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Liu J, Gray WD, Davis ME, Luo Y. Peptide- and saccharide-conjugated dendrimers for targeted drug delivery: a concise review. Interface Focus 2012; 2:307-24. [PMID: 23741608 PMCID: PMC3363024 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2012.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers comprise a category of branched materials with diverse functions that can be constructed with defined architectural and chemical structures. When decorated with bioactive ligands made of peptides and saccharides through peripheral chemical groups, dendrimer conjugates are turned into nanomaterials possessing attractive binding properties with the cognate receptors. At the cellular level, bioactive dendrimer conjugates can interact with cells with avidity and selectivity, and this function has particularly stimulated interests in investigating the targeting potential of dendrimer materials for the design of drug delivery systems. In addition, bioactive dendrimer conjugates have so far been studied for their versatile capabilities to enhance stability, solubility and absorption of various types of therapeutics. This review presents a brief discussion on three aspects of the recent studies to use peptide- and saccharide-conjugated dendrimers for drug delivery: (i) synthesis methods, (ii) cell- and tissue-targeting properties and (iii) applications of conjugated dendrimers in drug delivery nanodevices. With more studies to elucidate the structure-function relationship of ligand-dendrimer conjugates in transporting drugs, the conjugated dendrimers hold promise to facilitate targeted delivery and improve drug efficacy for discovery and development of modern pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Room 206, Fangzheng Building, 298 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Warren D. Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Room 206, Fangzheng Building, 298 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Room 2127, Atlanta, GA 30322-0535, USA
| | - Michael E. Davis
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Room 2127, Atlanta, GA 30322-0535, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Room 206, Fangzheng Building, 298 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Regenerative and Implantable Medical Devices, Room 408, Building D, Guangzhou International Business Incubator, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou 510663, People's Republic of China
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Reynolds M, Pérez S. Thermodynamics and chemical characterization of protein–carbohydrate interactions: The multivalency issue. CR CHIM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Maheshwari R, Levenson EA, Kiick KL. Manipulation of electrostatic and saccharide linker interactions in the design of efficient glycopolypeptide-based cholera toxin inhibitors. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:68-81. [PMID: 19780061 PMCID: PMC2893567 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent, glycopolymer inhibitors designed for the treatment of disease and pathogen infection have shown improvements in binding correlated with general changes in glycopolymer architecture and composition. We have previously demonstrated that control of glycopolypeptide backbone extension and ligand spacing significantly impacts the inhibition of the cholera toxin B subunit pentamer (CT B(5)) by these polymers. In the studies reported here, we elucidate the role of backbone charge and linker length in modulating the inhibition event. Peptides of the sequence AXPXG (where X is a positive, neutral or negative amino acid), equipped with the alkyne functionality of propargyl glycine, were designed and synthesized via solid-phase peptide synthetic methods and glycosylated via Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reactions. The capacity of the glycopeptides to inhibit the binding of the B(5) subunit of cholera toxin was evaluated. These studies indicated that glycopeptides with a negatively charged backbone show improved inhibition of the binding event relative to the other glycopeptides. In addition, variations in the length of the linker between the peptide and the saccharide ligand also affected the inhibition of CT by the glycopeptides. Our findings suggest that, apart from appropriate saccharide spacing and polypeptide chain extension, saccharide linker conformation and the systematic placement of charges on the polypeptide backbone are also significant variables that can be tuned to improve the inhibitory potencies of glycopolypeptide-based multivalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Maheshwari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, Delaware 19716 USA Fax: +1 (302) 831-4545
| | - Eric A. Levenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, Delaware 19716 USA Fax: +1 (302) 831-4545. Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, Delaware 19711 USA
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Abstract
From the authors' opinion, this chapter constitutes a modest extension of the seminal and inspiring contribution of Stowell and Lee on neoglycoconjugates published in this series [C. P. Stowell and Y. C. Lee, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 37 (1980) 225-281]. The outstanding progresses achieved since then in the field of the "glycoside cluster effect" has witnessed considerable creativity in the design and synthetic strategies toward a vast array of novel carbohydrate structures and reflects the dynamic activity in the field even since the recent chapter by the Nicotra group in this series [F. Nicotra, L. Cipolla, F. Peri, B. La Ferla, and C. Radaelli, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 61 (2007) 353-398]. Beyond the more classical neoglycoproteins and glycopolymers (not covered in this work) a wide range of unprecedented and often artistically beautiful multivalent and monodisperse nanostructures, termed glycodendrimers for the first time in 1993, has been created. This chapter briefly surveys the concept of multivalency involved in carbohydrate-protein interactions. The topic is also discussed in regard to recent steps undertaken in glycobiology toward identification of lead candidates using microarrays and modern analytical tools. A systematic description of glycocluster and glycodendrimer synthesis follows, starting from the simplest architectures and ending in the most complex ones. Presentation of multivalent glycostructures of intermediate size and comprising, calix[n]arene, porphyrin, cyclodextrin, peptide, and carbohydrate scaffolds, has also been intercalated to better appreciate the growing synthetic complexity involved. A subsection describing novel all-carbon-based glycoconjugates such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes is inserted, followed by a promising strategy involving dendrons self-assembling around metal chelates. The chapter then ends with those glycodendrimers that have been prepared using commercially available dendrimers possessing varied functionalities, or systematically synthesized using either divergent or convergent strategies.
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Yellepeddi VK, Kumar A, Palakurthi S. Surface modified poly(amido)amine dendrimers as diverse nanomolecules for biomedical applications. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:835-50. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240903061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Seah N, Santacroce PV, Basu A. Probing the Lactose·GM3 Carbohydrate−Carbohydrate Interaction with Glycodendrimers. Org Lett 2009; 11:559-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ol802613r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Seah
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Paul V. Santacroce
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Amit Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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Polizzotti BD, Maheshwari R, Vinkenborg J, Kiick KL. Effects of Saccharide Spacing and Chain Extension on Toxin Inhibition by Glycopolypeptides of Well-Defined Architecture. Macromolecules 2007; 40:7103-7110. [PMID: 19169374 PMCID: PMC2629637 DOI: 10.1021/ma070725o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many recognition events important in biology are mediated via multivalent interactions between relevant oligosaccharides and multiple saccharide receptors present on lectins, viruses, toxins, and cell surfaces. Because of the important role played by protein-carbohydrate interactions in these pathogenic recognition events and in other human diseases, considerable effort has been devoted toward the development of multivalent polymeric ligands for carbohydrate-binding proteins. In this work, we report the synthesis of new polypeptide-based glycopolymers produced via a combination of protein engineering and chemical methods. These methodologies permit control over the number and the spacing of saccharides on the scaffold, as well as the conformation of the polymer backbone, and allow a more purposeful design of polymers for manipulation of multivalent binding events. Two families of galactose-bearing glycopolypeptides with random coil conformations, [(AG)(3)PEG](y) (y = 10 and 16) and {[(AG)(2)PSG](2)[(AG)(2)PEG][(AG)(2)PSG](2)}(y) (y = 6), have been synthesized. The carboxylic acid functionality of the glutamic acid residues allowed subsequent modification with amino-saccharides to yield the desired glycopolypeptides; selective placement of the glutamic acid group permitted investigation of the effects of multivalency and saccharide spacing on toxin inhibition. In addition, a family of galactose-functionalized PGA-based glycopolymers of varying molecular weights was also synthesized to compare the effects of backbone flexibility and hydrodynamic volume, relative to the recombinant glycopolypeptides, on toxin inhibition. Glycopolypeptides were characterized via (1)H NMR, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, SDS-PAGE analysis, and spectrophotometric assays. They were tested as inhibitors of the binding of the cholera toxin B subunit via direct enzyme-linked assays. The data from these experiments confirm the relevance of appropriate saccharide spacing on controlling the binding event and also indicate the influence of chain extension in improving inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Polizzotti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, Delaware 19716
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Polizzotti BD, Kiick KL. Effects of polymer structure on the inhibition of cholera toxin by linear polypeptide-based glycopolymers. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:483-90. [PMID: 16471920 PMCID: PMC2657727 DOI: 10.1021/bm050672n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A variety of important biological events are mediated by the multivalent interaction between relevant oligosaccharides and multiple saccharide receptors on lectins, toxins, and cell surfaces; a variety of glycopolymeric materials have therefore been investigated in studies aimed at manipulating these events. The synthesis of protein- and polypeptide-based glycopolymers via protein engineering and other methods offers opportunities to control both the number and the spacing of saccharides on a scaffold, as well as the conformation of the polymer backbone, and will therefore facilitate the structure-based design of polymers for inhibition of multivalent binding events. In initial studies, we have synthesized a family of galactose-functionalized glycopolymers with a poly(L-glutamic acid) backbone, in which the density and linker length of the pendant carbohydrate moiety were varied. The composition of the glycopolymers was determined via (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and the impact of saccharide density and linker length, as well as the potential for these polypeptide-based glycopolymers to act as high-affinity inhibitors of the cholera toxin, has been indicated via competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence titration experiments. The results of these studies suggest strategies for optimizing the binding of linear glycopolymers to bacterial toxins and will aid in the design of additional protein-based materials for studying the impact of multivalency, spacing, and backbone rigidity in a variety of biologically relevant binding events.
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