J. Attaching persistent organic free radicals to surfaces: how and why. Chem Rev 2011; 112:2506-27. [PMID: 22188381 DOI: 10.1021/cr200233g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mas-Torrent
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Busolo F, Franco L, Armelao L, Maggini M. Dynamics of a nitroxide layer grafted onto porous silicon. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1889-1893. [PMID: 19860373 DOI: 10.1021/la902643b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a rapid electron spin resonance method to assess the dynamical properties of spin-labeled alkyl carboxylate layers, covalently linked onto a porous silicon substrate. IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses complemented the ESR study by proving the successful grafting of the organic radical and coverage of the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Busolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Mannini M, Sorace L, Gorini L, Piras FM, Caneschi A, Magnani A, Menichetti S, Gatteschi D. Self-assembled organic radicals on Au(111) surfaces: a combined ToF-SIMS, STM, and ESR study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:2389-97. [PMID: 17263565 DOI: 10.1021/la062028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) have been used in parallel to characterize the deposition on gold surface of a series of nitronyl nitroxide radicals. These compounds have been specifically synthesized with methyl-thio linking groups suitable to interact with the gold surface to form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which can be considered relevant in the research for molecular-based spintronics devices, as suggested in recent papers. The degree of the expected ordering on the surface of these SAMs has been tuned by varying the chemical structure of synthesized radicals. ToF-SIMS has been used to support the evidence of the occurrence of the deposition process. STM has shown the different qualities of the obtained SAMs, with the degree of local order increasing as the degree of freedom of the molecules on the surface is decreased. Finally, ESR has confirmed that the deposition process does not affect the paramagnetic characteristics of radicals and that it affords a complete single-layered coverage of the surface. Further, the absence of angular dependence in the spectra indicates that the small regions of local ordering do not give rise to a long-range order and suggests a quite large mobility of the radical on the surface, probably due to the weak interaction with gold provided by the methyl-thio linking group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mannini
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM RU, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia no. 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Keys A, Barron AR. Growth of self-assembled monolayers on sulfide treated gallium arsenide using predetermined linkage moieties. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/10241220600709671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
13
|
Baute D, Frydman V, Zimmermann H, Kababya S, Goldfarb D. Properties of the Silica Layer during the Formation of MCM-41 Studied by EPR of a Silica-Bound Spin Probe. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:7807-16. [PMID: 16851908 DOI: 10.1021/jp044538t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The properties of the silica layer during the formation of the mesoporous material MCM-41 were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments carried out on a specifically designed, organo(trialkoxy)silane spin probe, SL1SiEt. Minute amounts of the spin probe were co-condensed with the silica source, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), in the synthesis of MCM-41 with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) under basic conditions. The mobility and location of the spin probe were followed in the CTAB micellar solution before the reaction, in the reaction mixture and in the final ordered material. It was found that the EPR spectra of hydrolyzed SL1SiEt throughout the room temperature part of the reaction are characteristic of a fast tumbling species, indicating that the silica is highly fluid prior to drying. After filtering, a slow motion type spectrum was observed, showing that the spin-label experiences considerable motional hindrance. The liquidlike behavior could be restored upon stirring the material in water. When the reaction is performed with a hydrothermal stage, the spectrum of SL1SiEt in the final product is the same as that of the room temperature synthesized material, but the addition of water did not restore the high mobility, due to a higher degree of silica cross-linking. The location of SL1SiEt throughout the formation process was obtained from electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) measurements on MCM-41 prepared with CTAB deuterated either at the N-methyl or the alpha position and in a reaction carried out in D2O. Comparing the deuterium modulation depth, k(2H), induced by CTAB-alpha-d2, CTAB-d9, or D2O in CTAB micellar solutions of a number of reference spin probes with those of SL1SiEt revealed that the hydrolyzed SL1SiEt is located near the polar heads of the surfactant in the absence of base and TEOS. This supports the postulation of charge matching at the interface as a driving force for the formation of the mesostructure. Similar experiments carried out on reaction mixtures containing SL1SiEt showed a decrease of k(2H) from CTAB-alpha-d2 and CTAB-d9 compared to the micellar solution, exhibiting practically no time dependence. This indicates that the spin probe is pulled away from the micelle-water interface into the loosely linked, forming silica network. After drying, the modulation depth induced by CTAB-alpha-d2 and CTAB-d9 increases, showing that, once the water is removed, the silica walls contract around the micelles, pushing the silica-linked spin probe into the organic phase within the mesopores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Baute
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|