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Habraken ERM, van Leest NP, Hooijschuur P, de Bruin B, Ehlers AW, Lutz M, Slootweg JC. Aryldiazonium Salts as Nitrogen-Based Lewis Acids: Facile Synthesis of Tuneable Azophosphonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11929-11933. [PMID: 30051582 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the commercially available azoimidazolium dyes (e.g., Basic Red 51) that can be obtained from aryldiazonium salts and N-heterocyclic carbenes, we developed the synthesis of a unique set of arylazophosphonium salts. A range of colours were obtained by applying readily tuneable phosphine donor ligands and para-substituted aryldiazonium salts as nitrogen-based Lewis acids. With cyclic voltammetry, a general procedure was designed to establish whether the reaction between a Lewis acid and a Lewis base occurs by single-electron transfer or electron-pair transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi R M Habraken
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas P van Leest
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Hooijschuur
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas W Ehlers
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 254, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martin Lutz
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Chris Slootweg
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Habraken ERM, van Leest NP, Hooijschuur P, de Bruin B, Ehlers AW, Lutz M, Slootweg JC. Aryldiazonium Salts as Nitrogen-Based Lewis Acids: Facile Synthesis of Tuneable Azophosphonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evi R. M. Habraken
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas P. van Leest
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Pim Hooijschuur
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Andreas W. Ehlers
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty; University of Johannesburg; PO Box 254 Auckland Park, Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Martin Lutz
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. Chris Slootweg
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Shi W, Xing F, Bai YL, Hu M, Zhao Y, Li MX, Zhu S. High Sensitivity Viologen for a Facile and Versatile Sensor of Base and Solvent Polarity in Solution and Solid State in Air Atmosphere. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:14493-14500. [PMID: 26066088 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Viologen cations are excellent electro- and photochromic materials. They generally have no response or very low sensitivity to bases. In this paper, three compounds, 1,1'-bis(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium (viologen) with different substituents, including H (1), Cl (2), and OH (3), were synthesized. All three, especially 1 and 2, have very high sensitivity to base in both solution and solid state in air atmosphere. These viologens are responsive not only to bases but also to solvent polarity. NMR shows 1 became enolic and then a radical, whereas 3 is colored only in the radical form. These results are in agreement with EPR spectra. Crystal structures show that the C-C that links two pyridinium and N-C distances in coplanar pyridinium in the colored (radical) form is clearly longer than that of the pale-yellow form, indicating that the color is due to the viologen radical. Viologens containing an electron-withdrawing phenacetyl group are the most sensitive compounds for fast, naked eye detection of base and solvent polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Innovative Drug Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Feifei Xing
- Innovative Drug Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yue-Ling Bai
- Innovative Drug Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Meiling Hu
- Innovative Drug Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Innovative Drug Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ming-Xing Li
- Innovative Drug Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shourong Zhu
- Innovative Drug Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Yasui S, Itoh K, Ohno A, Tokitoh N. Effect of structural change in viologen acceptors on the rate of single electron transfer from tributylphosphine. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:2928-31. [PMID: 16855741 DOI: 10.1039/b605362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The "flexible" 3 and "rigid" cyclic viologens 4, diquarternary salts of 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline, respectively, were treated with tributylphosphine (1) in acetonitrile containing a large amount of methanol under an argon atmosphere. A single electron transfer (SET) easily occurred from the latter to the former, the SET to 4 being 10(5)-10(6) times faster than the SET to 3. The reorganization energy lambda for the latter SET is thought to be larger than that for the former SET, because 3 undergoes a structural change upon the one-electron reduction to its radical cation, whereas the one-electron reduction of 4 takes place without a structural change. Taking into account the difference in lambda, and also taking into account the bond formation energy brought about by the follow-up reaction of the phosphine radical cation 1*(+) with methanol, the observed kinetics were well interpreted in terms of the Marcus theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinro Yasui
- Tezukayama University, Gakuen-Minami, Nara, Japan.
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