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Sutter B, Ravera C, Hussard C, Langlois E. Alternatives for Benzene in the Extraction of Bitumen Fume from Exposure Sample Media. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 60:101-12. [PMID: 26400870 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Benzene is frequently used to extract collected bitumen fumes from personal sampler substrates. However, this solvent is particularly dangerous because of its carcinogenicity (group 1 of the International Agency for Research on Cancer classification). Therefore, to prevent the exposure of laboratory technicians to benzene during the fume extraction step from samplers, a compromise had to be found to identify a less toxic solvent with the same extraction capacity. To compare the extraction capacities of selected solvents, bitumen fumes were generated in the laboratory from three different batches of road surfacing bitumen collected on dedicated bitumen fume samplers. The samplers were then extracted by benzene and the solvents tested. Of 11 selected solvents less toxic than benzene and used in studies on bitumen and bitumen fume analyses, n-hexane and n-heptane were identified as alternatives to benzene. In particular, the results demonstrated that n-heptane was the best candidate solvent for benzene replacement, due to its extraction efficiency comparable to benzene for the three bitumen fumes tested and its low toxicity, which is highly compatible with benzene replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sutter
- Pollutants Metrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Christel Ravera
- Pollutants Metrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Caroline Hussard
- Pollutants Metrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Eddy Langlois
- Pollutants Metrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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Dijkmans T, Van Geem KM, Djokic MR, Marin GB. Combined Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Analysis of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons/Polyaromatic Sulfur-Containing Hydrocarbons (PAH/PASH) in Complex Matrices. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5000888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dijkmans
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marko R. Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Šánek L, Pecha J, Kolomazník K. Simultaneous determination of main reaction components in the reaction mixture during biodiesel production. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1029-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Šánek
- Faculty of Applied Informatics; Tomas Bata University; Zlín Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pecha
- Faculty of Applied Informatics; Tomas Bata University; Zlín Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kolomazník
- Faculty of Applied Informatics; Tomas Bata University; Zlín Czech Republic
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Šťávová J, Stahl DC, Seames WS, Kubátová A. Method development for the characterization of biofuel intermediate products using gas chromatography with simultaneous mass spectrometric and flame ionization detections. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1224:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Walorczyk S. Gas chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric analysis of pesticides residues in produce using concurrent solvent recondensation-large volume injection. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1222:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Detection of volatile compounds produced by microbial growth in urine by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). J Microbiol Methods 2011; 87:111-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Subpopulation-specific metabolic pathway usage in mixed cultures as revealed by reporter protein-based 13C analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:1816-21. [PMID: 21216909 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02696-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Most large-scale biological processes, like global element cycling or decomposition of organic matter, are mediated by microbial consortia. Commonly, the different species in such consortia exhibit mutual metabolic dependencies that include the exchange of nutrients. Despite the global importance, surprisingly little is known about the metabolic interplay between species in particular subpopulations. To gain insight into the intracellular fluxes of subpopulations and their interplay within such mixed cultures, we developed here a (13)C flux analysis approach based on affinity purification of the recombinant fusion glutathione S-transferase (GST) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter protein. Instead of detecting the (13)C labeling patterns in the typically used amino acids from the total cellular protein, our method detects these (13)C patterns in amino acids from the reporter protein that has been expressed in only one species of the consortium. As a proof of principle, we validated our approach by mixed-culture experiments of an Escherichia coli wild type with two metabolic mutants. The reporter method quantitatively resolved the expected mutant-specific metabolic phenotypes down to subpopulation fractions of about 1%.
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Evaluating the impact of GC operating settings on GC–FID performance for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) determination. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kubatova A. Critical factors in chemical characterization for the evaluation of decontamination in solids using advanced oxidation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2009; 44:1052-1068. [PMID: 19847695 DOI: 10.1080/10934520903005004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation technologies (AOT) have been applied to the treatment of numerous organic pollutants embedded in solid matrices (e.g., soil, sediments, sludge, etc.). Given potentially strong matrix-analyte interactions in solids, chemical characterization of both the target contaminants and their oxidation products is critical for the evaluation of any decontamination method. The success of AOT applications has been evaluated either directly (based on the removal of original contaminants, extent of mineralization, and/or formation of by-products), or indirectly, e.g., based on toxicity or chemical oxygen demand. Since indirect methods do not provide comprehensive understanding of the pollutants' fate, direct analytical approaches are covered in this review while focusing on sample preparation and detailed chromatographic characterization, assessing the strengths and weaknesses of these methods. The significance of sample preparation, in particular extraction, is discussed with respect to the nature of matrix-analyte interactions, as those may also affect the selection of the remediation method. The ultimate goal of this review is the presentation of methods employed to achieve mass balance closure, which is essential to ensure the full understanding of degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kubatova
- Chemistry Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA.
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Vizcaino E, Arellano L, Fernandez P, Grimalt JO. Analysis of whole congener mixtures of polybromodiphenyl ethers by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in both environmental and biological samples at femtogram levels. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5045-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li Y, Whitaker JS, McCarty CL. New Advances in Large-Volume Injection Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902956360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- a Underwriters Laboratories Inc. , South Bend, Indiana, USA
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Raina R, Hall P. Comparison of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electron ionization and negative-ion chemical ionization for analyses of pesticides at trace levels in atmospheric samples. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2008; 3:111-25. [PMID: 19609395 PMCID: PMC2701172 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of detection limits of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with both electron ionization (EI) and negative-ion chemical ionization (NCI) are presented for over 50 pesticides ranging from organochlorines (OCs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and pre-emergent herbicides used in the Canadian prairies (triallate, trifluralin, ethalfluralin). The developed GC-EI/SIM, GC-NCI/SIM, and GC-NCI/SRM are suitable for the determination of pesticides in air sample extracts at concentrations <100 pg μL−1 (<100 pg m−3 in air). No one method could be used to analyze the range of pre-emergent herbicides, OPs, and OCs investigated. In general GC-NCI/SIM provided the lowest method detection limits (MDLs commonly 2.5–10 pg μL−1) along with best confirmation (<25% RSD of ion ratio), while GC-NCI/SRM is recommended for use where added selectivity or confirmation is required (such as parathion-ethyl, tokuthion, carbofenothion). GC-EI/SRM at concentration <100 pg μL−1 was not suitable for most pesticides. GC-EI/SIM was more prone to interference issues than NCI methods, but gave good sensitivity (MDLs 1–10 pg μL−1) for pesticides with poor NCI response (OPs: sulfotep, phorate, aspon, ethion, and OCs: alachlor, aldrin, perthane, and DDE, DDD, DDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Raina
- University of Regina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Trace Analysis Facility (TAF), 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, Canada.
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Bailey R, Belzer W. Large volume cold on-column injection for gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry analysis of selected pesticides in air samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:1150-5. [PMID: 17256963 DOI: 10.1021/jf062972h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A new gas chromatographic method is described for the analysis of fungicides captan, captafol, and folpet from organic extracts of air samples using large volume injection (LVI) via a cold on-column (COC) inlet coupled with gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS). Although standard split/splitless injection due to high injection port temperatures (>225 degrees C) have been shown to degrade these thermally labile fungicides, COC injection minimizes degradation. Insecticides such as chlorpyrifos and diazinon were also examined to show added selectivity. By using a solvent vapor exit with the COC inlet, injection volumes of 10-100 microL can be made to lower detection levels. GC-NCI-MS was compared to GC-electron impact ionization-mass spectrometry for each pesticide using LVI-COC injections and was found to be 2-80 times more sensitive, depending on the pesticide. Method detection limit (MDL) values with 100 microL injections were 2.5 microg L-1 for captan, folpet, and diazinon, 5.0 microg L-1 captafol, and 1.0 microg L-1 for chlorpyrifos, with the normal working range examined for sample analysis from MDL to 100 microg L-1. Detection of all pesticides except captafol, used only in the United States but not Canada, was demonstrated from air samples taken from Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 0A2.
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