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Vallan L, Istif E, Gómez IJ, Alegret N, Mantione D. Thiophene-Based Trimers and Their Bioapplications: An Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1977. [PMID: 34208624 PMCID: PMC8234281 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Certainly, the success of polythiophenes is due in the first place to their outstanding electronic properties and superior processability. Nevertheless, there are additional reasons that contribute to arouse the scientific interest around these materials. Among these, the large variety of chemical modifications that is possible to perform on the thiophene ring is a precious aspect. In particular, a turning point was marked by the diffusion of synthetic strategies for the preparation of terthiophenes: the vast richness of approaches today available for the easy customization of these structures allows the finetuning of their chemical, physical, and optical properties. Therefore, terthiophene derivatives have become an extremely versatile class of compounds both for direct application or for the preparation of electronic functional polymers. Moreover, their biocompatibility and ease of functionalization make them appealing for biology and medical research, as it testifies to the blossoming of studies in these fields in which they are involved. It is thus with the willingness to guide the reader through all the possibilities offered by these structures that this review elucidates the synthetic methods and describes the full chemical variety of terthiophenes and their derivatives. In the final part, an in-depth presentation of their numerous bioapplications intends to provide a complete picture of the state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Vallan
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO—UMR 5629), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS F, 33607 Pessac, France;
| | - Emin Istif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - I. Jénnifer Gómez
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Nuria Alegret
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniele Mantione
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
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2
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Budnikova YH, Dudkina YB, Kalinin AA, Balakina MY. Considerations on electrochemical behavior of NLO chromophores: Relation of redox properties and NLO activity. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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3
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Ghoorchian A, Madrakian T, Afkhami A, Bagheri H. Spectroelectrochemical and electrochromic behavior of poly(methylene blue) and poly(thionine)-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-04901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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4
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Gendron D, Vamvounis G. Synthesis and Reactions of Halo-substituted Alkylthiophenes. A Review. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2015.1088752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Um HA, Lee DH, Heo DU, Yang DS, Shin J, Baik H, Cho MJ, Choi DH. High aspect ratio conjugated polymer nanowires for high performance field-effect transistors and phototransistors. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5264-74. [PMID: 25961419 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a highly crystalline DPP-based polymer, DPPBTSPE, which contained 1,2-bis(5-(thiophen-2-yl)selenophen-2-yl)ethene as a planar and rigid electron donating group. High- and low-molecular weight (MW) DPPBTSPE fractions were collected by Soxhlet extraction and were employed to investigate their unique charge transport properties in macroscopic films and single crystalline polymer nanowire (SC-PNW), respectively. The low-MW polymer could provide well-isolated and high aspect ratio SC-PNWs, in which the direction of π-π stacking was perpendicular to the wire growing axis. The field effect transistors made of SC-PNWs exhibited remarkably high carrier mobility of 24 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). In addition, phototransistors (PTs) made of SC-PNW showed very high performance in terms of photoresponsivity (R) and photoswitching ratio (P). The average R of the SC PNW-based PTs were in the range of 160-170 A W(-1) and the maximum R was measured at 1920 A W(-1), which is almost three orders higher than that of thin film-based PT device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Um
- †Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University 5 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hee Lee
- †Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University 5 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Uk Heo
- †Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University 5 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Seul Yang
- †Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University 5 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jicheol Shin
- †Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University 5 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hionsuck Baik
- ‡Division of Analytical Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, 74 Inchon-ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Cho
- †Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University 5 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Choi
- †Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University 5 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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6
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Holze R. Optical and Electrochemical Band Gaps in Mono-, Oligo-, and Polymeric Systems: A Critical Reassessment1. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500604z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Holze
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, AG Elektrochemie, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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7
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O’Neil K, Semenikhin O. Current-Sensing Atomic Force Microscopic Study of Doping Level Distribution in Doped Poly[2,2’-Bithiophene]. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Gasperini A, Sivula K. Effects of Molecular Weight on Microstructure and Carrier Transport in a Semicrystalline Poly(thieno)thiophene. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402027v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gasperini
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanostructures,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanostructures,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Bujak P, Kulszewicz-Bajer I, Zagorska M, Maurel V, Wielgus I, Pron A. Polymers for electronics and spintronics. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8895-999. [PMID: 24030727 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60257e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This critical review is devoted to semiconducting and high spin polymers which are of great scientific interest in view of further development of the organic electronics and the emerging organic spintronic fields. Diversified synthetic strategies are discussed in detail leading to high molecular mass compounds showing appropriate redox (ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (EA)), electronic (charge carrier mobility, conductivity), optoelectronic (electroluminescence, photoconductivity) and magnetic (magnetization, ferromagnetic spin interactions) properties and used as active components of devices such as n- and p-channel field effect transistors, ambipolar light emitting transistors, light emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, photodiodes, magnetic photoswitches, etc. Solution processing procedures developed with the goal of depositing highly ordered and oriented films of these polymers are also described. This is completed by the description of principal methods that are used for characterizing these macromolecular compounds both in solution and in the solid state. These involve various spectroscopic methods (UV-vis-NIR, UPS, pulse EPR), electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry, magnetic measurements (SQUID), and structural and morphological investigations (X-ray diffraction, STM, AFM). Finally, four classes of polymers are discussed in detail with special emphasis on the results obtained in the past three years: (i) high IP, (ii) high |EA|, (iii) low band gap and (iv) high spin ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bujak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Zhou W, Wen Y, Ma L, Liu Y, Zhan X. Conjugated Polymers of Rylene Diimide and Phenothiazine for n-Channel Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3005058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory
of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yugeng Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory
of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanchao Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory
of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory
of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory
of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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11
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Wang Q, Qu Y, Tian H, Geng Y, Wang F. Iterative Binomial Synthesis of Monodisperse Polyfluorenes up to 64-mers and Their Chain-Length-Dependent Properties. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102954h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Hongkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Fosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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12
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Reiss P, Couderc E, De Girolamo J, Pron A. Conjugated polymers/semiconductor nanocrystals hybrid materials--preparation, electrical transport properties and applications. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:446-89. [PMID: 21152569 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00403k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This critical review discusses specific preparation and characterization methods applied to hybrid materials consisting of π-conjugated polymers (or oligomers) and semiconductor nanocrystals. These materials are of great importance in the quickly growing field of hybrid organic/inorganic electronics since they can serve as active components of photovoltaic cells, light emitting diodes, photodetectors and other devices. The electronic energy levels of the organic and inorganic components of the hybrid can be tuned individually and thin hybrid films can be processed using low cost solution based techniques. However, the interface between the hybrid components and the morphology of the hybrid directly influences the generation, separation and transport of charge carriers and those parameters are not easy to control. Therefore a large variety of different approaches for assembling the building blocks--conjugated polymers and semiconductor nanocrystals--has been developed. They range from their simple blending through various grafting procedures to methods exploiting specific non-covalent interactions between both components, induced by their tailor-made functionalization. In the first part of this review, we discuss the preparation of the building blocks (nanocrystals and polymers) and the strategies for their assembly into hybrid materials' thin films. In the second part, we focus on the charge carriers' generation and their transport within the hybrids. Finally, we summarize the performances of solar cells using conjugated polymer/semiconductor nanocrystals hybrids and give perspectives for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Reiss
- INAC/SPrAM (UMR 5819 CEA-CNRS-Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble I), Laboratoire d'Electronique Moléculaire Organique et Hybride, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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13
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Cheedarala RK, Kim GH, Cho S, Lee J, Kim J, Song HK, Kim JY, Yang C. Ladder-type heteroacenepolymers bearing carbazole and thiophene ring units and their use in field-effect transistors and photovoltaic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01897j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Peng Q, Wyman IW, Han D, Liu G. Influence of molecular weight on the spectroscopic properties of a series of well-defined poly(3-hexylthiophene) polymers. CAN J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/v10-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of five poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) polymers were prepared, and their spectroscopic properties were studied. These polymers were well defined, with polydispersity indices no larger than 1.20 and regioregularities that were above 90% for each member of the series. The P3HT polymers were characterized using UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and their specific refractive index increments were measured in tetrahydrofuran. The influence of the molecular weight of these polymers on their maximum absorbance and emission wavelengths, molar extinction coefficients, and refractive index increments was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ian W. Wyman
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Dehui Han
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Guojun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Zhang ZG, Fan H, Min J, Zhang S, Zhang J, Zhang M, Guo X, Zhan X, Li Y. Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of copolymers of carbazole and thiophene with conjugated side chain containing acceptor end groups. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Crouch DJ, Sparrowe D, Heeney M, McCulloch I, Skabara PJ. Polyterthiophenes Incorporating 3,4-Difluorothiophene Units: Application in Organic Field-Effect Transistors. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Zhang ZG, Liu YL, Yang Y, Hou K, Peng B, Zhao G, Zhang M, Guo X, Kang ET, Li Y. Alternating Copolymers of Carbazole and Triphenylamine with Conjugated Side Chain Attaching Acceptor Groups: Synthesis and Photovoltaic Application. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101491c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Guo Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi-Liang Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Yang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Keyue Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guangjin Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Maojie Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xia Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Yongfang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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18
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Semenikhin OA. Mesoscopic inhomogeneity of conducting and semiconducting polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b811058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Aldakov D, Jiu T, Zagorska M, Bettignies RD, Jouneau PH, Pron A, Chandezon F. Hybrid nanocomposites of CdSe nanocrystals distributed in complexing thiophene-based copolymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7497-505. [DOI: 10.1039/b921239f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Pron A, Gawrys P, Zagorska M, Djurado D, Demadrille R. Electroactive materials for organic electronics: preparation strategies, structural aspects and characterization techniques. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:2577-632. [DOI: 10.1039/b907999h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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21
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Berton N, Fabre-Francke I, Bourrat D, Chandezon F, Sadki S. Poly(bisthiophene-carbazole-fullerene) Double-Cable Polymer As New Donor−acceptor Material: Preparation and Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:14087-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905876h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Berton
- INAC, UMR 5819-SPrAM (CEA-CNRS-Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble I), Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et Hybride, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Fabre-Francke
- INAC, UMR 5819-SPrAM (CEA-CNRS-Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble I), Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et Hybride, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - David Bourrat
- INAC, UMR 5819-SPrAM (CEA-CNRS-Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble I), Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et Hybride, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Frédéric Chandezon
- INAC, UMR 5819-SPrAM (CEA-CNRS-Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble I), Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et Hybride, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Saïd Sadki
- INAC, UMR 5819-SPrAM (CEA-CNRS-Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble I), Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et Hybride, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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22
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Yue W, Zhao Y, Tian H, Song D, Xie Z, Yan D, Geng Y, Wang F. Poly(oligothiophene-alt-benzothiadiazole)s: Tuning the Structures of Oligothiophene Units toward High-Mobility “Black” Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900906t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - De Song
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Donghang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Fosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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23
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Zhang ZG, Zhang KL, Liu G, Zhu CX, Neoh KG, Kang ET. Triphenylamine−Fluorene Alternating Conjugated Copolymers with Pendant Acceptor Groups: Synthesis, Structure−Property Relationship, and Photovoltaic Application. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900236h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Guo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China, and Departments of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Ke-Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China, and Departments of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China, and Departments of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Chun-Xiang Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China, and Departments of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Koon-Gee Neoh
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China, and Departments of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - En-Tang Kang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China, and Departments of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
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24
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Liu Q, Qu Y, Geng Y, Wang F. Macromonomer Approach toward Fluorene-Based Monodisperse Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801172k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Allard S, Forster M, Souharce B, Thiem H, Scherf U. Organic Semiconductors for Solution-Processable Field-Effect Transistors (OFETs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:4070-98. [PMID: 18357603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Allard
- FB C-Makromolekulare Chemie und Institut für Polymertechnologie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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26
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Allard S, Forster M, Souharce B, Thiem H, Scherf U. Organische Halbleiter für aus Lösung prozessierbare Feldeffekttransistoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Dai CA, Chang CJ, Chi HY, Chien HT, Su WF, Chiu WY. Emulsion synthesis of nanoparticles containing PEDOT using conducting polymeric surfactant: Synergy for colloid stability and intercalation doping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Horie M, Luo Y, Morrison JJ, Majewski LA, Song A, Saunders BR, Turner ML. Triarylamine polymers by microwave-assisted polycondensation for use in organic field-effect transistors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b808840c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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O'Neil KD, Shaw B, Semenikhin OA. On the Origin of Mesoscopic Inhomogeneity of Conducting Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:9253-69. [PMID: 17637051 DOI: 10.1021/jp071564t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mesoscopic inhomogeneity of conducting polymer films obtained by electropolymerization and spin-coating was studied using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM) and current-sensing atomic-force microscopy (CS-AFM). A well-pronounced correlation was established between the polymer morphology, on the one hand, and its local work function (which is related to the polymer oxidation degree) as well as polymer conductivity, on the other. The most conducting regions were associated with the tops of the polymer grains and showed Ohmic behavior. They were surrounded first by semiconducting and then by insulating polymer. The conductivity of the grain periphery could be lower by as much as 2 orders of magnitude. The grain cores also showed consistently higher values of the local work function as compared to the grain periphery. This fact suggested that the grain cores were more oxidized and/or more ordered as compared to the grain periphery, which is in good agreement with the local conductivity data. More uniform morphology corresponded to less variability in the other properties of the polymer. A model is proposed that relates the observed inhomogeneity to preferential deposition of polymer molecules with higher molecular weight at the early stages of the polymer phase formation. The polymer deposition in either electropolymerization or various solution-casting techniques involves the nucleation of a new phase from a solution containing polymer fractions of different molecular weights. The driving force of the nucleation process depends on the solubility of the polymer fractions, which decreases with an increase in the molecular weight. This gives rise to preferential deposition of more crystalline, higher molecular weight polymer at the early stages of the polymer deposition to form the cores of the polymer grains. The fractions with lower molecular weights are deposited later and form less ordered/less conducting grain periphery. On the basis of this model, we conclude that, to ensure the formation of materials with low inhomogeneity and high quality, one should use the starting polymer with as narrow molecular weight distribution as possible. Yet another possibility is to use solvents which would reduce the differences in the solubilities of polymer fractions with different molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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30
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Zhang X, Qu Y, Bu L, Tian H, Zhang J, Wang L, Geng Y, Wang F. Synthesis and Characterization of Monodisperse Oligo(fluorene-co-bithiophene)s. Chemistry 2007; 13:6238-48. [PMID: 17458837 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of monodisperse oligo(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-co-bithiophene)s (OFbTs) with molecular lengths of up to 19.5 nm and molecular weights up to 7025 g mol(-1) has been synthesized by a divergent/convergent approach involving Stille coupling reactions. Stille coupling is quite efficient in preparing this class of oligomers, and even the molecule with nine fluorene units and eight bithiophene units (F9Th16) can be synthesized in a yield as high as 70 %. Because of easy functionalization of the thiophene ring at its alpha position, no additional protecting group allowing activation for further reaction is necessary. However, the synthetic routes must be optimized to eliminate contamination of the targeting compounds with the homocoupling product of the organotin reagents. Synthesis of the longest oligomer F13Th24 in a relative large quantity is limited by its low yield due to the pronounced ligand-exchange side reactions of the starting materials and reaction intermediates. All oligomers longer than F4Th6 are nematic mesomorphs and exhibit enhanced glass transition temperature and clearing point with increasing molecular length, as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy. Absorption and photoluminescence (PL) measurements reveal that OFbTs are well-conjugated systems with an effective conjugation length longer than the length of F13Th24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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Solution versus solid-state electropolymerization of regioregular conjugated fluorenone–thienylene vinylene macromonomers—voltammetric and spectroelectrochemical investigations. J Solid State Electrochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-007-0267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Demadrille R, Delbosc N, Kervella Y, Firon M, De Bettignies R, Billon M, Rannou P, Pron A. Conjugated alternating copolymer of dialkylquaterthiophene and fluorenone: synthesis, characterisation and photovoltaic properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b708372f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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