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Plachká K, Pilařová V, Horáček O, Gazárková T, Vlčková HK, Kučera R, Nováková L. Columns in analytical-scale supercritical fluid chromatography: From traditional to unconventional chemistries. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300431. [PMID: 37568246 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Within this review, we thoroughly explored supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) columns used across > 3000 papers published from the first study carried out under SFC conditions in 1962 to the end of 2022. We focused on the open tubular capillary, packed capillary, and packed columns, their chemistries, dimensions, and trends in used stationary phases with correlation to their specific interactions, advantages, drawbacks, used instrumentation, and application field. Since the 1990s, packed columns with liquid chromatography and SFC-dedicated stationary phases for chiral and achiral separation are predominantly used. These stationary phases are based on silica support modified with a wide range of chemical moieties. Moreover, numerous unconventional stationary phases were evaluated, including porous graphitic carbon, titania, zirconia, alumina, liquid crystals, and ionic liquids. The applications of unconventional stationary phases are described in detail as they bring essential findings required for further development of the supercritical fluid chromatography technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Plachká
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pilařová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Taťána Gazárková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kočová Vlčková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Zajickova Z, Nováková L, Svec F. Monolithic Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) Columns for Supercritical Fluid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Polypeptide. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11525-11529. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Zajickova
- Department of Physical Sciences, Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida 33161, United States
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Zajickova Z, Špánik I. Applications of monolithic columns in gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:999-1011. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Zajickova
- Department of Physical Sciences; Barry University; Miami Shores FL USA
| | - Ivan Špánik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovakia
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SAKURAI H, KAMIMURA T, KIKUCHI T, IKEDA T. Highly Sensitive Analysis of Industrial Oil by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2016. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.65.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato SAKURAI
- Analysis Technology Center, Technological Affairs, Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation
| | - Takahiro KAMIMURA
- Analysis Technology Center, Technological Affairs, Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation
| | - Tsutomu KIKUCHI
- Analysis Technology Center, Technological Affairs, Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation
| | - Takuya IKEDA
- Analysis Technology Center, Technological Affairs, Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation
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Nagase K, Kobayashi J, Kikuchi A, Akiyama Y, Kanazawa H, Okano T. Monolithic Silica Rods Grafted with Thermoresponsive Anionic Polymer Brushes for High-Speed Separation of Basic Biomolecules and Peptides. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1204-15. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401779r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagase
- Institute
of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku,
Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Institute
of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku,
Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kikuchi
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Akiyama
- Institute
of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku,
Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hideko Kanazawa
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute
of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku,
Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Nagase K, Kobayashi J, Kikuchi A, Akiyama Y, Kanazawa H, Okano T. Thermally modulated cationic copolymer brush on monolithic silica rods for high-speed separation of acidic biomolecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1442-1452. [PMID: 23394252 DOI: 10.1021/am302889j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide (IPAAm)-co-2-(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate(DMAEMA)-co-tert-butylacrylamide (tBAAm)), a thermoresponsive-cationic-copolymer, brush-grafted monolithic-silica column was prepared through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for effective thermoresponsive anion-exchange chromatography matrices. ATRP-initiator was grafted on monolithic silica-rod surfaces by flowing a toluene solution containing ATRP initiator into monolithic silica-rod columns. IPAAm, DMAEMA, and tBAAm monomers and CuCl/CuCl₂/Me₆TREN, an ATRP catalytic system, were dissolved in 2-propanol, and the reaction solution was pumped into the preprepared initiator modified columns at 25 °C for 16 h. The constructed copolymer-brush structure on monolithic silica-rod surface was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurement of grafted copolymer. The prepared monolithic silica-rod columns were also characterized by chromatographic analysis. The cationic copolymer brush modified monolithic silica-rod columns were able to separate adenosine nucleotides with a shorter analysis time (4 min) than thermoresponsive copolymer brush-modified silica-bead-packed columns, because of the reduced diffusion path length of monolithic supporting materials. These results indicated that thermoresponsive cationic copolymer brush grafted monolithic silica-rod column prepared by ATRP was a promising tool for analyzing acidic-bioactive compounds with a remarkably short analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagase
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Thiébaut D. Separations of petroleum products involving supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:177-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nagase K, Kobayashi J, Kikuchi A, Akiyama Y, Kanazawa H, Okano T. Thermoresponsive polymer brush on monolithic-silica-rod for the high-speed separation of bioactive compounds. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:10830-10839. [PMID: 21740046 DOI: 10.1021/la201360p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), one of the most utilized thermoresponsive polymers, brush-grafted monolithic-silica columns were prepared through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for effective thermoresponsive-chromatography matrices. ATRP initiator was grafted on monolithic silica-rod surfaces by flowing a toluene solution containing ATRP initiator into monolithic silica-rod columns. N-Isopropylacrylamide (IPAAm) monomer and CuCl/CuCl(2)/Me(6)TREN, an ATRP catalytic system, were dissolved in 2-propanol, and the reaction solution was pumped into the preprepared initiator-modified columns at 25 °C for 16 h. The constructed PIPAAm-brush structure on the monolithic silica-rod surface was confirmed by XPS, elemental analysis, SEM observation, and GPC measurement of grafted PIPAAm. The prepared monolithic silica-rod columns were also characterized by chromatographic analysis. PIPAAm-brush-modified monolithic silica-rod columns were able to separate hydrophobic steroids with a short analysis time (10 min), compared to PIPAAm-brush-modified silica-beads-packed columns, because of the horizontally limited diffusion path length of monolithic supporting materials. Additionally, diluted PIPAAm-brush monolithic silica-rod column gave a further shorting analysis time (5 min). These results indicated (1) surface-initiated ATRP constructed PIPAAm-brush structures on monolithic silica-rod surfaces and (2) PIPAAm-brush grafted monolithic silica-rod column prepared by ATRP was a promising tool for analyzing hydrophobic-bioactive compounds with a short analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagase
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry T. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
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