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Jakubowski R, Pecyna J, Ali MO, Pietrzak A, Friedli AC, Kaszyński P. Polar derivatives of [ closo-1-CB 9H 10] - and [ closo-1-CB 11H 12] - anions as high Δ ε additives to a nematic host: a comparison of the CH 2CH 2 and COO linking groups. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3671-3681. [PMID: 33630008 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00211b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of liquid crystalline pyridinium and sulfonium derivatives of the [closo-1-CB9H10]- and [closo-1-CB11H12]- anions containing the CH2CH2 linking group was prepared and their molecular and crystal structures were determined by single crystal XRD methods. Thermal and dielectric properties of the series were evaluated in a weakly polar nematic host. The highest extrapolated dielectric anisotropy, Δε, was observed for pyridinium zwitterions (up to 56.0). The dielectric data were analyzed with the Maier-Meier formalism augmented with density functional theory calculations, and the results were compared to those obtained for the analogous ester derivatives (COO linking group). The effect of the linking group on thermal and electrooptical properties is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Jakubowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jacek Pecyna
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37130, USA
| | - Muhammad O Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37130, USA
| | - Anna Pietrzak
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37130, USA and X-ray Crystallographic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Łódź Technical University, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Andrienne C Friedli
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37130, USA
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland and Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37130, USA and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.
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Locke GM, Bernhard SSR, Senge MO. Nonconjugated Hydrocarbons as Rigid-Linear Motifs: Isosteres for Material Sciences and Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:4590-4647. [PMID: 30387906 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonconjugated hydrocarbons, like bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, triptycene, and cubane are a unique class of rigid linkers. Due to their similarity in size and shape they are useful mimics of classic benzene moieties in drugs, so-called bioisosteres. Moreover, they also fulfill an important role in material sciences as linear linkers, in order to arrange various functionalities in a defined spatial manner. In this Review article, recent developments and usages of these special, rectilinear systems are discussed. Furthermore, we focus on covalently linked, nonconjugated linear arrangements and discuss the physical and chemical properties and differences of individual linkers, as well as their application in material and medicinal sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Locke
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Stefan S R Bernhard
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
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Querciagrossa L, Berardi R, Zannoni C. Can off-centre mesogen dipoles extend the biaxial nematic range? SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:2245-2253. [PMID: 29485161 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00067k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the possibility of extending the stability range of the biaxial nematic phase by adding an off-centre dipole of various strengths and orientations to elongated biaxial Gay-Berne (GB) mesogens yielding a relatively narrow biaxial nematic (Nbx) phase, and a smectic (Sbx) phase when dipole-less. The effect of dipoles is not easy to predict, and our previous investigations have shown the limited benefits of having a central dipole. Here we show, employing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, that a not too strong off-centre dipole positioned along the longest axis of the nematogen can extend the temperature range of stability of the biaxial nematic phase, also shifting it towards lower temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Querciagrossa
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" and INSTM, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, IT-40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Roberto Berardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" and INSTM, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, IT-40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudio Zannoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" and INSTM, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, IT-40136 Bologna, Italy.
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Pecyna J, Żurawiński R, Kaszyński P, Pociecha D, Zagórski P, Pakhomov S. Polar Liquid Crystals Derived from Sulfonium Zwitterions of the [closo‐1‐CB11H12]– Anion. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Pecyna
- Department of ChemistryMiddle Tennessee State University37132MurfreesboroTNUSA
| | | | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Department of ChemistryMiddle Tennessee State University37132MurfreesboroTNUSA
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular StudiesPolish Academy of SciencesSienkiewicza 11290363ŁódźPoland
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of ŁódźTamka 1291403ŁódźPoland
| | - Damian Pociecha
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarsawZwirki i Wigury 10102089WarsawPoland
| | - Piotr Zagórski
- Department of ChemistryMiddle Tennessee State University37132MurfreesboroTNUSA
| | - Serhii Pakhomov
- Department of ChemistryMiddle Tennessee State University37132MurfreesboroTNUSA
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Pecyna J, Kaszyński P, Ringstrand B, Pociecha D, Pakhomov S, Douglass AG, Young VG. Synthesis and Characterization of Quinuclidinium Derivatives of the [closo-1-CB11H12]− Anion as Potential Polar Components of Liquid Crystal Materials. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:4016-25. [PMID: 27018818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Pecyna
- Organic Materials Research Group, Department
of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Organic Materials Research Group, Department
of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90363 Łódź, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91403 Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Damian Pociecha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury
101, 02089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Andrew G. Douglass
- Organic Materials Research Group, Department
of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Victor G. Young
- X-ray Crystallographic Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Mandle RJ, Cowling SJ, Sage I, Colclough ME, Goodby JW. Relationship between Molecular Association and Re-entrant Phenomena in Polar Calamitic Liquid Crystals. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3273-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp512093j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Sage
- Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, U.K
| | | | - John W. Goodby
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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Kaszynski P, Januszko A, Glab KL. Comparative analysis of fluorine-containing mesogenic derivatives of carborane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, cyclohexane, and benzene using the Maier-Meier theory. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:2238-48. [PMID: 24520980 DOI: 10.1021/jp411343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two series of related three-ring nematoges with Δε > 0 and containing 12-vetex carborane (A), 10-vertex carborane (B), bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (C), cyclohexane (D) and benzene (E) were prepared and investigated as additives to 6-CHBT nematic host and in the pure form (series 2). Dielectric results were analyzed with the Maier-Meier relationship to gain an understanding of behavior of additives in nematic solutions. Molecular parameters for each nematogen were obtained at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory in the host's dielectric medium, and dielectric data was used as the only experimental parameter to calculate apparent order parameter Sapp and the Kirkwood factor g. The results demonstrated that compounds in series 1 stabilize the nematic phase (high Sapp) of the host more than additives in series 2 (low Sapp), and carbocycles C and D are more effective (higher Sapp) than carborane analogues A and B (lower Sapp). The method provides insight into behavior of additives in nematic solutions and is useful for comparative analysis of a series of compounds or a series of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kaszynski
- Organic Materials Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Querciagrossa L, Ricci M, Berardi R, Zannoni C. Mesogen polarity effects on biaxial nematics. Centrally located dipoles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:19065-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52970c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ringstrand B, Jankowiak A, Johnson LE, Kaszynski P, Pociecha D, Górecka E. Anion-driven mesogenicity: a comparative study of ionic liquid crystals based on the [closo-1-CB9H10]− and [closo-1-CB11H12]− clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15448j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gushiken T, Ujiie S, Ubukata T, Yokoyama Y. Alkoxyphenyl-Substituted Symmetric Liquid Crystalline Diamantane Derivatives. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Dash BP, Satapathy R, Maguire JA, Hosmane NS. Polyhedral boron clusters in materials science. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20228f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ringstrand B, Kaszynski P. High Δε nematic liquid crystals: fluxional zwitterions of the [closo-1-CB9H10]−cluster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ringstrand B, Kaszynski P, Young VG, Janousek Z. Anionic amino acid [closo-1-CB9H8-1-COO-10-NH3]- and dinitrogen acid [closo-1-CB9H8-1-COOH-10-N2] as key precursors to advanced materials: synthesis and reactivity. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:1166-79. [PMID: 20043626 DOI: 10.1021/ic9021323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid [closo-1-CB(9)H(8)-1-COO-10-NH(3)](-) (4) was prepared by amination of iodo acid [closo-1-CB(9)H(8)-1-COOH-10-I](-) (1) with LiHMDS in a practical and reproducible manner. The apparent dissociation constants, pK(2) = 5.6 and pK(1) > 11, were measured for 4[NMe(4)] in 50% aq. EtOH. Diazotization of 4 with NO(+)PF(6)(-) under mildly basic conditions afforded stable dinitrogen acid [closo-1-CB(9)H(8)-1-COOH-10-N(2)] (5). Activation parameters (DeltaH(++) = 33.9 +/- 1.4 kcal mol(-1) and DeltaS(++) = 10 +/- 3.5 cal mol(-1) K(-1)) for thermolysis of its methyl ester [closo-1-CB(9)H(8)-1-COOMe-10-N(2)] (11) in PhCN were established, and the heterolysis of the B-N bond is believed to be the rate-determining step. Electrochemical analysis showed a partially reversible reduction process for 11 (E(1/2)(red) = -1.03 V) and 5(-) (E(1/2)(red) = -1.21 V), which are more cathodic than reduction of [closo-1-CB(9)H(9)-1-N(2)] (17). The dinitrogen acid 5 was reacted with pyridine and N,N-dimethylthioformamide, to form pyridine acid 6 and protected mercapto acid 7, respectively, through a boronium ylide intermediate 18. Compound 7 was converted to sulfonium acid 8. The molecular and crystal structures for 5 [C(2)H(9)B(9)N(2)O(2) monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 7.022(2) A, b = 11.389(4) A, c = 12.815(4) A, beta = 96.212(5) degrees ; V = 1018.8(6) A(3), Z = 4,], 6 [C(7)H(14)B(9)NO(2), monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 14.275(4) A, b = 12.184(3) A, c = 30.538(8) A, beta = 95.377(4) degrees ; V = 5288(3) A(3), Z = 16], and 8 [C(7)H(19)B(9)O(2)S, monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 15.988(5) A, b = 19.377(6) A, c = 9.655(3) A, beta = 98.348(5) degrees; V = 2959.4(16) A(3), Z = 8] were determined by X-ray crystallography and compared with results of density functional theory (DFT) and MP2 calculations. Electronic structures of 5, 6, and related species were elucidated with electronic spectroscopy and assessed computationally at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p), MP2/6-31G(d,p), and ZINDO//MP2 levels of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ringstrand
- Organic Materials Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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Ringstrand B, Kaszynski P. How much can an electric dipole stabilize a nematic phase? Polar and non-polar isosteric derivatives of [closo-1-CB9H10]− and [closo-1,10-C2B8H10]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02876b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Jankowiak A, Kaszynski P, Tilford WR, Ohta K, Januszko A, Nagamine T, Endo Y. Ring-alkyl connecting group effect on mesogenic properties of p-carborane derivatives and their hydrocarbon analogues. Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:83. [PMID: 20300457 PMCID: PMC2839553 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the phenyl–alkyl connecting group on mesogenic properties of several series of isostructural compounds containing p-carborane (A and B), bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (C), and benzene (D) was investigated using thermal and optical methods. Results demonstrated that mesophase stability in the series containing A–D follows the order (Alk)CH2CH2– < (Alk)OOC– < (Alk)CH2O– < (Alk)COO–. Surprisingly, the connecting groups (Alk)CH2CH2– and (Alk)OOC– destabilize the mesophase significantly stronger for carboranes (A and B) than for carbocyclic derivatives (C and D). Analysis indicates that this effect may have quadrupolar and conformational origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jankowiak
- Organic Materials Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Box 1822 Station B, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Ringstrand B, Kaszynski P, Januszko A, Young VG. Polar derivatives of the [closo-1-CB9H10]− cluster as positive Δε additives to nematic hosts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b913701g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Crespo O, Gimeno MC, Laguna A, Ospino I, Aullón G, Oliva JM. Organometallic gold complexes of carborane. Theoretical comparative analysis of ortho, meta, and para derivatives and luminescence studies. Dalton Trans 2009:3807-13. [DOI: 10.1039/b820803d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ringstrand B, Monobe H, Kaszynski P. Anion-driven mesogenicity: ionic liquid crystals based on the [closo-1-CB9H10]− cluster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b905457j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Piecek W, Glab KL, Januszko A, Perkowski P, Kaszynski P. Modification of electro-optical properties of an orthoconic chiral biphenyl smectogen with its isostructural carborane analogue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b812633j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pociecha D, Ohta K, Januszko A, Kaszynski P, Endo Y. Symmetric bent-core mesogens with m-carborane and adamantane as the central units. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b719629f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nagamine T, Januszko A, Kaszynski P, Ohta K, Endo Y. Mesogenic, optical, and dielectric properties of 5-substituted 2-[12-(4-pentyloxyphenyl)-p-carboran-1-yl] [1,3]dioxanes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b608012j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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