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Maeda Y, Sawada T, Takahashi T, Yuasa H, Mihara H. Affinity Control of Monosaccharide Conjugated Peptides against Lectins with a Set of Amino Acid Substitutions on α-Helical Structures. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2533-2540. [PMID: 33078924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saccharides are well-known to play important roles in various biological events through specific interactions with target molecules such as carbohydrate-binding proteins (so-called lectins). Although characterization and identification of lectin molecules with saccharides are essential to understand biological events, they are still difficult due to weak interactions of saccharides, especially with monosaccharides. Herein, we demonstrate enhancement and control of monosaccharide affinity toward lectin proteins using chemical conjugation of monosaccharides with structurally regulated peptide and amino acid substitution. Thermodynamic analyses of the interactions by isothermal calorimetry measurements were performed to characterize the interactions between monosaccharide-conjugated peptide and the lectin molecules in detail. Conjugation with α-helical 16-mer short peptides drastically enhanced the affinity to lectins as compared with peptides with random coil structures, indicating that the α-helical peptide-based scaffold cooperatively interacted with lectins through additional interactions by suitable amino acids. Furthermore, suitable arrangement of the amino acids surrounding the monosaccharides on the α-helix afforded the conjugated peptides with varied affinities for two types of lectins. Our results indicate that the affinity of monosaccharide-conjugated peptides toward lectins is generally designable by appropriate conjugation of a simple monosaccharide with designed peptides, leading to the construction of a monosaccharide-modified peptide microarray toward high-throughput identification and/or screening of lectins in various biological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Maeda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sawada
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hideya Yuasa
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Mihara
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Speed and throughput are vital ingredients for discovery driven, "-omics" research. The small molecule microarray (SMM) succeeds at delivering phenomenal screening throughput and versatility. The concept at the heart of the technology is elegant, yet simple: by presenting large collections of molecules in high density on a flat surface, one is able to interrogate all possible interactions with desired targets, in just a single step. SMMs have become established as the choice platform for screening, lead discovery, and molecular characterization. This introduction describes the principles governing microarray construction and use, focusing on practical challenges faced when conducting SMM experiments. It will explain the key design considerations and lay the foundation for the chapters that follow. (An earlier version of this chapter appeared in Small Molecule Microarrays: Methods and Protocols, published in 2010.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Uttamchandani
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DMERI, DSO National Laboratories, #09-01, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore, 117510. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore, 117543.
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore, 117543.
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A Cell Microarray Format: A Peptide Release System Using a Photo-Cleavable Linker for Cell Toxicity and Cell Uptake Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1352:199-210. [PMID: 26490477 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3037-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the potential use of microarray technologies to perform systematic and high-throughput cell-based assays. We are currently focused on developing more practical array formats and detection methods that will enable researchers to conduct more detailed analyses in cell microarray studies. In this chapter, we describe the construction of a novel peptide-array format system for analyzing cellular toxicity and cellular uptake. In this system, a peptide is immobilized at the bottom of a conventional 96-well plate using a photo-cleavable linker. The peptide can then be released from the bottom by irradiating the desired wells with UV light, thus allowing the cytotoxicity or cellular uptake of the peptide to be monitored. This system will facilitate the realization of high-throughput cell arrays for cellomics analyses and cell-based phenotypic drug screens.
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Label and Label-Free Detection Techniques for Protein Microarrays. MICROARRAYS 2015; 4:228-44. [PMID: 27600222 PMCID: PMC4996399 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays4020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein microarray technology has gone through numerous innovative developments in recent decades. In this review, we focus on the development of protein detection methods embedded in the technology. Early microarrays utilized useful chromophores and versatile biochemical techniques dominated by high-throughput illumination. Recently, the realization of label-free techniques has been greatly advanced by the combination of knowledge in material sciences, computational design and nanofabrication. These rapidly advancing techniques aim to provide data without the intervention of label molecules. Here, we present a brief overview of this remarkable innovation from the perspectives of label and label-free techniques in transducing nano-biological events.
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Usui K, Kikuchi T, Kikuchi K, Mie M, Kobatake E, Mihara H. Cellular differentiation assessments by measuring the degree of cellular internalization and membrane adsorption using designed peptides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4129-31. [PMID: 25113935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate examples of cellular differentiation assessments, including cellular neurite outgrowth and fat cell maturation, by measuring the degree of membrane adsorption or cellular internalization using designed peptides. Because changes in the cellular membrane and cytosol during differentiation were shown to influence membrane adsorption and cellular internalization, we could successfully evaluate the extent of differentiation simply like stain indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Usui
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 B-40, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 G1-13, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan; FIRST (Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kikuchi
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 B-40, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kunio Kikuchi
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 B-40, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Masayasu Mie
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 G1-13, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Eiry Kobatake
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 G1-13, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Mihara
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 B-40, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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Cell-selective intracellular drug delivery using doxorubicin and α-helical peptides conjugated to gold nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3480-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Park H, Tsutsumi H, Mihara H. Cell penetration and cell-selective drug delivery using α-helix peptides conjugated with gold nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4872-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Usui K, Kikuchi T, Mie M, Kobatake E, Mihara H. Systematic screening of the cellular uptake of designed alpha-helix peptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2560-7. [PMID: 23498920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cellular penetration (CP) activity of functional molecules has attracted significant attention as one of the most promising new approaches for drug delivery. In particular, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been studied extensively in cellular engineering. Because there have been few large-scale systematic studies to identify peptide sequences with optimal CP activity or that are suitable for further applications in cell engineering, such as cell-specific penetration and cell-selective culture, we screened and compared the cellular uptake (CU) activity of 54 systematically designed α-helical peptides in HeLa cells. Furthermore, the CU activity of 24 designed peptides was examined in four cell lines using a cell fingerprinting technique and statistical approaches. The CU activities in various cells depended on amino acid residues of peptide sequences as well as charge, α-helical content and hydrophobicity of the peptides. Notably, the mutation of a single residue significantly altered the CU ability of a peptide, highlighting the variability of cell uptake mechanisms. Moreover, these results demonstrated the feasibility of cell-selective culture by conducting cell-selective permeation and death in cultures containing two cell types. These studies may lead to further peptide library design and screening for new classes of CPPs with useful functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Usui
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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Kakiyama T, Usui K, Tomizaki KY, Mie M, Kobatake E, Mihara H. A peptide release system using a photo-cleavable linker in a cell array format for cell-toxicity analysis. Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Usui K, Kikuchi T, Tomizaki KY, Kakiyama T, Mihara H. A novel array format for monitoring cellular uptake using a photo-cleavable linker for peptide release. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6394-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vendrell M, Zhai D, Er JC, Chang YT. Combinatorial strategies in fluorescent probe development. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4391-420. [PMID: 22616565 DOI: 10.1021/cr200355j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vendrell
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, 138667 Singapore.
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Usui K, Kakiyama T, Tomizaki KY, Mie M, Kobatake E, Mihara H. Cell fingerprint patterns using designed α-helical peptides to screen for cell-specific toxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6281-4. [PMID: 21940168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We conducted cell-based cytotoxicity screening of a 101-membered α-helical peptide library using cell fingerprints (CFPs). The CFP data suggested that there is a relationship between cytotoxicity and peptide characteristics, such as hydrophobicity, charge, and amino acid composition. In spite of the small size of the library used in this study, several peptides demonstrated cell-specific toxicity. The strategy of combining a designed peptide library with CFP thus shows real promise for peptide-based screening with cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Usui
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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Kobayashi K, Matsui N, Usui K. Use of a designed Peptide library to screen for binders to a particular DNA g-quadruplex sequence. J Nucleic Acids 2011; 2011:572873. [PMID: 21912736 PMCID: PMC3168274 DOI: 10.4061/2011/572873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated a method to screen for binders to a particular G-quadruplex sequence using easily designed short peptides consisting of naturally occurring amino acids and mining of binding data using statistical methods such as hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). Despite the small size of the library used in this study, candidates of specific binders were identified. In addition, a selected peptide stabilized the G-quadruplex structure of a DNA oligonucleotide derived from the promoter region of the protooncogene c-MYC. This study illustrates how a peptide library can be designed and presents a screening guideline for construction of G-quadruplex binders. Such G-quadruplex peptide binders could be functionally modified to enable switching, cellular penetration, and organelle-targeting for cell and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kobayashi
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Shi H, Uttamchandani M, Yao SQ. Applying Small Molecule Microarrays and Resulting Affinity Probe Cocktails for Proteome Profiling of Mammalian Cell Lysates. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:2803-15. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wu H, Ge J, Yang PY, Wang J, Uttamchandani M, Yao SQ. A peptide aldehyde microarray for high-throughput profiling of cellular events. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:1946-54. [PMID: 21247160 DOI: 10.1021/ja109597v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microarrays provide exciting opportunities in the field of large-scale proteomics. With the aim to elucidate enzymatic activity and profiles within native biological samples, we developed a microarray comprising a focused positional-scanning library of enzyme inhibitors. The library was diversified across P(1)-P(4) positions, creating 270 different inhibitor sublibraries which were immobilized onto avidin slides. The peptide aldehyde-based small-molecule microarray (SMM) specifically targeted cysteine proteases, thereby enabling large-scale functional assessment of this subgroup of proteases, within fluorescently labeled samples, including pure proteins, cellular lysates, and infected samples. The arrays were shown to elicit binding fingerprints consistent with those of model proteins, specifically caspases and purified cysteine proteases from parasites (rhodesein and cruzain). When tested against lysates from apoptotic Hela and red blood cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum, clear signatures were obtained that were readily attributable to the activity of constituent proteases within these samples. Characteristic binding profiles were further able to distinguish various stages of the parasite infection in erythrocyte lysates. By converting one of our brightest microarray hits into a probe, putative protein markers were identified and pulled down from within apoptotic Hela lysates, demonstrating the potential of target validation and discovery. Taken together, these results demonstrate the utility of targeted SMMs in dissecting cellular biology in complex proteomic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, 3 Science Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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Tomizaki KY, Usui K, Mihara H. Protein-protein interactions and selection: array-based techniques for screening disease-associated biomarkers in predictive/early diagnosis. FEBS J 2010; 277:1996-2005. [PMID: 20412053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in recent years in the development of miniaturized and parallelized array technology for protein-protein interaction analysis and protein profiling, namely 'protein-detecting microarrays'. Protein-detecting microarrays utilize a wide variety of capture agents (antibodies, fusion proteins, DNA/RNA aptamers, synthetic peptides, carbohydrates, and small molecules) immobilized at high spatial density on a solid surface. Each capture agent binds selectively to its target protein in a complex mixture, such as serum or cell lysate samples. Captured proteins are subsequently detected and quantified in a high-throughput fashion, with minimal sample consumption. Protein-detecting microarrays were first described by MacBeath and Schreiber in 2000, and the number of publications involving this technology is rapidly increasing. Furthermore, the first multiplex immunoassay systems have been cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration, signaling recognition of the usefulness of miniaturized and parallelized array technology for protein detection in predictive/early diagnosis. Although genetic tests still predominate, with further development protein-based diagnosis will become common in clinical use within a few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-ya Tomizaki
- Innovative Materials and Processing Research Center and Department of Materials Chemistry, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
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Abstract
Speed and throughput are vital ingredients for discovery-driven, "-omics" research. The small molecule microarray is one such platform, which delivers phenomenal screening throughput and capabilities. The concept at the heart of the technology is elegant, yet simple: by presenting large collections of molecules at a high density on a flat surface, one is able to interrogate them quickly and conveniently, evaluating all possible interactions in a single step. SMMs have, over the last decade, been established as a robust platform for screening, lead discovery, and molecular characterization. In this chapter, we describe the ways in which microarrays have been constructed and applied, focusing on the practical challenges faced when designing and performing SMM experiments. This is written as an introduction for new readers to the field, explaining the key principles and laying the foundation for the chapters that follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Uttamchandani
- DSO National Laboratories, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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Usui K, Tomizaki KY, Mihara H. A designed peptide chip: protein fingerprinting technology with a dry peptide array and statistical data mining. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 570:273-284. [PMID: 19649599 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-394-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There has recently been increased interest in the potential for microarray technologies to study protein networks in a whole cell system within a single experiment. Protein-detecting microarrays are composed of numerous agents immobilized within a tiny area on solid surfaces to capture targeted proteins and to detect interactions in a high-throughput fashion. In this chapter, in order to extend the usability of peptide microarrays, we describe a novel dry peptide microarray format to obtain protein fingerprint (PFP) data sets and a statistical PFP data manipulation technique to quantitatively analyze targeted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Usui
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori, Yokohama, Japan
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Watanabe S, Tomizaki KY, Takahashi T, Usui K, Kajikawa K, Mihara H. Interactions between peptides containing nucleobase amino acids and T7 phages displaying S. cerevisiae proteins. Biopolymers 2007; 88:131-40. [PMID: 17206624 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The importance of high-throughput analyses of protein abundances and functions is interestingly increasing in genomic/proteomic studies. In such postgenome sequencing era, a protein-detecting chip, in which a large number of molecules specifically capturing target proteins (capturing agents) such as antibodies, recombinant proteins, and small molecules are arrayed onto solid, wet, or semi-wet substrates, enables comprehensive analysis of proteomes by a single experiment. However, whole proteomes are generally complicated for comprehensive analyses so that alternative approaches to subproteome analysis categorized by protein functions and binding properties (focused proteome) would be effective. Approaching the goal of development of designed peptide chip for protein analysis, diversity increases in peptide structures and validation of target proteins are needed. We herein describe design and synthesis of nucleobase amino acid (NBA)-containing peptides, selection of nucleic acid-related proteins derived from S. cerevisiae, and detection of interactions between NBA-containing peptides and T7 phages displaying proteins by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and label-free anomalous reflection of gold (AR) measurements. Twenty-eight phage clones were obtained by the phage-display method and sequenced. Ten of 28 clones were expected to be nucleic acid-related proteins including initiation factor, TYB protein, ribosomal proteins, elongation factor, ATP synthase subunit, GTP-binding protein, and ribonuclease. Other phage clones encoded several classes of enzymes such as reductase, oxidase, aldolase, metalloprotease, and hexokinase. Both ELISA and AR measurements suggested that the methodology of in vitro selection for recognition of the NBA-containing peptide presented in this study was successfully established. Such a combination of NBA and phage display technologies would be potential to efficiently confirm valuable target proteins binding specifically to capturing agents, to be arrayed onto solid surfaces to develop the designed peptide chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinya Watanabe
- The COE21 Program and Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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Tomizaki K, Usui K, Mihara H. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2007; 75:981-986. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.75.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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