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Ran J, Wang X, Liu Y, Yin S, Li S, Zhang L. Microreactor-based micro/nanomaterials: fabrication, advances, and outlook. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023. [PMID: 37139613 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanomaterials are widely used in optoelectronics, environmental materials, bioimaging, agricultural industries, and drug delivery owing to their marvelous features, such as quantum tunneling, size, surface and boundary, and Coulomb blockade effects. Recently, microreactor technology has opened up broad prospects for green and sustainable chemical synthesis as a powerful tool for process intensification and microscale manipulation. This review focuses on recent progress in the microreactor synthesis of micro/nanomaterials. First, the fabrication and design principles of existing microreactors for producing micro/nanomaterials are summarized and classified. Afterwards, typical examples are shown to demonstrate the fabrication of micro/nanomaterials, including metal nanoparticles, inorganic nonmetallic nanoparticles, organic nanoparticles, Janus particles, and MOFs. Finally, the future research prospects and key issues of microreactor-based micro/nanomaterials are discussed. In short, microreactors provide new ideas and methods for the synthesis of micro/nanomaterials, which have huge potential and inestimable possibilities in large-scale production and scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Ran
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuxu Wang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Shaohua Yin
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Shiwei Li
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
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Heretsch P. Modern flow chemistry - prospect and advantage. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:33-35. [PMID: 36686042 PMCID: PMC9830491 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Heretsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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3
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Takumi M, Nagaki A. Flash Synthesis and Continuous Production of C-Arylglycosides in a Flow Electrochemical Reactor. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.862766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemistry provides a green and atom-efficient route to synthesize pharmaceutical and useful functional molecules, as it eliminates the need for the harsh chemical oxidants and reductants commonly used in traditional chemical reactions. To promote the implementation of electrochemical processes in the industry, there is a strong demand for the development of technologies that would allow for scale-up and a shortened reaction process time. Herein, we report that electrolysis was successfully accomplished using a flow-divided-electrochemical reactor within a few seconds, enabling the desired chemical conversion in a short period of time. Moreover, the narrow electrode gap of the flow reactor, which offers greener conditions than the conventional batch reactor, resulted in the continuous flash synthesis of C-arylglycosides.
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Schotten C, Manson J, Chamberlain TW, Bourne RA, Nguyen BN, Kapur N, Willans CE. Development of a multistep, electrochemical flow platform for automated catalyst screening. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00587e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An integrated flow platform enables the electrochemical synthesis of base-metal catalysts with high-throughput screening and rapid data generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie Manson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Richard A. Bourne
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Bao N. Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nik Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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5
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Forni JA, Czyz ML, Lupton DW, Polyzos A. An Electrochemical γ-C-H Arylation of Amines in Continuous Flow. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Brown RCD. The Longer Route can be Better: Electrosynthesis in Extended Path Flow Cells. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2472-2487. [PMID: 34302434 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This personal account provides an overview of work conducted in my research group, and through collaborations with other chemists and engineers, to develop flow electrolysis cells and apply these cells in organic electrosynthesis. First, a brief summary of my training and background in organic synthesis is provided, leading in to the start of flow electrosynthesis in my lab in collaboration with Derek Pletcher. Our work on the development of extended path electrolysis flow reactors is described from a synthetic organic chemist's perspective, including laboratory scale-up to give several moles of an anodic methoxylation product in one day. The importance of cell design is emphasised with regards to achieving good performance in laboratory electrosynthesis with productivities from hundreds of mg h-1 to many g h-1 , at high conversion in a selective fashion. A simple design of recycle flow cell that can be readily constructed in a small University workshop is also discussed, including simple modifications to improve cell performance. Some examples of flow electrosyntheses are provided, including Shono-type oxidation, anodic cleavage of protecting groups, Hofer-Moest reaction of cubane carboxylic acids, oxidative esterification and amidation of aldehydes, and reduction of aryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, The University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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7
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Kuhwald C, Kirschning A. Matteson Reaction under Flow Conditions: Iterative Homologations of Terpenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:4300-4304. [PMID: 33983747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Matteson reaction is ideally suited for flow chemistry since it allows iterative homologation of boronate esters. The present study provides accurate data on reaction times of the individual steps of the Matteson reaction, which occurs in less than 10 s in total. The protocol allows terpenes to be (per-)homologated in a controlled manner to yield homo-, bishomo-, and trishomo-terpenols after oxidative workup. The new terpene alcohols are validated with respect to their olfactoric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Kuhwald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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8
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Lee HJ, Yonekura Y, Kim N, Yoshida JI, Kim H. Regioselective Synthesis of α-Functional Stilbenes via Precise Control of Rapid cis- trans Isomerization in Flow. Org Lett 2021; 23:2904-2910. [PMID: 33797929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rapid cis-trans isomerization of α-anionic stilbene was regioselectively controlled by using flow microreactors, and its reaction with various electrophiles was conducted. The reaction time was precisely controlled within milliseconds to seconds at -50 °C to selectively give the cis- or trans-isomer in high yields. This synthetic method in flow was well-applied to synthesize precursors of commercial drug compound, (E)- and (Z)-tamoxifen with high regioselectivity and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyune-Jea Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Yuya Yonekura
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto 615-08510, Japan
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jun-Ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto 615-08510, Japan.,National Institution of Technology, Suzuka College, Suzuka, Mie 510-0294, Japan
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.,Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto 615-08510, Japan
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9
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Lu JM, Wang HF, Pan JZ, Fang Q. Research Progress of Microfluidic Technique in Synthesis of Micro/Nano Materials. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Baumann M, Moody TS, Smyth M, Wharry S. Overcoming the Hurdles and Challenges Associated with Developing Continuous Industrial Processes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry Science Centre University College Dublin South Belfield D04 N2E2 Ireland
| | - Thomas S. Moody
- Almac Group Ltd. 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate Craigavon BT63 5QD United Kingdom
- Arran Chemical Company Unit 1 Monksland Industrial Estate Athlone, Co. Roscommon Ireland
| | - Megan Smyth
- Almac Group Ltd. 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate Craigavon BT63 5QD United Kingdom
| | - Scott Wharry
- Almac Group Ltd. 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate Craigavon BT63 5QD United Kingdom
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11
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García-Lacuna J, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Flow Chemistry for Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5138-5163. [PMID: 32662578 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors form part of a rapidly growing research area that has changed the way synthetic chemistry is performed not only in academia but also at the industrial level. This Review highlights the most recent advances in cycloaddition reactions performed in flow systems. Cycloadditions are atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, involved in the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. The main advantages of translating these processes into flow include using intensified conditions, safer handling of hazardous reagents and gases, easy tuning of reaction conditions, and straightforward scaling up. These benefits are especially important in cycloadditions such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), Diels-Alder reaction, ozonolysis and [2+2] photocycloadditions. Some of these transformations are key reactions in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Singh M, Kant Sharma L, Dubey R, Kumar Patel M, Prakash V, Krishna Pal Singh R. An Electrochemical Approach for the Direct Synthesis of 3, 5‐Disubstituted 1, 2, 4‐Triazoles from Nitriles and Hydrazides. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Singh
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Laxmi Kant Sharma
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Rahul Dubey
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Manoj Kumar Patel
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Ved Prakash
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Rana Krishna Pal Singh
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
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13
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Trojanowicz M. Flow Chemistry in Contemporary Chemical Sciences: A Real Variety of Its Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E1434. [PMID: 32245225 PMCID: PMC7146634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry is an area of contemporary chemistry exploiting the hydrodynamic conditions of flowing liquids to provide particular environments for chemical reactions. These particular conditions of enhanced and strictly regulated transport of reagents, improved interface contacts, intensification of heat transfer, and safe operation with hazardous chemicals can be utilized in chemical synthesis, both for mechanization and automation of analytical procedures, and for the investigation of the kinetics of ultrafast reactions. Such methods are developed for more than half a century. In the field of chemical synthesis, they are used mostly in pharmaceutical chemistry for efficient syntheses of small amounts of active substances. In analytical chemistry, flow measuring systems are designed for environmental applications and industrial monitoring, as well as medical and pharmaceutical analysis, providing essential enhancement of the yield of analyses and precision of analytical determinations. The main concept of this review is to show the overlapping of development trends in the design of instrumentation and various ways of the utilization of specificity of chemical operations under flow conditions, especially for synthetic and analytical purposes, with a simultaneous presentation of the still rather limited correspondence between these two main areas of flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Trojanowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03–195 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02–093 Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Baralle A, Inukai T, Yanagi T, Nogi K, Osuka A, Nagaki A, Yoshida JI, Yorimitsu H. Tf2O-mediated Reaction of Alkenyl Sulfoxides with Unprotected Anilines in Flow Microreactors. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Baralle
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Inukai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nogi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College, Shiroko-cho, Suzuka, Mie 510-0294, Japan
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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15
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Synthesis of Biaryls Having a Piperidylmethyl Group Based on Space Integration of Lithiation, Borylation, and Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Collin DE, Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Pletcher D, Light ME, Linclau B, Brown RCD. Cubane Electrochemistry: Direct Conversion of Cubane Carboxylic Acids to Alkoxy Cubanes Using the Hofer-Moest Reaction under Flow Conditions. Chemistry 2020; 26:374-378. [PMID: 31593312 PMCID: PMC6973092 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The highly strained cubane system is of great interest as a scaffold and rigid linker in both pharmaceutical and materials chemistry. The first electrochemical functionalisation of cubane by oxidative decarboxylative ether formation (Hofer-Moest reaction) was demonstrated. The mild conditions are compatible with the presence of other oxidisable functional groups, and the use of flow electrochemical conditions allows straightforward upscaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E. Collin
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Derek Pletcher
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Mark E. Light
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Richard C. D. Brown
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
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17
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Gleede B, Selt M, Gütz C, Stenglein A, Waldvogel SR. Large, Highly Modular Narrow-Gap Electrolytic Flow Cell and Application in Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of Phenols. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gleede
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Gütz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Shen T, Ouyang B, Qian C, Chen X. Aminolysis of ethyl acetate in continuous flow and its reaction kinetics. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Nagaki A, Yamashita H, Tsuchihashi Y, Hirose K, Takumi M, Yoshida JI. Generation and Reaction of Functional Alkyllithiums by Using Microreactors and Their Application to Heterotelechelic Polymer Synthesis. Chemistry 2019; 25:13719-13727. [PMID: 31400025 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Flow microreactors enabled the successful generation of various functional alkyllithiums containing electrophilic functional groups, as well as the use of these alkyllithiums in subsequent reactions. The high reactivity of these series of reactions could be achieved by the extremely accurate and selective control of residence time. Moreover, integrated flow microreactor systems could be used to successfully synthesize heterotelechelic polymers with two functionalities, one at each end, via a process involving controlled anionic polymerization initiated by functional alkyllithium compounds, followed by trapping reactions with difunctional electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamashita
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuchihashi
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Hirose
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takumi
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Yoshida
- National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College, Shiroko-cho, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0294, Japan
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Zhao
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
| | - Laurent Micouin
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
| | - Riccardo Piccardi
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
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21
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Miura S, Fukuda K, Masada S, Usutani H, Kanematsu M, Cork DG, Kawamoto T. Rapid and efficient synthesis of a novel cholinergic muscarinic M 1 receptor positive allosteric modulator using flash chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8166-8174. [PMID: 31464336 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01718f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow-flash synthesis of a 2-bromobenzaldehyde derivative 18 as a key intermediate of a novel cholinergic muscarinic M1 positive allosteric modulator 1 bearing an isoindolin-1-one ring system as a pharmacophore has been achieved using flow microreactors through selective I/Li exchange of 1-bromo-2-iodobenzene derivative 17 with BuLi and subsequent formylation at -40 °C of the highly reactive 2-bromophenyllithium intermediate using DMF, which is difficult to achieve by a conventional batch process due to the conversion of the highly reactive 2-bromophenyllithium intermediate into benzyne even at -78 °C. Late-stage cyclization to give the isoindolin-1-one ring system, through reductive amination of 18 followed by palladium-catalyzed carbonylation with carbon monoxide and intramolecular cyclization, efficiently afforded 1 for its further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Miura
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Fukuda
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Masada
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Hirotsugu Usutani
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Kanematsu
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - David G Cork
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kawamoto
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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22
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Nagaki A, Jiang Y, Yamashita H, Takabayashi N, Takahashi Y, Yoshida JI. Monolithiation of 5,5′‐Dibromo‐2,2′‐bithiophene Using Flow Microreactors: Mechanistic Implications and Synthetic Applications. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiichiro Nagaki
- Kyoto University Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
| | - Yiyuan Jiang
- Kyoto University Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamashita
- Kyoto University Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
| | - Naoshi Takabayashi
- Kyoto University Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Kyoto University Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Nishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- National Institute of Technology Suzuka College Shiroko-cho 510-0294 Suzuka, Mie Japan
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23
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Seto M, Masada S, Usutani H, Cork DG, Fukuda K, Kawamoto T. Application of Continuous Flow-Flash Chemistry to Scale-up Synthesis of 5-Cyano-2-formylbenzoic Acid. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Seto
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichi Masada
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Usutani
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - David G. Cork
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Koichiro Fukuda
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kawamoto
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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24
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Anionic Polymerization Using Flow Microreactors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24081532. [PMID: 31003462 PMCID: PMC6514773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flow microreactors are expected to make a revolutionary change in chemical synthesis involving various fields of polymer synthesis. In fact, extensive flow microreactor studies have opened up new possibilities in polymer chemistry including cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, radical polymerization, coordination polymerization, polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization. This review provides an overview of flow microreactors in anionic polymerization and their various applications.
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25
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Nagaki A, Sasatsuki K, Ishiuchi S, Miuchi N, Takumi M, Yoshida JI. Synthesis of Functionalized Ketones from Acid Chlorides and Organolithiums by Extremely Fast Micromixing. Chemistry 2019; 25:4946-4950. [PMID: 30775815 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of ketones containing various functional groups from acid chlorides bearing electrophilic functional groups and functionalized organolithiums was achieved using a flow microreactor system. Extremely fast mixing is important for high chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kengo Sasatsuki
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishiuchi
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Miuchi
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takumi
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Yoshida
- National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College, Emeritus Professor, Kyoto University, Shiroko-cho, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0294, Japan
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26
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Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Using Monolithic Pd Reactors and Scaling-Up by Series Connection of the Reactors. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The space integration of the lithiation of aryl halides, the borylation of aryllithiums, and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling using a Pd catalyst supported by a polymer monolith flow reactor without using an intentionally added base was achieved. To scale up the process, a series connection of the monolith Pd reactor was examined. To suppress the increase in the pressure drop caused by the series connection, a monolith reactor having larger pore sizes was developed by varying the temperature of the monolith preparation. The monolithic Pd reactor having larger pore sizes enabled Suzuki–Miyaura coupling at a higher flow rate because of a lower pressure drop and, therefore, an increase in productivity. The present study indicates that series connection of the reactors with a higher flow rate serves as a good method for increasing the productivity without decreasing the yields.
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27
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Nagaki A, Yamashita H, Hirose K, Tsuchihashi Y, Yoshida JI. Alkyllithium Compounds Bearing Electrophilic Functional Groups: A Flash Chemistry Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4027-4030. [PMID: 30690827 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Flash chemistry based on flow microreactor systems allowed alkyllithiums bearing electrophilic functional groups to be successfully generated and used for subsequent reactions. The series of reactions with high reactivity was achieved by extremely accurate control over residence time in a controlled and selective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamashita
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Hirose
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuchihashi
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Yoshida
- National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College, Shiroko-cho, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0294, Japan
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28
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Nagaki A, Yamashita H, Hirose K, Tsuchihashi Y, Yoshida J. Alkyllithium Compounds Bearing Electrophilic Functional Groups: A Flash Chemistry Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic and Biological ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamashita
- Department of Synthetic and Biological ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Hirose
- Department of Synthetic and Biological ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuchihashi
- Department of Synthetic and Biological ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Jun‐ichi Yoshida
- National Institute of TechnologySuzuka College Shiroko-cho, Suzuka Mie 510-0294 Japan
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29
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Ikawa T, Masuda S, Akai S. Microflow Fluorinations of Benzynes: Efficient Synthesis of Fluoroaromatic Compounds. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:1153-1164. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Shigeaki Masuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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30
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Laudadio G, de Smet W, Struik L, Cao Y, Noël T. Design and application of a modular and scalable electrochemical flow microreactor. J Flow Chem 2018; 8:157-165. [PMID: 30931153 PMCID: PMC6404740 DOI: 10.1007/s41981-018-0024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry constitutes a mild, green and versatile activation method of organic molecules. Despite these innate advantages, its widespread use in organic chemistry has been hampered due to technical limitations, such as mass and heat transfer limitations which restraints the scalability of electrochemical methods. Herein, we describe an undivided-cell electrochemical flow reactor with a flexible reactor volume. This enables its use in two different modes, which are highly relevant for flow chemistry applications, including a serial (volume ranging from 88 μL/channel up to 704 μL) or a parallel mode (numbering-up). The electrochemical flow reactor was subsequently assessed in two synthetic transformations, which confirms its versatility and scale-up potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70 (Helix, STO 1.37), 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter de Smet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70 (Helix, STO 1.37), 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Struik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70 (Helix, STO 1.37), 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yiran Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70 (Helix, STO 1.37), 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70 (Helix, STO 1.37), 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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31
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Yang Z, Shi Y, Zhan Z, Zhang H, Xing H, Lu R, Zhang Y, Guan M, Wu Y. Sustainable Electrocatalytic Oxidant-Free Syntheses of Thiosulfonates from Thiols. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Department, West China Hospital, West China Medical School; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041, Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Yuesen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Department, West China Hospital, West China Medical School; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041, Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Department, West China Hospital, West China Medical School; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041, Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Department, West China Hospital, West China Medical School; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041, Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Huimin Xing
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Department, West China Hospital, West China Medical School; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041, Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Runxin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Department, West China Hospital, West China Medical School; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041, Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Department, West China Hospital, West China Medical School; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041, Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Mei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Department, West China Hospital, West China Medical School; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041, Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Department, West China Hospital, West China Medical School; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041, Sichuan P. R. China
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32
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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33
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Usutani H, Cork DG. Effective Utilization of Flow Chemistry: Use of Unstable Intermediates, Inhibition of Side Reactions, and Scale-Up for Boronic Acid Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Usutani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Juso-honmachi 2-17-85, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
- Kyoto University Original Co., Ltd., Kyoto University, Yoshida-Hommachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - David G. Cork
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Juso-honmachi 2-17-85, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
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34
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Kim H, Yonekura Y, Yoshida JI. A Catalyst-Free Amination of Functional Organolithium Reagents by Flow Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yuya Yonekura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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35
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Kim H, Yonekura Y, Yoshida JI. A Catalyst-Free Amination of Functional Organolithium Reagents by Flow Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4063-4066. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yuya Yonekura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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36
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Continuous flow reaction system for the synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroacetophenone derivatives and its application. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Kim H, Yin Z, Sakurai H, Yoshida JI. Sequential double C–H functionalization of 2,5-norbornadiene in flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00131f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An integrated one-flow synthesis of 2-bromo-2,5-norbornadienes bearing a functional group at the 3-position was achieved in 3 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Zuoyufan Yin
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Osaka 565-0871
- Japan
| | - Hidehiro Sakurai
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Osaka 565-0871
- Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
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38
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Yoshida JI, Shimizu A, Hayashi R. Electrogenerated Cationic Reactive Intermediates: The Pool Method and Further Advances. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4702-4730. [PMID: 29077393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry serves as a powerful method for generating reactive intermediates, such as organic cations. In general, there are two ways to use reactive intermediates for chemical reactions: (1) generation in the presence of a reaction partner and (2) generation in the absence of a reaction partner with accumulation in solution as a "pool" followed by reaction with a subsequently added reaction partner. The former approach is more popular because reactive intermediates are usually short-lived transient species, but the latter method is more flexible and versatile. This review focuses on the latter approach and provides a concise overview of the current methods for the generation and accumulation of cationic reactive intermediates as a pool using modern techniques of electrochemistry and their reactions with subsequently added nucleophilic reaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Akihiro Shimizu
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Ryutaro Hayashi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
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39
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Pletcher D, Green RA, Brown RCD. Flow Electrolysis Cells for the Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4573-4591. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Pletcher
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Robert A. Green
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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40
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1047] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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41
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Kim H, Inoue K, Yoshida JI. Harnessing [1,4], [1,5], and [1,6] Anionic Fries-type Rearrangements by Reaction-Time Control in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Keita Inoue
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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42
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Kim H, Inoue K, Yoshida JI. Harnessing [1,4], [1,5], and [1,6] Anionic Fries-type Rearrangements by Reaction-Time Control in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7863-7866. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Keita Inoue
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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43
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Gütz C, Stenglein A, Waldvogel SR. Highly Modular Flow Cell for Electroorganic Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gütz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Usutani H, Nihei T, Papageorgiou CD, Cork DG. Development and Scale-up of a Flow Chemistry Lithiation–Borylation Route to a Key Boronic Acid Starting Material. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Usutani
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Juso-honmachi
2-17-85, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-8686, Japan
| | - Takashi Nihei
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Juso-honmachi
2-17-85, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-8686, Japan
| | - Charles D. Papageorgiou
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., 40
Landsdowne St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David G. Cork
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Juso-honmachi
2-17-85, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-8686, Japan
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45
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Green RA, Jolley KE, Al-Hadedi AAM, Pletcher D, Harrowven DC, De Frutos O, Mateos C, Klauber DJ, Rincón JA, Brown RCD. Electrochemical Deprotection of para-Methoxybenzyl Ethers in a Flow Electrolysis Cell. Org Lett 2017; 19:2050-2053. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Green
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Katherine E. Jolley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Azzam A. M. Al-Hadedi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Derek Pletcher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - David C. Harrowven
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Oscar De Frutos
- Centro de Investigación
Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación
Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - David J. Klauber
- Early Chemical Development,
AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación
Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard C. D. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
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46
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Fanelli F, Parisi G, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Contribution of microreactor technology and flow chemistry to the development of green and sustainable synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:520-542. [PMID: 28405232 PMCID: PMC5372749 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microreactor technology and flow chemistry could play an important role in the development of green and sustainable synthetic processes. In this review, some recent relevant examples in the field of flash chemistry, catalysis, hazardous chemistry and continuous flow processing are described. Selected examples highlight the role that flow chemistry could play in the near future for a sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Fanelli
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari. Italy
| | - Giovanna Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari. Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari. Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari. Italy
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47
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Dubey R, Singh VK, Sharma LK, Upadhyay A, Kumar N, Singh RKP. A convenient electro-catalyzed multicomponent synthesis of 4H-thiopyran derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01211j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convenient one pot electro-synthesis of 4H-thiopyrans by condensation of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, carbon disulfide and primary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Dubey
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- India
| | - Vinay K. Singh
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- India
| | - Laxmi Kant Sharma
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- India
| | - Abhishek Upadhyay
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- India
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- India
| | - Rana Krishna Pal Singh
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- India
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48
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Hafner A, Filipponi P, Piccioni L, Meisenbach M, Schenkel B, Venturoni F, Sedelmeier J. A Simple Scale-up Strategy for Organolithium Chemistry in Flow Mode: From Feasibility to Kilogram Quantities. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hafner
- Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Filipponi
- Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Meisenbach
- Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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49
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Hafner A, Meisenbach M, Sedelmeier J. Flow Chemistry on Multigram Scale: Continuous Synthesis of Boronic Acids within 1 s. Org Lett 2016; 18:3630-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hafner
- Novartis Campus, Novartis
Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Meisenbach
- Novartis Campus, Novartis
Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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50
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Tani Y, Takumi M, Moronaga S, Nagaki A, Yoshida JI. Flash cationic polymerization followed by bis-end-functionalization. A new approach to linear-dendritic hybrid polymers. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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