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Chevalier S, Tourvieille JN, Sommier A, Batsale JC, Beccard B, Pradère C. Thermal Camera-Based Fourier Transform Infrared Thermospectroscopic Imager. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:462-474. [PMID: 33119454 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820973026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this technical note, we present an advanced thermospectroscopic imager based on a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer and a thermal camera. This new instrument can image both thermal emission and multispectral absorbance fields in a few seconds at a resolution of 4 cm-1 or less. The setup is made of a commercial FT-IR spectrometer (ThermoFisher Nicolet iS50R) synchronized to an IR camera (indium antimonide and strained layer superlattice) as a detector to record the interferograms in each pixel of the images. A fast Fourier transform algorithm with apodization and Mertz phase correction is applied to the images, and the background is rationed to process the interferograms into the absorbance spectra in each pixel. The setup and image processing are validated using thin polystyrene films; during this processing, more than 1750 spectra per second are recorded. A spectral resolution equivalent to that of commercial FT-IR spectrometers is obtained for absorbance peaks valued less than two. The transient capability of the FT-IR thermospectroscopic imager is illustrated by measuring the heterogeneous thermal and absorbance fields during the phase change of paraffin over a few minutes. The complete mechanism of the thermochemical processes during a polymer solidification is revealed through the thermospectroscopic images, demonstrating the usefulness of such an instrument in studying fast transient thermal and chemical phenomena with an improved spectral resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Chevalier
- I2M UMR 5295, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRA, INP, HESAM Université, Talence, France
| | | | - Alain Sommier
- I2M UMR 5295, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRA, INP, HESAM Université, Talence, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Batsale
- I2M UMR 5295, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRA, INP, HESAM Université, Talence, France
| | | | - Christophe Pradère
- I2M UMR 5295, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRA, INP, HESAM Université, Talence, France
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Wrobel TP, Bhargava R. Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging Advances as an Analytical Technology for Biomedical Sciences. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1444-1463. [PMID: 29281255 PMCID: PMC6421863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz P. Wrobel
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Science and Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Ritter E, Puskar L, Bartl FJ, Aziz EF, Hegemann P, Schade U. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopic techniques as applied to channelrhodopsin. Front Mol Biosci 2015. [PMID: 26217670 PMCID: PMC4493399 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Among optogenetic tools, channelrhodopsins, the light gated ion channels of the plasma membrane from green algae, play the most important role. Properties like channel selectivity, timing parameters or color can be influenced by the exchange of selected amino acids. Although widely used, in the field of neurosciences for example, there is still little known about their photocycles and the mechanism of ion channel gating and conductance. One of the preferred methods for these studies is infrared spectroscopy since it allows observation of proteins and their function at a molecular level and in near-native environment. The absorption of a photon in channelrhodopsin leads to retinal isomerization within femtoseconds, the conductive states are reached in the microsecond time scale and the return into the fully dark-adapted state may take more than minutes. To be able to cover all these time regimes, a range of different spectroscopical approaches are necessary. This mini-review focuses on time-resolved applications of the infrared technique to study channelrhodopsins and other light triggered proteins. We will discuss the approaches with respect to their suitability to the investigation of channelrhodopsin and related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglof Ritter
- Experimentelle Biophysik, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Ljiljana Puskar
- Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz J Bartl
- Institut für medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Emad F Aziz
- Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH Berlin, Germany ; Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Experimentelle Biophysik, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schade
- Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH Berlin, Germany
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Kise DP, Magana D, Reddish MJ, Dyer RB. Submillisecond mixing in a continuous-flow, microfluidic mixer utilizing mid-infrared hyperspectral imaging detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:584-91. [PMID: 24302515 PMCID: PMC3898435 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51171e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report a continuous-flow, microfluidic mixer utilizing mid-infrared hyperspectral imaging detection, with an experimentally determined, submillisecond mixing time. The simple and robust mixer design has the microfluidic channels cut through a polymer spacer that is sandwiched between two IR transparent windows. The mixer hydrodynamically focuses the sample stream with two side flow channels, squeezing it into a thin jet and initiating mixing through diffusion and advection. The detection system generates a mid-infrared hyperspectral absorbance image of the microfluidic sample stream. Calibration of the hyperspectral image yields the mid-IR absorbance spectrum of the sample versus time. A mixing time of 269 μs was measured for a pD jump from 3.2 to above 4.5 in a D2O sample solution of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which acts as an infrared pD indicator. The mixer was further characterized by comparing experimental results with a simulation of the mixing of an H2O sample stream with a D2O sheath flow, showing good agreement between the two. The IR microfluidic mixer eliminates the need for fluorescence labeling of proteins with bulky, interfering dyes, because it uses the intrinsic IR absorbance of the molecules of interest, and the structural specificity of IR spectroscopy to follow specific chemical changes such as the protonation state of AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew P Kise
- Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Yue J, Schouten JC, Nijhuis TA. Integration of Microreactors with Spectroscopic Detection for Online Reaction Monitoring and Catalyst Characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301258j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yue
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap C. Schouten
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - T. Alexander Nijhuis
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Time-resolved mid-IR spectroscopy of (bio)chemical reactions in solution utilizing a new generation of continuous-flow micro-mixers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2487-97. [PMID: 21369756 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A specially designed micro-mixer made of silicon, calcium fluoride, and silicone with an optical transmission path of 8 μm has been used for mid-IR spectroscopy monitoring of mixing-induced chemical reactions in the low millisecond time regime. The basic principle of the proposed continuous-flow technique is to mix two liquids introduced in two times two alternatingly stacked layers through diffusion at the entrance of a 200 μm wide, 1 cm long micro-fluidic channel also serving as measurement area. By using this special, dedicated arrangement, diffusion lengths and hence the mixing times can be significantly shortened and the overall performance improved in comparison to previous systems and alternative methods. Measurements were carried out in transmission mode using an Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscope, recording spectra with spot sizes of 180 × 100 μm(2) each at defined spots along this channel. Each of these spots corresponds to a specific reaction time: moving the measurement spot towards the entry yields shorter reaction times, moving it towards the channel's end gives longer reaction times. This principle is generic in nature and provides a solution for accurate, chemically induced triggering of reactions requiring the mixing of two liquid reagents or reagent solutions. A typical experiment thus yields up to 85 time-coded data points, covering a time span from 1 to 80 ms at a total reagent consumption of only about 125 μL. Using the fast neutralization reaction of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide as a model, the time required for 90% mixing was determined to be around 4 ms. Additionally, first experiments on ubiquitin changing its secondary structure from native to "A-state" were carried out, illustrating the potential for time-resolved measurements of proteins in aqueous solutions.
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Radu I, Schleeger M, Nack M, Heberle J. Time-resolved FT-IR Spectroscopy of Membrane Proteins. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) offers distinct advantages concerning restrictions pertinent to biomolecules. In particular, it is possible to monitor the temporal evolution of the reaction mechanism of complex machineries as membrane proteins, where other techniques encounter significant experimental difficulties. Here, we present the classical principles and experimental realizations of time-resolved FT-IR spectroscopy together with recent developments employed in our laboratory. Examples from applications to retinal proteins are reviewed that underline the impact of time-resolved FT-IR spectroscopy on the understanding of protein reactions on the level of single bonds.
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Flower KR, Khalifa I, Bassan P, Démoulin D, Jackson E, Lockyer NP, McGown AT, Miles P, Vaccari L, Gardner P. SynchrotronFTIR analysis of drug treated ovarian A2780 cells: an ability to differentiate cell response to different drugs? Analyst 2011; 136:498-507. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00564a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Martin MC, Schade U, Lerch P, Dumas P. Recent applications and current trends in analytical chemistry using synchrotron-based Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Carter CF, Lange H, Ley SV, Baxendale IR, Wittkamp B, Goode JG, Gaunt NL. ReactIR Flow Cell: A New Analytical Tool for Continuous Flow Chemical Processing. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op900305v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F. Carter
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
| | - Heiko Lange
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
| | - Brian Wittkamp
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
| | - Jon G. Goode
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
| | - Nigel L. Gaunt
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
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Holman HYN, Miles R, Hao Z, Wozei E, Anderson LM, Yang H. Real-time chemical imaging of bacterial activity in biofilms using open-channel microfluidics and synchrotron FTIR spectromicroscopy. Anal Chem 2010; 81:8564-70. [PMID: 19775125 DOI: 10.1021/ac9015424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Real-time chemical imaging of bacterial activities can facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of biofilm structures and functions. Synchrotron-radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectromicroscopy can yield high spatial resolution and label-free vibrational signatures of chemical bonds in biomolecules, but the abundance of water in biofilms has hindered SR-FTIR's sensitivity in investigating bacterial activity. We developed a simple open-channel microfluidic system that can circumvent the water-absorption barrier for chemical imaging of the developmental dynamics of bacterial biofilms with a spatial resolution of several micrometers. This system maintains a 10 microm thick laminar-flow-through biofilm system that minimizes both the imaging volume in liquid and the signal interference from geometry-induced fringing. Here we demonstrate the ability of the open-channel microfluidic platform to maintain the functionality of living cells while enabling high-quality SR-FTIR measurements. We include several applications that show how microbes in biofilms adapt to their immediate environments. The ability to directly monitor and map bacterial changes in biofilms can yield significant insight into a wide range of microbial systems, especially when coupled to more sophisticated microfluidic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Ying N Holman
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Time-resolved flow-flash FT-IR difference spectroscopy: the kinetics of CO photodissociation from myoglobin revisited. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1869-77. [PMID: 19521691 PMCID: PMC2709881 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) difference spectroscopy has been proven to be a significant tool in biospectroscopy. In particular, the step-scan technique monitors structural and electronic changes at time resolutions down to a few nanoseconds retaining the multiplex advantage of FT-IR. For the elucidation of the functional mechanisms of proteins, this technique is currently limited to repetitive systems undergoing a rapid photocycle. To overcome this obstacle, we developed a flow-flash experiment in a miniaturised flow channel which was integrated into a step-scan FT-IR spectroscopic setup. As a proof of principle, we studied the rebinding reaction of CO to myoglobin after photodissociation. The use of microfluidics reduced the sample consumption drastically such that a typical step-scan experiment takes only a few 10 ml of a millimolar sample solution, making this method particularly interesting for the investigation of biological samples that are only available in small quantities. Moreover, the flow cell provides the unique opportunity to assess the reaction mechanism of proteins that cycle slowly or react irreversibly. We infer that this novel approach will help in the elucidation of molecular reactions as complex as those of vectorial ion transfer in membrane proteins. The potential application to the oxygen splitting reaction of cytochrome c oxidase is discussed.
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Anwar MS, Hilty C, Chu C, Bouchard LS, Pierce KL, Pines A. Spin Coherence Transfer in Chemical Transformations Monitored by Remote Detection NMR. Anal Chem 2007; 79:2806-11. [PMID: 17335181 DOI: 10.1021/ac062327+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment using continuous flow in a microfluidic channel for studying the transfer of spin coherence in nonequilibrium chemical processes. We use the principle of remote detection, which involves spatially separated NMR encoding and detection coils. As an example, we provide the map of chemical shift correlations for the amino acid alanine as it transitions from the zwitterionic to the anionic form. The presented method uniquely allows for tracking the migration of encoded spins during the course of any chemical transformation and can provide useful information about reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sabieh Anwar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley and Division of Materials Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Building 11-D64, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Kaun N, Vellekoop MJ, Lendl B. Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of chemical reactions in solution using a focal plane array detector. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:1273-8. [PMID: 17132444 DOI: 10.1366/000370206778999076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscope equipped with a single as well as a 64 x 64 element focal plane array MCT detector was used to measure chemical reaction taking place in a microstructured flow cell designed for time-resolved FT-IR spectroscopy. The flow cell allows transmission measurements through aqueous solutions and incorporates a microstructured mixing unit. This unit achieves lamination of the two input streams with a cross-section of 300 x 5 microm each, resulting in fast diffusion-controlled mixing of the two input streams. Microscopic measurement at defined positions along the outlet channel allows time-resolved information of the reaction taking place in the flow cell to be obtained. In this paper we show experimental results on the model reaction between formaldehyde and sulfite. Using the single-point MCT detector, high-quality FT-IR spectra could be obtained from a spot size of 80 x 200 microm whereas the FPA detector allowed recording light from an area of 260 x 260 microm focused on its 64 x 64 detector elements. Therefore, more closely spaced features could be discerned at the expense of a significantly lower signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio per spectrum. Multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares was used to extract concentration profiles of the reacting species along the outlet channel axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kaun
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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