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Oung SW, Kremer N, Ben Amara S, Zaidi A, Koslowski T. Protonation and orientation: a computational approach to cocaine diffusion through a model membrane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14219-14227. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We study the diffusion of cocaine through a DMPC lipid bilayer as an example of a protonable, amphiphilic molecule passing a biological membrane. Using classical molecular dynamics simulations, the free...
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2
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Shigaev AS, Feldman TB, Nadtochenko VA, Ostrovsky MA, Lakhno VD. Quantum-classical model of the rhodopsin retinal chromophore cis–trans photoisomerization with modified inter-subsystem coupling. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Kaiser J, Castellano M, Gnandt D, Koslowski T. Monte Carlo simulation and thermodynamic integration applied to protein charge transfer. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1105-1115. [PMID: 31981372 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a combination of Monte Carlo simulation and thermodynamic integration methods to address a model problem in free energy computations, electron transfer in proteins. The feasibility of this approach is tested using the ferredoxin protein from Clostridium acidurici. The results are compared to numerical solutions of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation and data from recent molecular dynamics simulations on charge transfer in a protein complex, the NrfHA nitrite reductase of Desulfovibrio vulgaris. Despite the conceptual and computational simplicity of the Monte Carlo approach, the data agree well with those obtained by other methods. A link to experiments is established via the cytochrome subunit of the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kaiser
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Mike Castellano
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - David Gnandt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thorsten Koslowski
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Josif CM, Kruske S, Kildea SV, Barclay LM. The quality of health services provided to remote dwelling aboriginal infants in the top end of northern Australia following health system changes: a qualitative analysis. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:93. [PMID: 28359332 PMCID: PMC5374585 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Australia the health outcomes of remote dwelling Aboriginal infants are comparable to infants in developing countries. This research investigates service quality, from the clinicians’ perspective and as observed and recorded by the researcher, in two large Aboriginal communities in the Top End of northern Australia following health system changes. Methods Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with 25 clinicians providing or managing child health services in the two study sites. Thirty hours of participant observation was undertaken in the ‘baby-rooms’ at the two remote health centres between June and December 2012. The interview and observational data, as well as field notes were integrated and analysed thematically to explore clinicians’ perspectives of service delivery to infants in the remote health centres. Results A range of factors affecting the quality of care, mostly identified before health system changes were instigated, persisted. These factors included ineffective service delivery, inadequate staffing and culturally unsafe practices. The six themes identified in the data: ‘very adhoc’, ‘swallowed by acute’, ‘going under’, ‘a flux’, ‘a huge barrier’ and ‘them and us’ illustrate how these factors continue, and when combined portray a ‘very chaotic system’. Conclusion Service providers perceived service provision and quality to be inadequate, despite health system changes. Further work is urgently needed to improve the quality, cultural responsiveness and effectiveness of services to this population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0849-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn M Josif
- University Centre for Rural Health Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2480, Australia.
| | - Sue Kruske
- School of Nursing Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, 4010, Australia
| | - Sue V Kildea
- School of Nursing Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, 4010, Australia
| | - Lesley M Barclay
- University Centre for Rural Health Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2480, Australia
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Bauß A, Langenmaier M, Strittmatter E, Plattner DA, Koslowski T. Thermodynamic Integration Networks and Their Application to Charge Transfer Reactions within the AauDyPI Fungal Peroxidase. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:4937-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bauß
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße
23a, D-79104 Freiburg
im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Michael Langenmaier
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße
23a, D-79104 Freiburg
im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Eric Strittmatter
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße
21, D-79104 Freiburg
im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dietmar A. Plattner
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße
21, D-79104 Freiburg
im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thorsten Koslowski
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße
23a, D-79104 Freiburg
im Breisgau, Germany
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6
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Burggraf F, Koslowski T. Charge transfer through a cytochrome multiheme chain: Theory and simulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:186-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Lampe B, Koslowski T. Theory and simulation of organic solar cell model compounds: How packing and morphology determine the electronic conductivity. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:094903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4748816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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8
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Krapf S, Weber S, Koslowski T. The road not taken: a theoretical view of an unexpected cryptochrome charge transfer path. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11518-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40793k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Semiempirical configuration interaction calculations in biochemical environments. Biophys Chem 2011; 153:173-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Burggraf F, Koslowski T. The simulation of interquinone charge transfer in a bacterial photoreaction center highlights the central role of a hydrogen-bonded non-heme iron complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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McMahon DP, Troisi A. Organic semiconductors: impact of disorder at different timescales. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2067-74. [PMID: 20540142 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The charge transport in organic materials, from molecular crystals to polymers, is determined by their degree of disorder. The dynamic disorder in ideal molecular crystals at room temperature and the static disorder in disordered polymers are just two limiting cases of the timescale of the fluctuations in the electronic Hamiltonian caused by nuclear motions. In fact, a very large number of important materials (e.g. liquid crystalline semiconductors) are actually in an intermediate regime where the disorder is neither purely static nor purely dynamic. This Minireview discusses the recent contribution of computational chemistry (molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry) to the characterization of these transport regimes and outlines the theoretical methods that can be used to relate the system characteristics to the measurable mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P McMahon
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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12
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Kubař T, Elstner M. Coarse-Grained Time-Dependent Density Functional Simulation of Charge Transfer in Complex Systems: Application to Hole Transfer in DNA. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11221-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102814p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Kubař
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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13
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A combined Kirchhoff–Master equation approach to electronic transport in one-dimensional molecular conductors. Chem Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Koslowski T, Steinbrecher T. A Direct Simulation of Adiabatic Charge Transfer Through Bridged Organic Molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2009.5416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We approach the dynamics of adiabatic charge transfer through bridged triarylamine cations by a direct molecular dynamics simulation involving classical and quantum mechanical degrees of freedom. Within a simple yet chemically specific model, the quantum mechanical subsystem is described by a tight-binding Hamiltonian, which is coupled to a classical force field. From a population analysis of the quantum part, the charge transfer rate can be readily extracted, including the influence of memory effects. The direct computation of the associated thermodynamic potential establishes a close link to analytical rate concepts. The theoretical data are compared to experiments, and the limits and possible extensions of our approach are discussed.
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Kubař T, Kleinekathöfer U, Elstner M. Solvent Fluctuations Drive the Hole Transfer in DNA: A Mixed Quantum−Classical Study. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:13107-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9073587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Kubař
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany, and School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kleinekathöfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany, and School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany, and School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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Wittekindt C, Schwarz M, Friedrich T, Koslowski T. Aromatic Amino Acids as Stepping Stones in Charge Transfer in Respiratory Complex I: An Unusual Mechanism Deduced from Atomistic Theory and Bioinformatics. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:8134-40. [PMID: 19507904 DOI: 10.1021/ja900352t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wittekindt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 23a, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, and Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 23a, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, and Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thorsten Friedrich
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 23a, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, and Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thorsten Koslowski
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 23a, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, and Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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17
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Steinbrecher T, Koslowski T, Case DA. Direct simulation of electron transfer reactions in DNA radical cations. J Phys Chem B 2009; 112:16935-44. [PMID: 19049302 DOI: 10.1021/jp8076134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electron transfer properties of DNA radical cations are important in DNA damage and repair processes. Fast long-range charge transfer has been demonstrated experimentally, but the subtle influences that experimental conditions as well as DNA sequences and geometries have on the details of electron transfer parameters are still poorly understood. In this work, we employ an atomistic QM/MM approach, based on a one-electron tight binding Hamiltonian and a classical molecular mechanics forcefield, to conduct nanosecond length MD simulations of electron holes in DNA oligomers. Multiple spontaneous electron transfer events were observed in 100 ns simulations with neighboring adenine or guanine bases. Marcus parameters of charge transfer could be extracted directly from the simulations. The reorganization energy lambda for hopping between neighboring bases was found to be ca. 25 kcal/mol and charge transfer rates of 4.1 x 10(9) s(-1) for AA hopping and 1.3 x 10(9) s(-1) for GG hopping were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Steinbrecher
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
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18
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Kubař T, Elstner M. What Governs the Charge Transfer in DNA? The Role of DNA Conformation and Environment. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:8788-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jp803661f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Kubař
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, German Cancer Research Center, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, German Cancer Research Center, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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Kubař T, Woiczikowski PB, Cuniberti G, Elstner M. Efficient Calculation of Charge-Transfer Matrix Elements for Hole Transfer in DNA. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:7937-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jp801486d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Kubař
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany, Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, German Cancer Research Center, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P. Benjamin Woiczikowski
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany, Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, German Cancer Research Center, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany, Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, German Cancer Research Center, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany, Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, German Cancer Research Center, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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Voityuk AA. Electronic couplings and on-site energies for hole transfer in DNA: systematic quantum mechanical/molecular dynamic study. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:115101. [PMID: 18361616 DOI: 10.1063/1.2841421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The electron hole transfer (HT) properties of DNA are substantially affected by thermal fluctuations of the pi stack structure. Depending on the mutual position of neighboring nucleobases, electronic coupling V may change by several orders of magnitude. In the present paper, we report the results of systematic QM/molecular dynamic (MD) calculations of the electronic couplings and on-site energies for the hole transfer. Based on 15 ns MD trajectories for several DNA oligomers, we calculate the average coupling squares V(2) and the energies of basepair triplets XG(+)Y and XA(+)Y, where X, Y=G, A, T, and C. For each of the 32 systems, 15,000 conformations separated by 1 ps are considered. The three-state generalized Mulliken-Hush method is used to derive electronic couplings for HT between neighboring basepairs. The adiabatic energies and dipole moment matrix elements are computed within the INDO/S method. We compare the rms values of V with the couplings estimated for the idealized B-DNA structure and show that in several important cases the couplings calculated for the idealized B-DNA structure are considerably underestimated. The rms values for intrastrand couplings G-G, A-A, G-A, and A-G are found to be similar, approximately 0.07 eV, while the interstrand couplings are quite different. The energies of hole states G(+) and A(+) in the stack depend on the nature of the neighboring pairs. The XG(+)Y are by 0.5 eV more stable than XA(+)Y. The thermal fluctuations of the DNA structure facilitate the HT process from guanine to adenine. The tabulated couplings and on-site energies can be used as reference parameters in theoretical and computational studies of HT processes in DNA.
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Ding Y, Li YZ, Ma FC. Photoinduced Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Donor-acceptor Dyad and Donor-bridge-acceptor Triad. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/21/02/111-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Řeha D, Barford W, Harris S. A multi-scale method for the calculation of charge transfer rates through the Π-stack of DNA: application to DNA dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:5436-44. [DOI: 10.1039/b719619a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Voityuk AA. Fluctuation of the electronic coupling in DNA: Multistate versus two-state model. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sadowska-Aleksiejew A, Rak J, Voityuk AA. Effects of intra base-pairs flexibility on hole transfer coupling in DNA. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Rink G, Kong Y, Koslowski T. Theory and simulation of charge transfer through DNA – nanotube contacts. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Troisi A. Charge dynamics through pi-stacked arrays of conjugated molecules: effect of dynamic disorder in different transport/transfer regimes. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020600857305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
We address the problem of charge transfer (CT) between a nanosized inorganic system and a protein from a theoretical and numerical perspective. The CT process is described on an atomistic level by applying an electronic Hamiltonian that takes into account the chemical bond, vibronic coupling effects, and polarization degrees of freedom. As a structurally well-characterized example, we consider a complex of C60 and its antibody. For this system, we find a novel efficient protein CT mechanism; through-space superexchange is mediated by stacked pi orbital systems. The predicted rates are comparable to those obtained for short-range electron tunneling through covalent bonds, the fastest ground-state CT process known for proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Utz
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 23a, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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