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Xiong Q, Wu T, Song R, Zhang F, He P. Theoretical and experimental verification of imaging resolution factors in scanning electrochemical microscopy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1238-1246. [PMID: 33620355 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00025j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The imaging resolution of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) depends strongly on the tip electrode size and the tip-substrate distance. Herein, etched glass encapsulation was applied to fabricate a gold disk electrode, and the size of the tip electrode was accurately determined from the steady-state limiting current. Referring to the theoretical research carried out by our predecessors, the formula for the imaging resolution was derived, followed by the imaging of gold spots and cells with the prepared microelectrodes of different sizes and with different tip-substrate distances. A depth scan was performed to generate 2D current maps of the gold spot relative to the position of the microelectrode in the x-z plane. Probe approach curves and horizontal sweeps were obtained from one depth scan image by simply extracting vertical and horizontal cross-sectional lines, and further characterized by comparison with simulated curves through modeling of the experimental system. The experimental results were basically consistent with the theory, revealing that the highest imaging resolution can be obtained with the smallest tip electrode when d/a = 1, and when the size of the tip electrode is fixed the smallest tip-substrate distance can give the highest imaging resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China.
| | - Ranran Song
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China.
| | - Pingang He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China.
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Abstract
To improve the spatial resolutions of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) imaging, the laser-pulled submicron electrode fabrication method was explored in this work. Manual polishing of a laser-pulled Pt nanoelectrode exposed a Pt tip diameter of 250 nm with a ratio of the tip glass to exposed Pt disc (RG) of 30. This fabricated submicron probe was then utilized to study the electrochemical functionality of an independently addressable microband electrodes (IAME) sample using SECM. In the constant imaging mode of SECM, where the probe is scanned linearly across the sample at a fixed z position, SECM demonstrated higher resolution than that of the conventional micrometer electrodes when the feedback currents from the Pt and glass microbands were characterized. In addition, the depth scan imaging mode of SECM was also used to extract experimental horizontal line scans and probe approach curves for analysis. Three-dimensional (3D) simulations of the IAME–SECM probe experiments were explored for the first time to quantify the tip-to-sample distances, tilt angle of the sample (or electrode), and height of the Pt microbands. The experimentally characterized height was found to be similar to manufacturer specification (125 nm vs 110 nm). Furthermore, the more computationally demanding 3D simulation of the true IAME sample geometry (110 nm height of the Pt microbands) revealed minimal difference in feedback behaviours in comparison with the idealized flat geometry. The removal of this simulation complexity was proved to be sufficient for SECM analysis of the IAME sample by a 250 nm Pt probe, which greatly saves computation resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S.M. Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Fraser P. Filice
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Conzuelo F, Grützke S, Stratmann L, Pingarrón JM, Schuhmann W. Interrogation of immunoassay platforms by SERS and SECM after enzyme-catalyzed deposition of silver nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Izquierdo J, Eifert A, Kranz C, Souto RM. In Situ Monitoring of Pit Nucleation and Growth at an Iron Passive Oxide Layer by using Combined Atomic Force and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Izquierdo
- Department of Chemistry; University of La Laguna; P.O. Box 456 E-38200 La Laguna Tenerife, Canary Islands Spain
| | - Alexander Eifert
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry; University of Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 D-89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry; University of Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 D-89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Ricardo M. Souto
- Department of Chemistry; University of La Laguna; P.O. Box 456 E-38200 La Laguna Tenerife, Canary Islands Spain
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Battistel D, Daniele S, Fratter D. A scanning electrochemical microscopy procedure for micropatterning Al2O3-thin films deposited on a platinum substrate. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bergner S, Palatzky P, Wegener J, Matysik FM. High-Resolution Imaging of Nanostructured Si/SiO2 Substrates and Cell Monolayers Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Leroux Y, Schaming D, Ruhlmann L, Hapiot P. SECM investigations of immobilized porphyrins films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:14983-14989. [PMID: 20735045 DOI: 10.1021/la101294s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electronic properties of electrogenerated Zn-porphyrin layers linked by an electroactive linker and immobilized on a semitransparent ITO electrode were investigated by steady-state SECM in unbiased conditions in view of the numerous possible applications of such surface. This SECM strategy took advantage of the variations of the charge transfer kinetics of the organic redox couple (the mediator used in SECM) on ITO surface with the standard potential of the mediator. After preliminary characterization of nonmodified ITO, analysis of the SECM approach curves recorded with a series of redox mediators allows the characterizations of both film permeability and charge transport inside the organic film in conditions close to a "real optoelectronic device". Two types of porphyrin films were considered. In the first one, the film was produced by electropolymerization of a modified zinc-β-octaethylporphyrin in which the bipyridinium pendant substituent is first introduced. The second type of film was prepared directly from an in situ electropolymerization method in which the Zn porphyrin is simply oxidized in the presence of 4,4'-bipyridine. Experiments show the occurrence of efficient charge transport inside both films after initial reduction of the electroactive linker. However, the first preparation method leads to films with stronger blocking character versus organic molecules and higher charge injection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Leroux
- Université de Rennes 1, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Zuliani C, Walsh DA, Keyes TE, Forster RJ. Formation and Growth of Oxide Layers at Platinum and Gold Nano- and Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7135-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Zuliani
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Darren A. Walsh
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Robert J. Forster
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
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Wang Q, Rodríguez-López J, Bard AJ. Evaluation of the Chemical Reactions from Two Electrogenerated Species in Picoliter Volumes by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2969-78. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hussien EM, Schuhmann W, Schulte A. Shearforce-Based Constant-Distance Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy as Fabrication Tool for Needle-Type Carbon-Fiber Nanoelectrodes. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5900-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100738b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emad Mohamed Hussien
- Analytische Chemie - Elektroanalytik & Sensorik, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytische Chemie - Elektroanalytik & Sensorik, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Albert Schulte
- Analytische Chemie - Elektroanalytik & Sensorik, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Pust SE, Salomo M, Oesterschulze E, Wittstock G. Influence of electrode size and geometry on electrochemical experiments with combined SECM-SFM probes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:105709. [PMID: 20160335 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/10/105709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gold electrodes integrated into silicon scanning force microscopy (SFM) probes allow the acquisition of spatially correlated data for sample morphology (via SFM) and local electrochemical reactivity via scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The lateral resolution of both techniques is controlled by different properties of the integrated probes. The topographic tracking provided by the SFM mechanism allows the realization of very small working distances for the SECM measurements. Microfabrication technology was used in order to reduce the size of the active electrode area of the tip into the sub-100 nm regime. The functionality of the probes was tested using electrochemical methods. Experiments revealed that the response could be quantitatively compared to numerical simulation. The low working distance, in combination with the small size of the active electrode area, allows for high lateral resolution in the SECM images. This is illustrated with different model substrates that cover a range of different rate constants and illustrate the dependence of the SECM contrast on the local kinetics of the sample in the sub-micrometre size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha E Pust
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Center of Interface Science, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Rapino S, Valenti G, Marcu R, Giorgio M, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F. Microdrawing and highlighting a reactive surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00818d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Radtke V, Heß C, Heinze J. Generation of platinum microstructures on non-conducting surfaces by means of the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM). Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Takahashi Y, Shiku H, Murata T, Yasukawa T, Matsue T. Transfected Single-Cell Imaging by Scanning Electrochemical Optical Microscopy with Shear Force Feedback Regulation. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9674-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901796r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11-605, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11-605, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11-605, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yasukawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11-605, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11-605, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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Anne A, Cambril E, Chovin A, Demaille C, Goyer C. Electrochemical atomic force microscopy using a tip-attached redox mediator for topographic and functional imaging of nanosystems. ACS NANO 2009; 3:2927-2940. [PMID: 19769340 DOI: 10.1021/nn9009054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe the development of a new type of high-resolution atomic force electrochemical microscopy (AFM-SECM), labeled Tarm (for tip-attached redox mediator)/AFM-SECM, where the redox mediator, a ferrocene (Fc), is tethered to the AFM-SECM probe via nanometer long, flexible polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains. It is demonstrated that the tip-attached ferrocene-labeled PEG chains effectively shuttle electrons between the tip and substrate, thus acting as molecular sensors probing the local electrochemical reactivity of a planar substrate. Moreover the Fc-PEGylated AFM-SECM probes can be used for tapping mode imaging, allowing simultaneous recording of electrochemical feedback current and of topography, with a vertical and a lateral resolution in the nanometer range. By imaging the naturally nanostructured surface of HOPG, we demonstrate that Tarm/AFM-SECM microscopy can be used to probe the reactivity of nanometer-sized active sites on surfaces. This new type of SECM microscopy, being, by design, free of the diffusional constraints of classical SECM, is expected to, in principle, enable functional imaging of redox nanosystems such as individual redox enzyme molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Anne
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moleculaire, Unite Mixte de Recherche Universite, CNRS No. 7591, Universite Paris Diderot, Paris 7, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baif, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Radtke V, Heß C, Souto RM, Heinze J. Electroless, Electrolytic and Galvanic Copper Deposition with the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope (SECM). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2006.220.4.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The Scanning Electrochemical Microscope (SECM) can be used with different techniques of microstructured copper deposition. A first approach involves the electrolytic copper deposition on noble metals, whereby copper ions are released from a complex by a suitable tip reaction and then reduced on the polarised conducting surface to form a copper microstructure. The second approach is very similar to the first, but does not involve polarising the substrate. It generates a tip-induced microgalvanic cell, the positive electromotoric force of which is constituted by two electrochemical reactions at different areas of the substrate. Finally the electroless copper deposition is performed on nonconducting surfaces like glass or semiconducting surfaces like silicon. This involves locally reducing a suitable precursor film whose surface has been previously immobilised.
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Radtke V, Heß C, Heinze J. Metal Deposition by Inducing a Microgalvanic Cell with the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope (SECM). Z PHYS CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2007.221.9-10.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new mechanism of metal deposition on conducting surfaces is presented. But in contrast to former procedures where metal ions were deposited by electrolysis on a conducting cathodically polarised surface, now the deposition occurs without any additional electrochemical energy even if the substrate metal is more noble than the deposited metal. This phenomenon can be explained by the formation of a microgalvanic cell as a consequence of the tip reaction. The process is similar to the effects of a local element well known in corrosion science. The latter one is an undesirable effect due to surface impurities whereas the former one can be targeted on generating microstructures. In this paper, we will show that the mechanism of deposition is congenerous to that one of the positive feedback, since both may occur on a nonpolarised conducting surface. Both are “tip-induced” electrochemical cells with a positive electromotive force.
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Cougnon C, Mauzeroll J, Bélanger D. Patterning of Surfaces by Oxidation of Amine-Containing Compounds Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7395-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cougnon C, Mauzeroll J, Bélanger D. Patterning of Surfaces by Oxidation of Amine-Containing Compounds Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cortés-Salazar F, Träuble M, Li F, Busnel JM, Gassner AL, Hojeij M, Wittstock G, Girault HH. Soft Stylus Probes for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6889-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900887u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Markus Träuble
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Busnel
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Laure Gassner
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mohamad Hojeij
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Bünsow J, Johannsmann D. Patterned Hydrogel Layers Produced by Electrochemically Triggered Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:858-63. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 12/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Baltes N, Heinze J. Imaging Local Proton Fluxes through a Polycarbonate Membrane by Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Functionalized Alkanethiols. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:174-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Surface Analytical Methods. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49829-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wittstock G, Burchardt M, Pust SE, Shen Y, Zhao C. Scanning electrochemical microscopy for direct imaging of reaction rates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1584-617. [PMID: 17285666 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Not only in electrochemistry but also in biology and in membrane transport, localized processes at solid-liquid or liquid-liquid interfaces play an important role at defect sites, pores, or individual cells, but are difficult to characterize by integral investigation. Scanning electrochemical microscopy is suitable for such investigations. After two decades of development, this method is based on a solid theoretical foundation and a large number of demonstrated applications. It offers the possibility of directly imaging heterogeneous reaction rates and locally modifying substrates by electrochemically generated reagents. The applications range from classical electrochemical problems, such as the investigation of localized corrosion and electrocatalytic reactions in fuel cells, sensor surfaces, biochips, and microstructured analysis systems, to mass transport through synthetic membranes, skin and tissue, as well as intercellular communication processes. Moreover, processes can be studied that occur at liquid surfaces and liquid-liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie und Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
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Wittstock G, Burchardt M, Pust S, Shen Y, Zhao C. Elektrochemische Rastermikroskopie zur direkten Abbildung von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Takahashi Y, Hirano Y, Yasukawa T, Shiku H, Yamada H, Matsue T. Topographic, electrochemical, and optical images captured using standing approach mode scanning electrochemical/optical microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:10299-306. [PMID: 17128996 DOI: 10.1021/la0611763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We developed a high-resolution scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) for the characterization of various biological materials. Electrode probes were fabricated by Ti/Pt sputtering followed by parylene C-vapor deposition polymerization on the pulled optical fiber or glass capillary. The effective electrode radius estimated from the cyclic voltammogram of ferrocyanide was found to be 35 nm. The optical aperture size was less than 170 nm, which was confirmed from the cross section of the near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) image of the quantum dot (QD) particles with diameters in the range of 10-15 nm. The feedback mechanism controlling the probe-sample distance was improved by vertically moving the probe by 0.1-3 microm to reduce the damage to the samples. This feedback mode, defined as "standing approach (STA) mode" (Yamada, H.; Fukumoto, H.; Yokoyama, T.; Koike, T. Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 1785-1790), has allowed the simultaneous electrochemical and topographic imaging of the axons and cell body of a single PC12 cell under physiological conditions for the first time. STA-mode feedback imaging functions better than tip-sample regulation by the conventionally available AFM. For example, polystyrene beads (diameter approximately 6 microm) was imaged using the STA-mode SECM, whereas imaging was not possible using a conventional AFM instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai
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Amemiya S, Guo J, Xiong H, Gross DA. Biological applications of scanning electrochemical microscopy: chemical imaging of single living cells and beyond. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:458-71. [PMID: 16855816 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent applications of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to studies of single biological cells are reviewed. This scanning probe microscopic technique allows the imaging of an individual cell on the basis of not only its surface topography but also such cellular activities as photosynthesis, respiration, electron transfer, single vesicular exocytosis and membrane transport. The operational principles of SECM are also introduced in the context of these biological applications. Recent progress in techniques for high-resolution SECM imaging are also reviewed. Future directions, such as single-channel detection by SECM, high-resolution imaging with nanometer-sized probes, and combined SECM techniques for multidimensional imaging are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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Xiong H, Gross DA, Guo J, Amemiya S. Local Feedback Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Electrochemical Characterization of One-Dimensional Nanostructure: Theory and Experiment with Nanoband Electrode as Model Substrate. Anal Chem 2006; 78:1946-57. [PMID: 16536432 DOI: 10.1021/ac051731q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Local feedback mode is introduced as a novel operation mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for electrochemical characterization of a single one-dimensional (1D) nanostructure, for example, a wire, rod, band, and tube with 1-100-nm width and micrometer to centimeter length. To demonstrate the principle, SECM feedback effects under diffusion limitation were studied theoretically and experimentally with a disk probe brought near a semi-infinitely long band electrode as a geometrical model for a conductive 1D nanostructure. As the band becomes narrower than the disk diameter, the feedback mechanism for tip current enhancement is predicted to change from standard positive feedback mode, to positive local feedback mode, and then to negative local feedback mode. The negative local feedback effect is the only feedback effect that allows observation of a 1D nanostructure without serious limitations due to small lateral dimension, available tip size, or finite electron-transfer rate. In line-scan and approach-curve experiments, an unbiased Pt band electrode with 100-nm width and 2.6-cm length was detectable in negative local feedback mode, even using a 25-microm-diameter disk Pt electrode. Using a 2-microm-diameter probe, both well-defined and defected sites were observed in SECM imaging on the basis of local electrochemical activity of the nanoband electrode. Noncontact and spatially resolved measurement is an advantage of this novel SECM approach over standard electrochemical approaches using electrodes based on 1D nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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