1
|
Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nycz JE, Wantulok J, Sokolova R, Pajchel L, Stankevič M, Szala M, Malecki JG, Swoboda D. Synthesis and Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of 4,7-diamino-1,10-phenanthrolines and Their Precursors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224102. [PMID: 31766294 PMCID: PMC6891714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
New approaches to the synthesis of 4,7-dichloro-1,10-phenanthrolines and their corresponding 9H-carbazol-9-yl-, 10H-phenothiazin-10-yl- and pyrrolidin-1-yl derivatives were developed. Their properties have been characterized by a combination of several techniques: MS, HRMS, GC-MS, electronic absorption spectroscopy and multinuclear NMR in both solution and solid state including 15N CP/MAS NMR. The structures of 5-fluoro-2,9-dimethyl-4,7-di(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (5d), 4,7-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9-oxo-9,10-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline-5-carbonitrile (6a) and 4,7-di(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline-5-carbonitrile (6b) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. The nucleophilic substitutions of hydrogen followed by oxidation produced compounds 6a and 6b. The electrochemical properties of selected 1,10-phenanthrolines were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and compared with commercially available reference 1,10-phenanthrolin-5-amine (5l). The spatial distribution of frontier molecular orbitals of the selected compounds has been calculated by density functional theory (DFT). It was shown that potentials of reduction and oxidation were in consistence with the level of HOMO and LUMO energies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek E. Nycz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Szkolna 9; PL-40007 Katowice, Poland; (J.W.); (J.G.M.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-359-1446
| | - Jakub Wantulok
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Szkolna 9; PL-40007 Katowice, Poland; (J.W.); (J.G.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Romana Sokolova
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Lukasz Pajchel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Stankevič
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Marie Curie-Sklodowska University, 33 Gliniana St, PL-20614 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin Szala
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Jan Grzegorz Malecki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Szkolna 9; PL-40007 Katowice, Poland; (J.W.); (J.G.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Daniel Swoboda
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Szkolna 9; PL-40007 Katowice, Poland; (J.W.); (J.G.M.); (D.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khosravi F, Mansouri-Torshizi H. Antibacterial combination therapy using Co3+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pd2+ complexes: Their calf thymus DNA binding studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:512-531. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1281171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khosravi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Sistan and Baluchestan , Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hassan Mansouri-Torshizi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Sistan and Baluchestan , Zahedan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vilková M, Ungvarská Maľučká L, Imrich J. Prediction by (13)C NMR of regioselectivity in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of acridin-9-yl dipolarophiles. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2016; 54:8-16. [PMID: 26365601 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Strong correlation was found between (13)C NMR chemical shifts of dipolarophilic CH=CH carbons and regioselectivity in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of new acridin-9-yl dipolarophiles with stable benzonitrile oxides (BNO). Accordingly, two starting dipolarophiles, (acridin-9-yl)-CH=CH-R (R = COOCH3 or Ph), reacted with three BNOs (2,4,6-trimethoxy, 2,4,6-trimethyl, and 2,6-dichloro) to give a mixture of two target isoxazoline regioisomers in which the acridine was bound either to isoxazoline C-4 carbon (4-Acr) or C-5 one (5-Acr). Methyl 3-(acridin-9-yl)propenoate afforded major 4-(acridin-9-yl)-isoxazoline-5-carboxylates (4-Acr) and minor 5-(acridin-9-yl)-4-carboxylates (5-Acr). 9-(2-Styryl)acridine regiospecifically afforded only 4-Acr cycloadducts. The ratios of regioisomers were compared with analogous reactions of acridin-4-yl dipolarophiles. Regioselectivity was dependent on a polarity of the CH=CH bond, donor effects in BNO, and stabilization by stacking of aromatic substituents in the products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Vilková
- P. J. Šafárik University, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, NMR Laboratory, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Ungvarská Maľučká
- P. J. Šafárik University, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, NMR Laboratory, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ján Imrich
- P. J. Šafárik University, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, NMR Laboratory, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
García-Giménez JL, Hernández-Gil J, Martínez-Ruíz A, Castiñeiras A, Liu-González M, Pallardó FV, Borrás J, Alzuet Piña G. DNA binding, nuclease activity, DNA photocleavage and cytotoxic properties of Cu(II) complexes of N-substituted sulfonamides. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 121:167-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
6
|
Colak AT, Colak F, Oztopcu-Vatan P, Akduman D, Kabadere S, Uyar R. Pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate complexes with 2,2′-bipyridine and Co(II), Zn(II), Cu(II): syntheses, characterization, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
7
|
Terry CA, Fernández MJ, Gude L, Lorente A, Grant KB. Physiologically relevant concentrations of NaCl and KCl increase DNA photocleavage by an N-substituted 9-aminomethylanthracene dye. Biochemistry 2011; 50:10375-89. [PMID: 22014335 DOI: 10.1021/bi200972c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of a new 9-aminomethylanthracene dye N-substituted with a pyridinylpolyamine side chain (4). The effects of NaCl and KCl on anthracene/DNA interactions were then studied, with the goal of simulating the conditions of high ionic strength that a DNA photosensitizer might encounter in the cell nucleus (~150 mM of NaCl and 260 mM of KCl). As exemplified by methylene blue (5), the expected effect of increasing ionic strength is to decrease DNA binding and photocleavage yields. In contrast, the addition of 150 mM of NaCl in combination with 260 mM of KCl to photocleavage reactions containing micromolar concentrations of 4 triggers the conversion of supercoiled, nicked, and linear forms of pUC19 plasmid into a highly degraded band of DNA fragments (350 nm hν, pH 7.0). Circular dichroism spectra point to a correlation between salt-induced unwinding of the DNA helix and the increase in DNA photocleavage yields. The results of circular dichroism, UV-vis absorption, fluorescence emission, thermal denaturation, and photocleavage inhibition experiments suggest that the combination of salts causes a change in the DNA binding mode of 4 from intercalation to an external interaction. This in turn leads to an increase in the anthracene-sensitized production of DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Terry
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Larsen AF, Ulven T. Efficient Synthesis of 4,7-Diamino Substituted 1,10-Phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxamides. Org Lett 2011; 13:3546-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol201321z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Foller Larsen
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Grant KB, Terry CA, Gude L, Fernández MJ, Lorente A. Synthesis and DNA photocleavage by a pyridine-linked bis-acridine chromophore in the presence of copper(II): Ionic strength effects. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1047-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Liu Q, Zhang J, Wang MQ, Zhang DW, Lu QS, Huang Y, Lin HH, Yu XQ. Synthesis, DNA binding and cleavage activity of macrocyclic polyamines bearing mono- or bis-acridine moieties. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5302-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
11
|
Bencini A, Lippolis V. 1,10-Phenanthroline: A versatile building block for the construction of ligands for various purposes. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
12
|
Moreno-Corral R, Lara KO. Complexation Studies of Nucleotides by Tetrandrine Derivatives Bearing Anthraquinone and Acridine Groups. Supramol Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270701300188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Moreno-Corral
- a Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales , Universidad de Sonora , Apartado Postal 130, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México
| | - Karen Ochoa Lara
- a Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales , Universidad de Sonora , Apartado Postal 130, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang DW, Lu QS, Liu JL, Chen SY, Lin HH, Yu XQ. Synthesis, DNA binding and photocleavage study of novel anthracene-appended macrocyclic polyamines. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2278-85. [DOI: 10.1039/b823416g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Fan LL, Li CJ, Meng ZS, Tong ML. Metal-Mediated One-Step In Situ Oxidation of 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and Formation of Transition-Metal and Lanthanoid Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200800499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Akther J, Lindeman S, Karim MR. 2,9-Bis(1,3-benzothia-zol-2-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline dichloro-methane disolvate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o1836. [PMID: 21201809 PMCID: PMC2960670 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808019995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C26H14N4S2·2CH2Cl2, the two pendant benzothiazole groups are slightly twisted with respect to the phenanthroline core [dihedral angles = 1.03 (7) and 9.05 (5)°]. Weak intermolecular C—H⋯N and C—H⋯Cl interactions occur in the crystal structure.
Collapse
|
16
|
Marta González-Álvarez, Arias MS, Fernández MJ, Gude L, Lorente A, Alzuet G, Borrás J. Copper-mediated DNA photocleavage by a tetrapyridoacridine (tpac) ligand. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3286-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
Plitt P, Lynch VM, Sessler JL. Oxidation-induced control of self-assembly using a bis-dipyrromethyl substituted phenanthroline building block. NEW J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b716796b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Sankar J, Rath H, Prabhuraja V, Gokulnath S, Chandrashekar TK, Purohit CS, Verma S. meso-meso-Linked Corrole Dimers with Modified Cores: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties. Chemistry 2006; 13:105-14. [PMID: 16991181 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of the first examples of core-modified corrole dimers linked through the meso positions are described. The dimers are obtained by a simple Ag(I)- or Fe(III)-catalyzed coupling reaction in near-quantitative yields. The corroles obtained are metalated with metal ions, such as Cu(II) and Ni(II). The electronic-absorption spectral studies reveal weak electronic interaction between the two subunits and the exciton coupling observed for the free-base corrole dimer (1717 cm(-1)) is lower than that for the corresponding protonated derivative (4081 cm(-1)). The solution-state structure derived from (1)H and two-dimensional NMR spectral studies reveals a noncoplanar arrangement of two corrole units. Geometry optimization at the B3LYP-631G level also confirms the noncoplanar arrangement of corroles with a dihedral angle of 64.8 degrees between two corrole planes. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and magnetic characterization studies on the paramagnetic copper-metalated dimer indicate that both copper ions behave as independent spins without any noticeable interaction. Results of fluorescence studies reveal a bathochromic shift of about 60 nm upon dimerization. The first hyperpolarizability (beta) measured by using the hyper Rayleigh scattering (HRS) method reveals doubling of the beta values on progressing from monomer to dimer, attributed to enhanced pi conjugation. The use of copper dimers in the photocleavage of DNA is also explored. It is shown that the bimetallic copper dimer selectively cleaves the nucleic acids without affecting the proteins, suggesting a possible application of the copper complex in the removal of nucleic acid contaminants from protein extracts through a simple photolytic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaraman Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|