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Wang E, Laurent LC, Hall DA, Lo YH. Sample preconcentration through airjet-induced liquid phase enrichment. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4033-4043. [PMID: 37603416 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00481c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Sample preparation is essential for nucleic acid assays, affecting their sensitivity and reliability. However, this process often results in a significant loss or dilution of the analyte, which becomes a bottleneck that limits downstream assay performance, particularly for assays that accept a limited input sample volume. To overcome this challenge, we present an evaporative-based sample enrichment method that uses an airjet to concentrate analytes within a small, defined volume by reversing the coffee-ring effect. A small, concentrated sample can then be collected for analysis to increase the initial sample load. The effectiveness of the reported airjet enrichment was quantified using qPCR of λ-DNA, HeLa-S3 RNA, and heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 samples. Comparisons between airjet enrichment and conventional evaporative concentration methods demonstrated significant advantages of airjet enrichment, including the ability to concentrate a high percentage of analyte within a 1 μL volume. The enrichment method was then integrated and adapted for various fluid volumes commonly found in nucleic acid sample preparation procedures. Here, airjet enrichment reduced the overall Cq by an average of 9.27 cycles for each analyte, resulting in a 600-fold enrichment from the initial concentration. To perform selective enrichment and prevent salt-based interference in downstream analysis, PEG was added to reduce the co-enrichment of salt. In addition, a preliminary study was conducted to explore the integration of airjet enrichment into ELISA using rabbit IgG as a model antigen. These findings demonstrate how airjet enrichment can be easily integrated into existing laboratory protocols with minimal modification and significantly improve the performance of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Wang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Louise C Laurent
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Drew A Hall
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Hwa Lo
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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2
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Alidoust M, Baharfar M, Manouchehri M, Yamini Y, Tajik M, Seidi S. Emergence of microfluidic devices in sample extraction; an overview of diverse methodologies, principals, and recent advancements. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Sun WH, Wei Y, Guo XL, Wu Q, Di X, Fang Q. Nanoliter-Scale Droplet-Droplet Microfluidic Microextraction Coupled with MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry for Metabolite Analysis of Cell Droplets. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8759-8767. [PMID: 32496763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The further miniaturization of liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) systems has important significance and major challenges for microscale sample analysis. Herein, we developed a rapid and flexible droplet-droplet microfluidic microextraction approach to perform nanoliter-scale miniaturized sample pretreatment, by combining droplet-based microfluidics, robotic liquid handling, and LPME techniques. Differing from the previous microextraction methods, both the extractant and sample volumes were decreased from the microliter scale or even milliliter scale to the nanoliter scale. We utilized the ability of a liquid-handling robot to manipulate nanoliter-scale droplets and micrometer-scale positioning to overcome the scaling effect difficulties in performing liquid-liquid extraction of nanoliter-volume samples in microsystems. Two microextraction modes, droplet-in-droplet microfluidic microextraction and droplet-on-droplet microfluidic microextraction, were developed according to the different solubility properties of the extractants. Various factors affecting the microextraction process were investigated, including the extraction time, recovery method of the extractant droplet, static and dynamic extraction mode, and cross-contamination. To demonstrate the validity and adaptability of the pretreatment and analysis of droplet samples with complex matrices, the present microextraction system coupled with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) detection was applied to the quantitative determination of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxylcamptothecin (SN-38), an active metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan, in 800-nL droplets containing HepG2 cells. A linear relationship (y = 0.0305x + 0.376, R2 = 0.984) was obtained in the range of 4-100 ng/mL, with the limits of detection and quantitation being 2.2 and 4.5 ng/mL for SN-38, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Li Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin Di
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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4
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Mei X, Chen Q, Wang S, Wang W, Wu D, Sun D. The microscale Weissenberg effect for high-viscosity solution pumping at the picoliter level. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:7127-7137. [PMID: 29616244 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09315b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transportation of highly viscous solutions at the picoliter level with a rapid dynamic response is paramount for micro/nano-fabrication. With the advantages of a higher length-wall (thickness) ratio and a more stable free surface compared to those of the traditional Weissenberg effect (TWE), the microscale Weissenberg effect (MWE) can continuously and controllably pump high-viscosity solutions at the picoliter scale. Some typical characteristics and behaviors of MWE are investigated as the rotation rod diameter decreases to the microscale of ∼100 μm. The pumped minimum solution volume can reach 167.5 pL per second, and the minimum response time of solution pumping is 0.3 s, which is much shorter than that of pressure driven pumping. Then, a new direct writing with an adjustable jet diameter based on the MWE is proposed to write microstructures on a substrate from a solution with a viscosity of approximately 130.1 Pa s. The stability of the as-spun jet and the deposited structures is improved when a high voltage is applied. To fully demonstrate the advantages of MWE, MWE-based direct writing is performed to successfully fabricate microfluidic channels with variable diameters. Thus, the system can overcome the problems of high transport resistance to the pumping of a high-viscosity solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecui Mei
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, P. R. China.
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5
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Han W, Chen X. Numerical Simulation of the Droplet Formation in a T-Junction Microchannel by a Level-Set Method. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To satisfy the increasingly high demands in many applications of microfluidics, the size of the droplet needs accurate control. In this paper, a level-set method provides a useful method for studying the physical mechanism and potential mechanism of two-phase flow. A detailed three-dimensional numerical simulation of microfluidics was carried out to systematically study the generation of micro-droplets and the effective diameter of droplets with different control parameters such as the flow rate ratio, the continuous phase viscosity, the interfacial tension, and the contact angle. The effect of altering the pressure at the x coordinate of the main channel during the droplet formation was analysed. As the simulation results show, the above control parameters have a great influence on the formation of droplets and the size of the droplet. The effective droplet diameter increases when the flow rate ratio and the interfacial tension increase. It decreases when the continuous phase viscosity and the contact angle increase.
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6
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Zhang J, Gong C, Zeng X, Xie J. Continuous flow chemistry: New strategies for preparative inorganic chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Automation of static and dynamic non-dispersive liquid phase microextraction. Part 1: Approaches based on extractant drop-, plug-, film- and microflow-formation. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 906:22-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Ali I, Alharbi OML, Marsin Sanagi M. Nano-capillary electrophoresis for environmental analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2015; 14:79-98. [PMID: 32214934 PMCID: PMC7087629 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-015-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many analytical techniques have been used to monitor environmental pollutants. But most techniques are not capable to detect pollutants at nanogram levels. Hence, under such conditions, absence of pollutants is often assumed, whereas pollutants are in fact present at low but undetectable concentrations. Detection at low levels may be done by nano-capillary electrophoresis, also named microchip electrophoresis. Here, we review the analysis of pollutants by nano-capillary electrophoresis. We present instrumentations, applications, optimizations and separation mechanisms. We discuss the analysis of metal ions, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, explosives, viruses, bacteria and other contaminants. Detectors include ultraviolet-visible, fluorescent, conductivity, atomic absorption spectroscopy, refractive index, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, atomic emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry, time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Detection limits ranged from nanogram to picogram levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Omar M. L. Alharbi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30002, Madinah Al-Munawarah, 41477 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
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9
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Microfluidic aqueous two-phase extraction of bisphenol A using ionic liquid for high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3617-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Wang WT, Sang FN, Xu JH, Wang YD, Luo GS. The enhancement of liquid–liquid extraction with high phase ratio by microfluidic-based hollow droplet. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15769b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a novel method to enhance the liquid–liquid extraction by a microfluidic-based hollow droplet structure. A one-step microfluidic device is used for the generation of gas-in-oil-in-water double emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting Wang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Fu-Ning Sang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jian-Hong Xu
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yun-Dong Wang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Guang-Sheng Luo
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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11
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Goyal S, Desai AV, Lewis RW, Ranganathan DR, Li H, Zeng D, Reichert DE, Kenis PJ. Thiolene and SIFEL-based Microfluidic Platforms for Liquid-Liquid Extraction. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2014; 190:634-644. [PMID: 25246730 PMCID: PMC4167834 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2013.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms provide several advantages for liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) processes over conventional methods, for example with respect to lower consumption of solvents and enhanced extraction efficiencies due to the inherent shorter diffusional distances. Here, we report the development of polymer-based parallel-flow microfluidic platforms for LLE. To date, parallel-flow microfluidic platforms have predominantly been made out of silicon or glass due to their compatibility with most organic solvents used for LLE. Fabrication of silicon and glass-based LLE platforms typically requires extensive use of photolithography, plasma or laser-based etching, high temperature (anodic) bonding, and/or wet etching with KOH or HF solutions. In contrast, polymeric microfluidic platforms can be fabricated using less involved processes, typically photolithography in combination with replica molding, hot embossing, and/or bonding at much lower temperatures. Here we report the fabrication and testing of microfluidic LLE platforms comprised of thiolene or a perfluoropolyether-based material, SIFEL, where the choice of materials was mainly guided by the need for solvent compatibility and fabrication amenability. Suitable designs for polymer-based LLE platforms that maximize extraction efficiencies within the constraints of the fabrication methods and feasible operational conditions were obtained using analytical modeling. To optimize the performance of the polymer-based LLE platforms, we systematically studied the effect of surface functionalization and of microstructures on the stability of the liquid-liquid interface and on the ability to separate the phases. As demonstrative examples, we report (i) a thiolene-based platform to determine the lipophilicity of caffeine, and (ii) a SIFEL-based platform to extract radioactive copper from an acidic aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachit Goyal
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Amit V. Desai
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Robert W. Lewis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Ranganathan
- Radiological Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hairong Li
- Radiological Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dexing Zeng
- Radiological Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David E. Reichert
- Radiological Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul J.A. Kenis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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12
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Zhu Y, Fang Q. Analytical detection techniques for droplet microfluidics—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 787:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Ríos Á, Ríos Á, Zougagh M, Zougagh M. Sample preparation for micro total analytical systems (μ-TASs). Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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A study on the system of nonaqueous microchip electrophoresis with on-line peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:713-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidics or digital microfluidics is a subclass of microfluidic devices, wherein droplets are generated using active or passive methods. The active method for generation of droplets involves the use of an external factor such as an electric field for droplet generation. Two techniques that fall in this category are dielectrophoresis (DEP) and electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). In passive methods, the droplet generation depends on the geometry and dimensions of the device. T-junction and flow focusing methods are examples of passive methods used for generation of droplets. In this chapter the methods used for droplet generation, mixing of contents of droplets, and the manipulation of droplets are described in brief. A review of the applications of digital microfluidics with emphasis on the last decade is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Sharma
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London, UK.
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16
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Zhu Y, Chen H, Du GS, Fang Q. Microfluidic droplet-array liquid-liquid chromatography based on droplet trapping technique. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4350-4354. [PMID: 22903271 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40573c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe the first realization of liquid chromatographic separation in a droplet-based microfluidic system and develop a novel mode for microchip-based chromatography named as droplet-array liquid-liquid chromatography. In this system, two arrays of picoliter-scale droplets immobilized on both sidewalls of a microchannel with droplet trapping technique served as the stationary phase in chromatographic separation, while the other immiscible phase flowing in the microchannel served as the mobile phase. The chromatographic separation was achieved on the basis of multiple extraction and elution of analytes between the droplet array stationary phase and the mobile phase. The proof-of-concept study of the droplet-array LC system was performed in the separation of fluoranthene and benzo[b]fluoranthene. Under the optimum conditions, the two analytes were separated within 26 min with separation efficiencies of 112 μm and 119 μm plate height, respectively. The advantages of the present system include simple structure, low driving pressure, and relatively high sample capacity. It can also provide a useful platform for LC theory study and educational purposes by allowing the researchers and students to directly "see" the continuous extraction and elution process of a chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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17
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Al Lawati HAJ. Flow-based analysis using microfluidics-chemiluminescence systems. LUMINESCENCE 2012; 28:618-27. [PMID: 22941964 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review will discuss various approaches and techniques in which analysis using microfluidics-chemiluminescence systems (MF-CL) has been reported. A variety of applications is examined, including environmental, pharmaceutical, biological, food and herbal analysis. Reported uses of CL reagents, sample introduction techniques, sample pretreatment methods, CL signal enhancement and detection systems are discussed. A hydrodynamic pumping system is predominately used for these applications. However, several reports are available in which electro-osmotic (EO) pumping has been implemented. Various sample pretreatment methods have been used, including liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and molecularly imprinted polymers. A wide range of innovative techniques has been reported for CL signal enhancement. Most of these techniques are based on enhancement of the mixing process in the microfluidics channels, which leads to enhancement of the CL signal. However, other techniques are also reported, such as mirror reaction, liquid core waveguide, on-line pre-derivatization and the use of an opaque white chip with a thin transparent seal. Photodetectors are the most commonly used detectors; however, other detection systems have also been used, including integrated electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and organic photodiodes (OPDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider A J Al Lawati
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Box 36, Al-Khod, 123, Oman
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18
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Kan CW, Rivnak AJ, Campbell TG, Piech T, Rissin DM, Mösl M, Peterça A, Niederberger HP, Minnehan KA, Patel PP, Ferrell EP, Meyer RE, Chang L, Wilson DH, Fournier DR, Duffy DC. Isolation and detection of single molecules on paramagnetic beads using sequential fluid flows in microfabricated polymer array assemblies. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:977-85. [PMID: 22179487 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc20744c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a method for isolating individual paramagnetic beads in arrays of femtolitre-sized wells and detecting single enzyme-labeled proteins on these beads using sequential fluid flows in microfabricated polymer array assemblies. Arrays of femtolitre-sized wells were fabricated in cyclic olefin polymer (COP) using injection moulding based on DVD manufacturing. These arrays were bonded to a complementary fluidic structure that was also moulded in COP to create an enclosed device to allow delivery of liquids to the arrays. Enzyme-associated, paramagnetic beads suspended in aqueous solutions of enzyme substrate were delivered fluidically to the array such that one bead per well was loaded by gravity. A fluorocarbon oil was then flowed into the device to remove excess beads from the surface of the array, and to seal and isolate the femtolitre-sized wells containing beads and enzyme substrate. The device was then imaged using standard fluorescence imaging to determine which wells contained single enzyme molecules. The analytical performance of this device as the detector for digital ELISA compared favourably to the standard method, i.e., glass arrays mechanically sealed against a silicone gasket; prostate specific antigen (PSA) could be detected from 0.011 pg mL(-1) up to 100 pg mL(-1). The use of an enclosed fluidic device to isolate beads in single-molecule arrays offers a multitude of advantages for low-cost manufacturing, ease of automation, and instrument development to enable applications in biomarker validation and medical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk W Kan
- Quanterix Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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19
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AOTA A, HIBARA A, SUGII Y, KITAMORI T. Shape of the Liquid-Liquid Interface in Micro Counter-Current Flows. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:9-12. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arata AOTA
- Institute of Microchemical Technology Co., Ltd
| | - Akihide HIBARA
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yasuhiko SUGII
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Takehiko KITAMORI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
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20
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Petersen NJ, Pedersen JS, Poulsen NN, Jensen H, Skonberg C, Hansen SH, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. On-chip electromembrane extraction for monitoring drug metabolism in real time by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2012; 137:3321-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35264h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Aota A, Date Y, Terakado S, Sugiyama H, Ohmura N. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in transformer oil by using liquid-liquid partitioning in a microfluidic device. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7834-40. [PMID: 21892819 DOI: 10.1021/ac2015867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that are present in transformer oil are a common global problem because of their toxicity and environmental persistence. The development of a rapid, low-cost method for measurement of PCBs in oil has been a matter of priority because of the large number of PCB-contaminated transformers still in service. Although one of the rapid, low-cost methods involves an immunoassay, which uses multilayer column separation, hexane evaporation, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) partitioning, antigen-antibody reaction, and a measurement system, there is a demand for more cost-effective and simpler procedures. In this paper, we report a DMSO partitioning method that utilizes a microfluidic device with microrecesses along the microchannel. In this method, PCBs are extracted and enriched into the DMSO confined in the microrecesses under the oil flow condition. The enrichment factor was estimated to be 2.69, which agreed well with the anticipated value. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of PCBs in oil was found to be 0.38 mg/kg, which satisfies the much stricter criterion of 0.5 mg/kg in Japan. The developed method can realize the pretreatment of oil without the use of centrifugation for phase separation. Furthermore, the amount of expensive reagents required can be reduced considerably. Therefore, our method can serve as a powerful tool for achieving a simpler, low-cost procedure and an on-site analysis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Aota
- Biotechnology Sector, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko City, Chiba, 270-1194 Japan.
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22
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Esser-Kahn AP, Thakre PR, Dong H, Patrick JF, Vlasko-Vlasov VK, Sottos NR, Moore JS, White SR. Three-dimensional microvascular fiber-reinforced composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:3654-8. [PMID: 21766345 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Chemistry Department, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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23
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Abstract
Microfluidic devices exhibit a great promising development in clinical diagnosis and disease screening due to their advantages of precise controlling of fluid flow, requirement of miniamount sample, rapid reaction speed and convenient integration. In this paper, the improvements of microfluidic diagnostic technologies in recent years are reviewed. The applications and developments of on-chip disease marker detection, microfluidic cell selection and cell drug metabolism, and diagnostic micro-devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Li
- School of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Pompano RR, Liu W, Du W, Ismagilov RF. Microfluidics using spatially defined arrays of droplets in one, two, and three dimensions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2011; 4:59-81. [PMID: 21370983 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.012809.102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Spatially defined arrays of droplets differ from bulk emulsions in that droplets in arrays can be indexed on the basis of one or more spatial variables to enable identification, monitoring, and addressability of individual droplets. Spatial indexing is critical in experiments with hundreds to millions of unique compartmentalized microscale processes--for example, in applications such as digital measurements of rare events in a large sample, high-throughput time-lapse studies of the contents of individual droplets, and controlled droplet-droplet interactions. This review describes approaches for spatially organizing and manipulating droplets in one-, two-, and three-dimensional structured arrays, including aspiration, laminar flow, droplet traps, the SlipChip, self-assembly, and optical or electrical fields. This review also presents techniques to analyze droplets in arrays and applications of spatially defined arrays, including time-lapse studies of chemical, enzymatic, and cellular processes, as well as further opportunities in chemical, biological, and engineering sciences, including perturbation/response experiments and personal and point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Pompano
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Wu S, Zhang Y, Shen H, Su B, Fang Q. Microfluidic droplet-based liquid/liquid extraction modulated by the interfacial Galvani potential difference. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5723-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc05815g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Petersen NJ, Foss ST, Jensen H, Hansen SH, Skonberg C, Snakenborg D, Kutter JP, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. On-Chip Electro Membrane Extraction with Online Ultraviolet and Mass Spectrometric Detection. Anal Chem 2010; 83:44-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1027148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nickolaj Jacob Petersen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway, and Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sunniva Taule Foss
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway, and Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway, and Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steen Honoré Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway, and Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Skonberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway, and Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Detlef Snakenborg
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway, and Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jörg P. Kutter
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway, and Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway, and Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Abstract
The application of microfluidics in chemistry has gained significant importance in the recent years. Miniaturized chemistry platforms provide controlled fluid transport, rapid chemical reactions, and cost-saving advantages over conventional reactors. The advantages of microfluidics have been clearly established in the field of analytical and bioanalytical sciences and in the field of organic synthesis. It is less true in the field of inorganic chemistry and materials science; however in inorganic chemistry it has mostly been used for the separation and selective extraction of metal ions. Microfluidics has been used in materials science mainly for the improvement of nanoparticle synthesis, namely metal, metal oxide, and semiconductor nanoparticles. Microfluidic devices can also be used for the formulation of more advanced and sophisticated inorganic materials or hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abou-Hassan
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7195 PECSA, Physicochimie des Electrolytes, Colloïdes, Sciences Analytiques, 75005 Paris, France.
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Yamada A, Barbaud F, Cinque L, Wang L, Zeng Q, Chen Y, Baigl D. Oil microsealing: a robust micro-compartmentalization method for on-chip chemical and biological assays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:2169-2175. [PMID: 20818620 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A simple and robust method to compartmentalize aqueous solutions into an array of independent microchambers is presented. The array of microchambers fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) are filled with the sample solution through a microfluidic channel and then sealed with oil to isolate the microchambers from each other. A water reservoir close to the microchambers allows the maintainance and incubation of sub-nanoliter solutions (e.g., at 37 °C) within the chambers for hours without any problem of evaporation. Once assembled, the device is self-sustainable and can be used for different application purposes. As a demonstration, the device configuration is shown to be suitable for spatiotemporal control of the inner solution conditions by light stimulation through a photomask. This method was applied for the generation of regular EmGFP (emerald green fluorescent protein) expression arrays, selective photobleaching, photopatterning of calcium concentration, and cell culture in independent microchambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Yamada
- Department of Chemistry Ecole Normale Supérieure 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
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Abstract
This paper describes a very simple and robust microfluidic device for digitizing samples into an array of discrete volumes. The device is based on an inherent fluidic phenomenon, where an incoming aqueous sample divides itself into an array of chambers that have been primed with an immiscible phase. Self-digitization of sample volumes results from the interplay between fluidic forces, interfacial tension, channel geometry, and the final stability of the digitized samples in the chambers. Here, we describe experiments and simulations that were used to characterize these parameters and the conditions under which the self-digitization process occurred. Unlike existing methods used to partition samples into an array, our method is able to digitize 100% of a sample into a localized array without any loss of sample volume. The final volume of the discretized sample at each location is defined by the geometry and size of each chamber. Thus, we can form an array of samples with varying but predefined volumes. We exploited this feature to separate the crystal growth of otherwise concomitant polymorphs from a single solution. Additionally, we demonstrated the removal of the digitized samples from the chambers for downstream analysis, as well as the addition of reagents to the digitized samples. We believe this simple method will be useful in a broad range of applications where a large array of discretized samples is required, including digital PCR, single-cell analysis, and cell-based drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
| | - Michelle Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
| | - Daniel T. Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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Li B, Jiang L, Xie H, Gao Y, Qin J, Lin B. Development of micropump-actuated negative pressure pinched injection for parallel electrophoresis on array microfluidic chip. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3053-3057. [PMID: 19681052 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A micropump-actuated negative pressure pinched injection method is developed for parallel electrophoresis on a multi-channel LIF detection system. The system has a home-made device that could individually control 16-port solenoid valves and a high-voltage power supply. The laser beam is excitated and distributes to the array separation channels for detection. The hybrid Glass-PDMS microfluidic chip comprises two common reservoirs, four separation channels coupled to their respective pneumatic micropumps and two reference channels. Due to use of pressure as a driving force, the proposed method has no sample bias effect for separation. There is only one high-voltage supply needed for separation without relying on the number of channels, which is significant for high-throughput analysis, and the time for sample loading is shortened to 1 s. In addition, the integrated micropumps can provide the versatile interface for coupling with other function units to satisfy the complicated demands. The performance is verified by separation of DNA marker and Hepatitis B virus DNA samples. And this method is also expected to show the potential throughput for the DNA analysis in the field of disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China.,Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Hua Xie
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China.,Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China
| | - Yan Gao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
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Tsukagoshi K, Hattori Y, Hayashi T, Nakajima R, Yamashita K, Maeda H. Micro-channel chemiluminescence analysis using a peroxyoxalate reaction that works through liquid-liquid interface collapse under laminar-flow conditions. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:1393-8. [PMID: 18997364 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An oxalate reagent-hydrogen peroxide-fluorescent compound chemiluminescence reaction, i.e., peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence, was introduced into micro-channel chemiluminescence analysis (MCCLA) to establish the concept of MCCLA through the direct observation of fluorescence and chemiluminescence using a fluorescence microscope-CCD camera and a microscope-CCD camera. It was confirmed from visual data that chemiluminescence in the MCCLA generated through the liquid-liquid interface collapsed during the course of molecular diffusion in the micro-channel. In addition, the visual data of chemiluminescence were transformed to line drawings on a computer to obtain chemiluminescence profiles. The chemiluminescence profiles were examined in detail at various flow rates and detection points; the relationship between the residence times and the chemiluminescence peak heights, or areas in the profiles, was easily represented as one smoothly changing reaction curve. Furthermore, the fluorescent compounds were detected with high sensitivity and good reproducibility in MCCLA by turning the syringe pumps on and off to produce determinable chemiluminescence signals; a photomultiplier tube was used as a detector. The chemiluminescence intensities in the signals of erythrosine, rhodamine B, Rose Bengal, fluorescein isothiocyanate, and eosin Y were examined; their intensities increased in this order, and eosin Y responded over the range of 1 x 10(-9) - 1 x 10(-6) M with a detection limit of 1 x 10(-9) M (S/N = 3). Introducing of the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence reaction into MCCLA can extend the analysis system to the analysis of various types of sample and applications incorporating fluorescence labeling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Tsukagoshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan.
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Fang Q, Shi XT, Du WB, He QH, Shen H, Fang ZL. High-throughput microfluidic sample-introduction systems. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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West J, Becker M, Tombrink S, Manz A. Micro Total Analysis Systems: Latest Achievements. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4403-19. [PMID: 18498178 DOI: 10.1021/ac800680j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan West
- ISAS, Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marco Becker
- ISAS, Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sven Tombrink
- ISAS, Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Manz
- ISAS, Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Aota
- Micro Chemistry Group, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology (KAST)
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Micro Chemistry Group, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology (KAST)
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
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Wang WH, Zhang ZL, Xie YN, Wang L, Yi S, Liu K, Liu J, Pang DW, Zhao XZ. Flow-focusing generation of monodisperse water droplets wrapped by ionic liquid on microfluidic chips: from plug to sphere. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:11924-31. [PMID: 17918864 DOI: 10.1021/la701170s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Generating droplets via microfluidic chips is a promising technology in microanalysis and microsynthesis. To realize room-temperature ionic liquid (IL)-water two-phase studies in microscale, a water-immiscible IL was employed as the continuous phase for the first time to wrap water droplets (either plugs or spheres) on flow-focusing microfluidic chips. The IL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]), could wet both hydrophilic and hydrophobic channel surfaces because of its dual role of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and extremely high viscosity, thus offering the possibility of wrapping water droplets in totally hydrophilic (THI), moderately hydrophilic (MHI), and hydrophobic (HO) channels. The droplet shape could be tuned from plug to sphere, with the volume from 6.3 nL to 65 pL, by adding an orifice in the focusing region, rendering the hydrophilic channel surface hydrophobic, and suppressing the Uw/UIL ratio below 1.0. Three different breakup processes were defined and clarified, in which the sub-steady breakup and steady breakup were essential for the formation of plugs and spheric droplets, respectively. The influences of channel hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity on droplet formation were carefully studied by evaluating the wetting abilities of water and IL on different surfaces. The superiority of IL over water in wetting hydrophobic surface led to the tendency of forming small, spheric aqueous droplets in the hydrophobic channel. This IL-favored droplet-based system represented a high efficiency in water/IL extraction, in which rhodamine 6G was extracted from aqueous droplets to [BMIM][PF6] in the hydrophobic orifice-included (HO-OI) channel in 0.51 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Han Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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