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Sabbagh B, Stolovicki E, Park S, Weitz DA, Yossifon G. Tunable Nanochannels Connected in Series for Dynamic Control of Multiple Concentration-Polarization Layers and Preconcentrated Molecule Plugs. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8524-8533. [PMID: 33226817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Integration of ionic permselective medium (e.g., nanochannels, membranes) within microfluidic channels has been shown to enable on-chip desalination, sample purification, bioparticle sorting, and biomolecule concentration for enhanced detection sensitivity. However, the ion-permselective mediums are generally of fixed properties and cannot be dynamically tuned. Here we study a microfluidic device consisting of an array of individually addressable elastic membranes connected in series on top of a single microfluidic channel that can be deformed to locally reduce the channel cross-section into a nanochannel. Dynamic tunability of the ion-permselective medium, as well as controllability of its location and ionic permselectivity, introduces a new functionality to microfluidics-based lab-on-a-chip devices, for example, dynamic localization of preconcentrated biomolecule plugs at different sensing regions for multiplex detection. Moreover, the ability to simultaneously form a series of preconcentrated plugs at desired locations increases parallelization of the system and the trapping efficiency of target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Sabbagh
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Elad Stolovicki
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sinwook Park
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - David A Weitz
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
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2
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Park S, Buhnik-Rosenblau K, Abu-Rjal R, Kashi Y, Yossifon G. Periodic concentration-polarization-based formation of a biomolecule preconcentrate for enhanced biosensing. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23586-23595. [PMID: 33210690 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05930g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionic concentration-polarization (CP)-based biomolecule preconcentration is an established method for enhancing the detection sensitivity of target biomolecules. However, the formed preconcentrated biomolecule plug rapidly sweeps over the surface-immobilized antibodies, resulting in a short-term overlap between the capture agent and the analyte, and subsequently suboptimal binding. To overcome this, we designed a setup allowing for the periodic formation of a preconcentrated biomolecule plug by activating the CP for predetermined on/off intervals. This work demonstrated the feasibility of cyclic CP actuation and optimized the sweeping conditions required to obtain the maximum retention time of a preconcentrated plug over a desired sensing region and enhanced detection sensitivity. The ability of this method to efficiently preconcentrate different analytes and to successfully increase immunoassay sensitivity underscore its potential in immunoassays serving the clinical and food testing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinwook Park
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel.
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3
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Toren P, Smolka M, Haase A, Palfinger U, Nees D, Ruttloff S, Kuna L, Schaude C, Jauk S, Rumpler M, Hierschlager B, Katzmayr I, Sonnleitner M, Thesen MW, Lohse M, Horn M, Weigel W, Strbac M, Bijelic G, Hemanth S, Okulova N, Kafka J, Kostler S, Stadlober B, Hesse J. High-throughput roll-to-roll production of polymer biochips for multiplexed DNA detection in point-of-care diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4106-4117. [PMID: 33090158 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00751j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Roll-to-roll UV nanoimprint lithography has superior advantages for high-throughput manufacturing of micro- or nano-structures on flexible polymer foils with various geometries and configurations. Our pilot line provides large-scale structure imprinting for cost-effective polymer biochips (4500 biochips/hour), enabling rapid and multiplexed detections. A complete high-volume process chain of the technology for producing structures like μ-sized, triangular optical out-couplers or capillary channels (width: from 1 μm to 2 mm, height: from 200 nm up to 100 μm) to obtain biochips (width: 25 mm, length: 75 mm, height: 100 μm to 1.5 mm) was described. The imprinting process was performed with custom-developed resins on polymer foils with resin thicknesses ranging between 125-190 μm. The produced chips were tested in a commercial point-of-care diagnostic system for multiplexed DNA analysis of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (e.g., mecA, mecC gene detections). Specific target DNA capturing was based on hybridisation between surface bound DNA probes and biotinylated targets from the sample. The immobilised biotinylated targets subsequently bind streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates, which in turn generate light upon incubation with a chemiluminescent substrate. To enhance the light out-coupling thus to improve the system performance, optical structures were integrated into the design. The limits-of-detection of mecA (25 bp) for chips with and without structures were calculated as 0.06 and 0.07 μM, respectively. Further, foil-based chips with fluidic channels were DNA functionalised in our roll-to-roll micro-array spotter following the imprinting. This straightforward approach of sequential imprinting and multiplexed DNA functionalisation on a single foil was also realised for the first time. The corresponding foil-based chips were able to detect mecA gene DNA sequences down to a 0.25 μM concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Toren
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, A-8160 Weiz, Austria.
| | - Martin Smolka
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, A-8160 Weiz, Austria.
| | - Anja Haase
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, A-8160 Weiz, Austria.
| | - Ursula Palfinger
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, A-8160 Weiz, Austria.
| | - Dieter Nees
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, A-8160 Weiz, Austria.
| | - Stephan Ruttloff
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, A-8160 Weiz, Austria.
| | - Ladislav Kuna
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, A-8160 Weiz, Austria.
| | - Cindy Schaude
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, A-8160 Weiz, Austria.
| | - Sandra Jauk
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, A-8160 Weiz, Austria.
| | - Markus Rumpler
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Health - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Mirko Lohse
- micro resist technology GmbH, 12555 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Matija Strbac
- TECNALIA Research & Innovation, E-48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Goran Bijelic
- TECNALIA Research & Innovation, E-48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | | | - Jan Kafka
- INMOLD A/S, Savsvinget 4B, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark
| | - Stefan Kostler
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, A-8160 Weiz, Austria.
| | - Barbara Stadlober
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, A-8160 Weiz, Austria.
| | - Jan Hesse
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, A-8160 Weiz, Austria.
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4
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Ndiaye MM, Ta HP, Chiappetta G, Vinh J. On-Chip Sample Preparation Using a ChipFilter Coupled to NanoLC-MS/MS for Bottom-Up Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2654-2663. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Massamba M. Ndiaye
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics (SMBP), ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ha Phuong Ta
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics (SMBP), ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Chiappetta
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics (SMBP), ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Vinh
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics (SMBP), ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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5
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Park S, Yossifon G. Electrothermal Active Control of Preconcentrated Biomolecule Plugs. Anal Chem 2019; 92:2476-2482. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinwook Park
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel
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6
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Geng H, Cho SK. Antifouling digital microfluidics using lubricant infused porous film. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2275-2283. [PMID: 31184676 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00289h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electrowetting-driven digital (droplet-based) microfluidics has a tremendous impact on lab-on-a-chip applications. However, the biofouling problem impedes the real applications of such digital microfluidics. Here we report antifouling digital microfluidics by introducing lubricant infused porous film to electrowetting (more exactly, electrowetting on dielectric or EWOD). Such film minimizes direct contact between droplets and the solid surface but provides liquid-liquid contact between droplets and the lubricant liquid, which thus prevents unspecific adsorption of biomolecules to the solid surface. We demonstrate the compatibility of the lubricant infused film with EWOD to transport bio droplets. This configuration shows robust and high performance even for long cyclic operations without fouling in a wide range of concentrations of protein solutions. In addition, a variety of conductive droplets, including deionized (DI) water, saline, protein solution, DNA solution, sheep blood, milk, ionic liquid and honey, are examined, similarly showing high performance in cyclic transportations. In addition, using the same electrode patterns used in EWOD, transportations of dielectric (non-conductive) droplets including light crude oil, propylene carbonate and alcohol are also achieved. Such capability of droplet handling without fouling will certainly benefit the practical applications of digital microfluidics in droplet handling, sampling, reaction, diagnosis in clinic medicine, biotechnology and chemistry fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyao Geng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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8
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Solid supports for extraction and preconcentration of proteins and peptides in microfluidic devices: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 955:1-26. [PMID: 28088276 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Determination of proteins and peptides is among the main challenges of today's bioanalytical chemistry. The application of microchip technology in this field is an exhaustively developed concept that aims to create integrated and fully automated analytical devices able to quantify or detect one or several proteins from a complex matrix. Selective extraction and preconcentration of targeted proteins and peptides especially from biological fluids is of the highest importance for a successful realization of these microsystems. Incorporation of solid structures or supports is a convenient solution employed to face these demands. This review presents a critical view on the latest achievements in sample processing techniques for protein determination using solid supports in microfluidics. The study covers the period from 2006 to 2015 and focuses mainly on the strategies based on microbeads, monolithic materials and membranes. Less common approaches are also briefly discussed. The reviewed literature suggests future trends which are discussed in the concluding remarks.
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9
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Feng X, Liu BF, Li J, Liu X. Advances in coupling microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:535-57. [PMID: 24399782 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology has shown advantages of low sample consumption, reduced analysis time, high throughput, and potential for integration and automation. Coupling microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry (Chip-MS) can greatly improve the overall analytical performance of MS-based approaches and expand their potential applications. In this article, we review the advances of Chip-MS in the past decade, covering innovations in microchip fabrication, microchips coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS. Development of integrated microfluidic systems for automated MS analysis will be further documented, as well as recent applications of Chip-MS in proteomics, metabolomics, cell analysis, and clinical diagnosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromatography, Liquid/instrumentation
- Chromatography, Liquid/methods
- Electrophoresis, Microchip/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Microchip/methods
- Equipment Design
- Humans
- Lab-On-A-Chip Devices
- Lipids/analysis
- Metabolomics/instrumentation
- Metabolomics/methods
- Polysaccharides/analysis
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteomics/instrumentation
- Proteomics/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Feng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Xin Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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10
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Krisp C, Yang H, van Soest R, Molloy MP. Online Peptide fractionation using a multiphasic microfluidic liquid chromatography chip improves reproducibility and detection limits for quantitation in discovery and targeted proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1708-19. [PMID: 25850434 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.046425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive proteomic profiling of biological specimens usually requires multidimensional chromatographic peptide fractionation prior to mass spectrometry. However, this approach can suffer from poor reproducibility because of the lack of standardization and automation of the entire workflow, thus compromising performance of quantitative proteomic investigations. To address these variables we developed an online peptide fractionation system comprising a multiphasic liquid chromatography (LC) chip that integrates reversed phase and strong cation exchange chromatography upstream of the mass spectrometer (MS). We showed superiority of this system for standardizing discovery and targeted proteomic workflows using cancer cell lysates and nondepleted human plasma. Five-step multiphase chip LC MS/MS acquisition showed clear advantages over analyses of unfractionated samples by identifying more peptides, consuming less sample and often improving the lower limits of quantitation, all in highly reproducible, automated, online configuration. We further showed that multiphase chip LC fractionation provided a facile means to detect many N- and C-terminal peptides (including acetylated N terminus) that are challenging to identify in complex tryptic peptide matrices because of less favorable ionization characteristics. Given as much as 95% of peptides were detected in only a single salt fraction from cell lysates we exploited this high reproducibility and coupled it with multiple reaction monitoring on a high-resolution MS instrument (MRM-HR). This approach increased target analyte peak area and improved lower limits of quantitation without negatively influencing variance or bias. Further, we showed a strategy to use multiphase LC chip fractionation LC-MS/MS for ion library generation to integrate with SWATH(TM) data-independent acquisition quantitative workflows. All MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001464.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krisp
- From the ‡Australian Proteome Analysis Facility (APAF), Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hao Yang
- §Eksigent, part of AB SCIEX, 94065, Redwood City, California
| | - Remco van Soest
- §Eksigent, part of AB SCIEX, 94065, Redwood City, California
| | - Mark P Molloy
- From the ‡Australian Proteome Analysis Facility (APAF), Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109, Sydney, Australia;
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11
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Schwarzkopf F, Scholl T, Ohla S, Belder D. Improving sensitivity in microchip electrophoresis coupled to ESI-MS/MS on the example of a cardiac drug mixture. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1880-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Scholl
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Stefan Ohla
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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12
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Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K, Sacristán C, Depoil D, Wlodkowic D, McIntyre P, Mitchell A. Immunology on chip: Promises and opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:333-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Min Q, Chen X, Zhang X, Zhu JJ. Tailoring of a TiO2 nanotube array-integrated portable microdevice for efficient on-chip enrichment and isotope labeling of serum phosphopeptides. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3853-61. [PMID: 23907452 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50548k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present a gravity-driven microdevice furnished with tunable TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNAs) inside as the separation medium for consecutive on-chip enrichment and isotope labeling of serum phosphopeptides. The 3D tubular architectures of TNAs dramatically enhanced the affinity towards phosphate-containing molecules and also provided a spacious microenvironment for isotope dimethyl labeling reactions. To maximize the efficiency and capacity of the phosphopeptide enrichment, nanoscale tailoring and microscale fabrication were employed for adjusting the TNAs' pore sizes and the channel patterns. The S-shaped microdevice equipped with interior TNAs anodized at 25 V was utilised for consecutive serum processing, and further differential expression analysis of endogenous phosphopeptides between ovarian cancer patients and healthy women. The phosphorylated fibrinogen peptide A (FPA, AD[pS]GEGDFLAEGGGVR) was found to be down-regulated by about 4 times while its isoform (D[pS]GEGDFLAEGGGV) was 2.4-fold up-regulated in the patient specimens. In principle, this nanostructure-embedded model introduced tailor-made bioseparation materials into the microdevice, undoubtedly facilitating the workflow of sample pretreatment and thus assisting the analysis of disease-associated biomolecules in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhao Min
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.
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Abstract
With the experimental tools and knowledge that have accrued from a long history of reductionist biology, we can now start to put the pieces together and begin to understand how biological systems function as an integrated whole. Here, we describe how microfabricated tools have demonstrated promise in addressing experimental challenges in throughput, resolution, and sensitivity to support systems-based approaches to biological understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhan
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Loice Chingozha
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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15
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Microfluidic chip-based technologies: emerging platforms for cancer diagnosis. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:76. [PMID: 24070124 PMCID: PMC3849190 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of early and personalized diagnostic protocols is considered the most promising avenue to decrease mortality from cancer and improve outcome. The emerging microfluidic-based analyzing platforms hold high promises to fulfill high-throughput and high-precision screening with reduced equipment cost and low analysis time, as compared to traditional bulky counterparts in bench-top laboratories. This article overviewed the potential applications of microfluidic technologies for detection and monitoring of cancer through nucleic acid and protein biomarker analysis. The implications of the technologies in cancer cytology that can provide functional personalized diagnosis were highlighted. Finally, the future niches for using microfluidic-based systems in tumor screening were briefly discussed.
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16
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Gao D, Liu H, Jiang Y, Lin JM. Recent advances in microfluidics combined with mass spectrometry: technologies and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3309-22. [PMID: 23824006 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50449b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Instrument miniaturization is one of the critical issues to improve sensitivity, speed, throughput, and to reduce the cost of analysis. Microfluidics possesses the ability to handle small sample amounts, with minimal concerns related to sample loss and cross-contamination, problems typical for standard fluidic manipulations. Moreover, the native properties of microfluidics provide the potential for high-density, parallel sample processing, and high-throughput analysis. Recently, the coupling of microfluidic devices to mass spectrometry, especially electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), has attracted an increasing interest and produced tremendous achievements. The interfaces between microfluidics and mass spectrometry are one of the primary focused problems. In this review, we summarize the latest achievements since 2008 in the field of the technologies and applications in the combining of microfluidics with ESI-MS and MALDI-MS. The integration of several analytical functions on a microfluidic device such as sample pretreatment and separations before sample introduction into the mass spectrometer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Rob T, Gill PK, Golemi-Kotra D, Wilson DJ. An electrospray ms-coupled microfluidic device for sub-second hydrogen/deuterium exchange pulse-labelling reveals allosteric effects in enzyme inhibition. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2528-2532. [PMID: 23426018 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc00007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce an integrated, electrospray mass spectrometry-coupled microfluidic chip that supports the complete workflow for 'bottom up' hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) pulse labelling experiments. HDX pulse labelling is used to measure structural changes in proteins that occur after the initiation of a reaction, most commonly folding. In the present case, we demonstrate the device on the β-lactamase enzyme TEM-1, identifying active site changes that occur upon acylation by a covalent inhibitor and subtle changes in conformational dynamics that occur away from the active site over a period of several second after the inhibitor is bound. Our results demonstrate the power of microfluidics-enabled sub-second HDX pulse labelling as a tool for studying allostery and show some intriguing correlations with mutagenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Rob
- Chemistry Department, York University, Toronto, Canada M3J 1P3
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18
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Hua Y, Jemere AB, Dragoljic J, Harrison DJ. Multiplexed electrokinetic sample fractionation, preconcentration and elution for proteomics. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2651-9. [PMID: 23712291 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50401h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Both 6 and 8-channel integrated microfluidic sample pretreatment devices capable of performing "in space" sample fractionation, collection, preconcentration and elution of captured analytes via sheath flow assisted electrokinetic pumping are described. Coatings and monolithic polymer beds were developed for the glass devices to provide cationic surface charge and anodal electroosmotic flow for delivery to an electrospray emitter tip. A mixed cationic ([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride) (META) and hydrophobic butyl methacrylate-based monolithic porous polymer, photopolymerized in the 6- or 8-fractionation channels, was used to capture and preconcentrate samples. A 0.45 wt% META loaded bed generated comparable anodic electroosmotic flow to the cationic polymer PolyE-323 coated channel segments in the device. The balanced electroosmotic flow allowed stable electrokinetic sheath flow to prevent cross contamination of separated protein fractions, while reducing protein/peptide adsorption on the channel walls. Sequential elution of analytes trapped in the SPE beds revealed that the monolithic columns could be efficiently used to provide sheath flow during elution of analytes, as demonstrated for neutral carboxy SNARF (residual signal, 0.08% RSD, n = 40) and charged fluorescein (residual signal, 2.5% n = 40). Elution from monolithic columns showed reproducible performance with peak area reproducibility of ~8% (n = 6 columns) in a single sequential elution and the run-to-run reproducibility was 2.4-6.7% RSD (n = 4) for elution from the same bed. The demonstrated ability of this device design and operation to elute from multiple fractionation beds into a single exit channel for sample analysis by fluorescence or electrospray mass spectrometry is a crucial component of an integrated fractionation and assay system for proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Hua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
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Abstract
The integration of nanohole array based plasmonic sensors into microfluidic systems has enabled the emergence of platforms with unique capabilities and a diversified palette of applications. Recent advances in fabrication techniques together with novel implementation schemes have influenced the progress of these optofluidic platforms. Here, we review the advances that nanohole array based sensors have experienced since they were first merged with microfluidics. We examine established and new fabrication methodologies that have enabled both the fabrication of nanohole arrays with improved optical attributes and a reduction in manufacturing costs. The achievements of several platforms developed to date and the significant benefits obtained from operating the nanoholes as nanochannels are also reviewed herein. Finally, we discuss future opportunities for on-chip nanohole array sensors by outlining potential applications and the use of the abilities of the nanostructures beyond the optical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Escobedo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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20
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Chao TC, Hansmeier N. Microfluidic devices for high-throughput proteome analyses. Proteomics 2012; 13:467-79. [PMID: 23135952 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, microfabricated bioanalytical platforms have gained enormous interest due to their potential to revolutionize biological analytics. Their popularity is based on several key properties, such as high flexibility of design, low sample consumption, rapid analysis time, and minimization of manual handling steps, which are of interest for proteomics analyses. An ideal totally integrated chip-based microfluidic device could allow rapid automated workflows starting from cell cultivation and ending with MS-based proteome analysis. By reducing or eliminating sample handling and transfer steps and increasing the throughput of analyses these workflows would dramatically improve the reliability, reproducibility, and throughput of proteomic investigations. While these complete devices do not exist for routine use yet, many improvements have been made in the translation of proteomic sample handling and separation steps into microfluidic formats. In this review, we will focus on recent developments and strategies to enable and integrate proteomic workflows into microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chiao Chao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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21
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The design of microfluidic affinity chromatography systems for the separation of bioanalytes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 910:163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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He Y, Huang BL, Lu DX, Zhao J, Xu BB, Zhang R, Lin XF, Chen QD, Wang J, Zhang YL, Sun HB. "Overpass" at the junction of a crossed microchannel: an enabler for 3D microfluidic chips. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3866-3869. [PMID: 22871743 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40401j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reported here is the design and fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) "overpass" microstructures at the junction of crossed microfluidic channels by femtosecond laser direct writing of photopolymers. The post-integrated overpass could be used for guiding different microfluids across the junction without mixing; therefore it is proposed as an enabler for achieving 3D microfluidic chips based on conventional two-dimensional (2D) microchannels. As representative examples, bi-crossed and tri-crossed microchannels have been equipped with bi-connected and tri-connected overpasses, respectively. Flow tests confirm 3D flowing capability. The integration of such overpass structures at the microchannel junction provides an opportunity to impart 3D capability to conventional 2D microchips, thus the method may hold great promise for both functionalization and miniaturization of Lab-on-a-Chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
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23
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Bead affinity chromatography in a temperature-controllable microsystem for biomarker detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2267-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Luk VN, Fiddes LK, Luk VM, Kumacheva E, Wheeler AR. Digital microfluidic hydrogel microreactors for proteomics. Proteomics 2012; 12:1310-8. [PMID: 22589180 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic digestion is an essential step in proteomic sample processing. While this step has traditionally been implemented in homogeneous (solution) format, there is a growing trend to use heterogeneous systems in which the enzyme is immobilized on hydrogels or other solid supports. Here, we introduce the use of immobilized enzymes in hydrogels for proteomic sample processing in digital microfluidic (DMF) systems. In this technique, preformed cylindrical agarose discs bearing immobilized trypsin or pepsin were integrated into DMF devices. A fluorogenic assay was used to optimize the covalent modification procedure for enzymatic digestion efficiency, with maximum efficiency observed at 31 μg trypsin in 2-mm diameter agarose gel discs. Gel discs prepared in this manner were used in an integrated method in which proteomic samples were sequentially reduced, alkylated, and digested, with all sample and reagent handling controlled by DMF droplet operation. Mass spectrometry analysis of the products revealed that digestion using the trypsin gel discs resulted in higher sequence coverage in model analytes relative to conventional homogenous processing. Proof-of-principle was demonstrated for a parallel digestion system in which a single sample was simultaneously digested on multiple gel discs bearing different enzymes. We propose that these methods represent a useful new tool for the growing trend toward miniaturization and automation in proteomic sample processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne N Luk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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25
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Deshpande AG, Darton NJ, Yunus K, Fisher AC, Slater NK. In situ fabrication of a microfluidic device for immobilised metal affinity sensing. N Biotechnol 2012; 29:494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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26
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Ishibashi R, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. Highly efficient and ultra-small volume separation by pressure-driven liquid chromatography in extended nanochannels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1237-1242. [PMID: 22354868 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly developing interest in nanofluidic analysis, which is used to examine liquids ranging in amounts from the attoliter to the femtoliter scale, correlates with the recent interest in decreased sample amounts, such as in the field of single-cell analysis. For general nanofluidic analysis, the fact that a pressure-driven flow does not limit the choice of solvents (aqueous or organic) is important. This study shows the first pressure-driven liquid chromatography technique that enables separation of atto- to femtoliter sample volumes, with a high separation efficiency within a few seconds. The apparent diffusion coefficient measurement of the unretentive sample suggests that there is no increase in the viscosity of toluene in the extended nanospace, unlike in aqueous solvents. Evaluation of the normal phase separation, therefore, should involve only the examination of the effect of the small size of the extended nanospace. Compared to a conventionally packed high-performance liquid chromatography column, the separation here results in a faster separation (4 s) by 2 orders of magnitude, a smaller injection volume (10(0) fL) by 9 orders, and a higher separation efficiency (440,000 plates/m) by 1 order. Moreover, the separation behavior agrees with the theory showing that this high efficiency was due to the small and controlled size of the separation channel, where the diffusion through the channel depth direction is fast enough to be neglected. Our chip-based platform should allow direct and real-time analysis or screening of ultralow volume of sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ishibashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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27
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Gubala V, Harris LF, Ricco AJ, Tan MX, Williams DE. Point of Care Diagnostics: Status and Future. Anal Chem 2011; 84:487-515. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 832] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gubala
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Leanne F. Harris
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Antonio J. Ricco
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ming X. Tan
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - David E. Williams
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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28
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Shang F, Guihen E, Glennon JD. Recent advances in miniaturisation - The role of microchip electrophoresis in clinical analysis. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:105-16. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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29
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Wei H, Li H, Mao S, Lin JM. Cell signaling analysis by mass spectrometry under coculture conditions on an integrated microfluidic device. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9306-13. [PMID: 22022860 DOI: 10.1021/ac201709f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic device was integrated in a controlled coculture system, in which the secreted proteins were qualitatively and semiquantitatively determined by a directly coupled mass spectrometer. PC12 cells and GH3 cells were cocultured under various conditions as a model of the regulation of the organism by the nervous system. A micro-solid phase extraction (SPE) column was integrated in order to remove salts from the cells secretion prior to mass spectrometry detection. A three layer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device was fabricated to integrate valves for avoiding contamination between the cells coculture zone and the pretreatment zone. Electrospray ionization (ESI)-quadrupole (Q)-time of flight (TOF)-mass spectrometry was employed to realize highly sensitive qualitative analysis and to implement semiquantitative analysis. Furthermore, cell migrations under various coculture conditions were observed and discussed. The inhibition on growth hormone secretion from GH3 cells by dopamine released from PC12 cells was investigated and demonstrated. Thus, the developed platform provides a useful tool on cell to cell signaling studies for disease monitoring and drug delivery control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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30
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Tsougeni K, Zerefos P, Tserepi A, Vlahou A, Garbis SD, Gogolides E. TiO2-ZrO2 affinity chromatography polymeric microchip for phosphopeptide enrichment and separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3113-3120. [PMID: 21796280 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20133f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated a TiO(2)-ZrO(2) affinity chromatography micro-column on 2 mm PMMA plates, and demonstrated the enrichment and separation of (a) a standard mono- and tetra-phosphopeptide, and (b) phosphopeptides contained in a tryptic digest of β-Casein. The chromatography column consisted of 32 parallel microchannels with common input and output ports and was fabricated by lithography directly on the polymeric substrate followed by plasma etching (i.e. standard MEMS processing) and sealed with lamination. The liquid deposited TiO(2)-ZrO(2) stationary phase was characterized by X-ray diffraction and was found to be mostly TiO(2) and ZrO(2) in crystalline phases. Off-chip UV detection and MALDI MS identification of the separated effluents were used. The chip had a capacity of >1.4 μg (0.7 nmol) of a prototype mono-phosphopeptide and a recovery of 94 ± 3%, and can be used with small samples (less than 0.1 μL depending on the syringe pump used). The chip design allows an expansion of its capacity by means of increasing the number of parallel microchannels at a constant sample volume. Our approach provided an alternative to off-line extraction tips (with typical capacities of 1-2 μg and sample volumes of 1-10 μL), and to on-chip efforts based on packed bed and frit formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Tsougeni
- Institute of Microelectronics, NCSR Demokritos, P.O. BOX 60228, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
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31
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Ultra sensitive affinity chromatography on avidin-functionalized PMMA microchip for low abundant post-translational modified protein enrichment. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 14:67-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-011-9586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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32
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Fritzsche S, Ohla S, Glaser P, Giera DS, Sickert M, Schneider C, Belder D. Asymmetric Organocatalysis and Analysis on a Single Microfluidic Nanospray Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9467-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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33
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Fritzsche S, Ohla S, Glaser P, Giera DS, Sickert M, Schneider C, Belder D. Asymmetrische Organokatalyse und Analyse in einem mikrofluidischen Nanospray-Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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34
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LIANG Y, WU C, DAI Z, LIANG Z, LIANG Z, ZHANG L, ZHANG Y. Microchip-based reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry platform for protein analysis. Se Pu 2011; 29:469-74. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2011.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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35
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On-chip solid phase extraction and enzyme digestion using cationic PolyE-323 coatings and porous polymer monoliths coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4039-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Pharmacokinetic studies require information regarding drug concentration at numerous time points during the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. In order to obtain reproducible and good-quality data, the sampling method is as important as the bioanalytical method. A further difficulty in performing pharmacokinetic studies is related to the limited amount of sample that can be collected in some cases. Since analytical methods should interfere as little as possible with the investigated organism, microsampling techniques are a natural choice for pharmacokinetic studies. Accordingly, microdevices and microsampling approaches have been used increasingly in recent years for a wide variety of analytical applications, including analysis of drugs in biological samples. Such techniques not only reduce the amount of reagents needed for analysis, but are also faster and less disrupting. This review provides a brief overview of contemporary microsampling techniques: collection of small sample aliquots, ultrafiltration, microdialysis, solid-phase microextraction, biosensors and microfluidics. It is concluded that recent developments in microsampling and microdevices promise to streamline pharmacokinetic studies and bring bedside monitoring of therapeutic drugs into clinical practice.
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37
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Tian R, Hoa XD, Lambert JP, Pezacki JP, Veres T, Figeys D. Development of a multiplexed microfluidic proteomic reactor and its application for studying protein-protein interactions. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4095-102. [PMID: 21520965 DOI: 10.1021/ac200194d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics techniques have been very successful for the identification and study of protein-protein interactions. Typically, immunopurification of protein complexes is conducted, followed by protein separation by gel electrophoresis and in-gel protein digestion, and finally, mass spectrometry is performed to identify the interacting partners. However, the manual processing of the samples is time-consuming and error-prone. Here, we developed a polymer-based microfluidic proteomic reactor aimed at the parallel analysis of minute amounts of protein samples obtained from immunoprecipitation. The design of the proteomic reactor allows for the simultaneous processing of multiple samples on the same devices. Each proteomic reactor on the device consists of SCX beads packed and restricted into a 1 cm microchannel by two integrated pillar frits. The device is fabricated using a combination of low-cost hard cyclic olefin copolymer thermoplastic and elastomeric thermoplastic materials (styrene/(ethylene/butylenes)/styrene) using rapid hot-embossing replication techniques with a polymer-based stamp. Three immunopurified protein samples are simultaneously captured, reduced, alkylated, and digested on the device within 2-3 h instead of the days required for the conventional protein-protein interaction studies. The limit of detection of the microfluidic proteomic reactor was shown to be lower than 2 ng of protein. Furthermore, the application of the microfluidic proteomic reactor was demonstrated for the simultaneous processing of the interactome of the histone variant Htz1 in wild-type yeast and in a swr1Δ yeast strain compared to an untagged control using a novel three-channel microfluidic proteomic reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Tian
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, National Research Council, Boucherville, QC, Canada J4B 6Y4
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38
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Abstract
In this paper we present a radial sample preconcentration strategy enabled by axisymmetric concentration polarization in a microfluidic chamber on a uniform nanoporous film. Sample analytes are focused into the centre, creating a concentrated plug that is injected vertically into the microfluidic analysis layer. No balancing pressure driven flows or tangential fields are required, and the process has essentially zero footprint on the analysis layer. An electrokinetic loading scheme enables repeat loading/concentration cycles, and a finned radial chamber geometry dampens instabilities and accommodates larger volumes. Modelling results indicate over 1800-fold concentration increases are possible in 10 s, for high mobility buffers and high applied field strength. At moderate field strength and buffer mobility, experiments demonstrate a 168-fold increase in concentration of FITC-BSA protein in 36 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Scarff
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3P6
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39
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Boulousis G, Tsougeni K, Ellinas K, Speliotis A, Tserepi A, Gogolides E. TiO2 Affinity Chromatography Microcolumn on Si Substrates for Phosphopeptide Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Pereira-Medrano AG, Forster S, Fowler GJS, McArthur SL, Wright PC. Rapid fabrication of glass/PDMS hybrid µIMER for high throughput membrane proteomics. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:3397-406. [PMID: 20949197 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics has brought a radical approach to systems biology, offering a platform to study complex biological functions. However, key proteomic technical challenges remain, mainly the inability to characterise the complete proteome of a cell due to the thousands of diverse, complex proteins expressed at an extremely wide concentration range. Currently, high throughput and efficient techniques to unambiguously identify and quantify proteins on a proteome-wide scale are in demand. Miniaturised analytical systems placed upstream of MS help us to attain these goals. One time-consuming step in traditional techniques is the in-solution digestion of proteins (4-20 h). This also has other drawbacks, including enzyme autoproteolysis, low efficiency, and manual operation. Furthermore, the identification of α-helical membrane proteins has remained a challenge due to their high hydrophobicity and lack of trypsin cleavage targets in transmembrane helices. We demonstrate a new rapidly produced glass/PDMS micro Immobilised Enzyme Reactor (µIMER) with enzymes covalently immobilised onto polyacrylic acid plasma-modified surfaces for the purpose of rapidly (as low as 30 s) generating peptides suitable for MS analysis. This µIMER also allows, for the first time, rapid digestion of insoluble proteins. Membrane protein identification through this method was achieved after just 4 min digestion time, up to 9-fold faster than either dual-stage in-solution digestion approaches or other commonly used bacterial membrane proteomic workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Pereira-Medrano
- Biological and Environmental Systems Group, ChELSI Institute, Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
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41
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Wang C, Jemere AB, Harrison DJ. Multifunctional protein processing chip with integrated digestion, solid-phase extraction, separation and electrospray. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3703-10. [PMID: 20967777 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe a microfluidic device in which integrated tryptic digestion, SPE, CE separation and electrospray ionization for MS are performed. The chip comprised of 10 × 30 μm channels for CE, and two serially connected 150 μm deep, 800 μm wide channels packed with 40 to 60 μm diameter beads, loaded with either immobilized trypsin, reversed-phase packing or both. On-chip digestion of cytochrome c using the trypsin bed showed complete consumption of the protein in 3 min, in contrast to the 2 h required for conventional solution phase tryptic digestion. SPE of 0.25 μg/mL solutions of the peptides leu-enkephalin, angiotensin II and LHRH gave concentration enhancements in the range of 4.4-12, for a ten times nominal volume ratio. A 100 nM cytochrome c sample concentrated 13.3 times on-chip gave a sequence coverage of 85.6%, with recovery values ranging from 41.2 to 106%. The same sample run without SPE showed only five fragment peaks and a sequence coverage of 41.3%. When both on-chip digestion and SPE (13.3 volume ratio concentration enhancement) were performed on 200 nM cytochrome c samples, a sequence coverage of 76.0% and recovery values of 21-105% were observed. Performing on-chip digestion alone on the same sample gave only one significant fragment peak. The above digestion/peptide concentration step was compared to on-chip protein concentration by SPE followed by on-chip digestion with solution phase trypsin. Both procedures gave similar recovery results; however, much larger trypsin autodigestion interference in the latter approach was apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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42
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Abstract
Profiling of protein biomarkers is powerful for the analysis of complex proteomes altered during the progression of diseases. Lab-on-a-chip technologies can potentially provide the throughput and efficiency required for point-of-care and clinical applications. While initial studies utilized 1D microchip separation techniques, researchers have recently developed novel 2D microchip separation platforms with the ability to profile thousands of proteins more effectively. Despite advancements in lab-on-a-chip technologies, very few reports have demonstrated a point-of-care microchip-based profiling of proteins. In this review, recent progress in 1D and 2D microchip profiling of protein mixtures of a biological sample with potential point-of-care applications are discussed. A selection of recent microchip immunoassay-based techniques is also highlighted.
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43
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Abstract
Proteomics has the goal of defining the complete protein complement of biological systems, which can then be analyzed in a comparative fashion to generate informative data regarding protein expression and function. Proteomic analyses can also facilitate the discovery of biomarkers that can be used to diagnose and monitor disease severity, activity and therapeutic response, as well as to identify new targets for drug development. A major challenge for proteomics, however, has been detecting low-abundance proteins in complex biological fluids. This review summarizes how proteomic analyses have advanced lung cell biology and facilitated the identification of new mechanisms of disease pathogenesis in respiratory disorders, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, acute lung injury and sarcoidosis. The impact of nanotechnology and microfluidics, as well as studies of post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions (the interactome), are considered. Furthermore, the application of systems-biology approaches to organize and analyze data regarding the lung proteome, interactome, genome, transcriptome, metabolome, glycome and small RNAome (regulatory RNAs), should facilitate future conceptual advances regarding lung cell biology, disease pathogenesis, biomarker discovery and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart J Levine
- National Institutes of Health, Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine Branch, NHLBI, Building 10, Room 6D03, MSC 1590, Bethesda, MD 0892-1590, USA.
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44
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Gao D, Wei H, Guo GS, Lin JM. Microfluidic Cell Culture and Metabolism Detection with Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5679-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101370p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huibin Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guang-Sheng Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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45
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Wei H, Li H, Gao D, Lin JM. Multi-channel microfluidic devices combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry applied to the monitoring of glutamate release from neuronal cells. Analyst 2010; 135:2043-50. [PMID: 20526497 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00162g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes an integrated system combining microfluidic devices with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF-MS) for monitoring cellular chemical release. To demonstrate the feasibility of this new system, the reported carnosine-protection process against Abeta42-induced glutamate released from PC12 cells, was monitored. Poly-L-lysine coated microchannels were used to culture cells. A multi-channel miniature extraction chip (MEC) was integrated into the design to remove salts and protein interference effects. ESI-Q-TOF-MS was employed to realize semi-quantitative and highly sensitive qualitative analysis. The protective effect of carnosine against Abeta42-induced neurotoxicity was evaluated under different conditions in microchannels in parallel. The secretion product analysis, carried out by ESI-Q-TOF-MS, was accomplished in 5 min using only 2.5 microL of solvent. Furthermore, we show that integrated microfluidic devices have significant potential for the analysis of cellular secretions, as well as for medical screening tests and for the diagnosis of specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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46
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Sikanen T, Franssila S, Kauppila TJ, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T, Ketola RA. Microchip technology in mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:351-391. [PMID: 19514079 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microfabrication of analytical devices is currently of growing interest and many microfabricated instruments have also entered the field of mass spectrometry (MS). Various (atmospheric pressure) ion sources as well as mass analyzers have been developed exploiting microfabrication techniques. The most common approach thus far has been the miniaturization of the electrospray ion source and its integration with various separation and sampling units. Other ionization techniques, mainly atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and photoionization, have also been subject to miniaturization, though they have not attracted as much attention. Likewise, all common types of mass analyzers have been realized by microfabrication and, in most cases, successfully applied to MS analysis in conjunction with on-chip ionization. This review summarizes the latest achievements in the field of microfabricated ion sources and mass analyzers. Representative applications are reviewed focusing on the development of fully microfabricated systems where ion sources or analyzers are integrated with microfluidic separation devices or microfabricated pums and detectors, respectively. Also the main microfabrication methods, with their possibilities and constraints, are briefly discussed together with the most commonly used materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Ehlert S, Trojer L, Vollmer M, van de Goor T, Tallarek U. Performance of HPLC/MS microchips in isocratic and gradient elution modes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:313-320. [PMID: 20209581 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the chromatographic performance of particle-packed, all-polyimide high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) microchips in terms of their hydraulic permeabilities and separation efficiency under isocratic and gradient elution conditions. The separation channels of the chips (with ca 50 microm x 75 microm trapezoidal cross-section and a length of 43 mm) were slurry packed with either 3.5 or 5 microm spherical porous C18-silica particles. A custom-built holder enveloped the chip during packing to prevent channel deformation and delamination from high pressures. It is shown that the packing conditions significantly impact the packing density of the HPLC/MS chips, which determines their performance in both, isocratic and gradient elution modes. Even with steep solvent gradients, peak shape and chromatographic resolution for the densely packed HPLC/MS chips are much improved. Our data show that the analytical power of the HPLC/MS chip is limited by the quality of the chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Ehlert
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Chatterjee D, Ytterberg AJ, Son SU, Loo JA, Garrell RL. Integration of Protein Processing Steps on a Droplet Microfluidics Platform for MALDI-MS Analysis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2095-101. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9029373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debalina Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - A. Jimmy Ytterberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Sang Uk Son
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Robin L. Garrell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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Liuni P, Rob T, Wilson DJ. A microfluidic reactor for rapid, low-pressure proteolysis with on-chip electrospray ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:315-320. [PMID: 20049884 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic reactor that enables rapid digestion of proteins prior to on-line analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is introduced. The device incorporates a wide (1.5 cm), shallow (10 microm) reactor 'well' that is functionalized with pepsin-agarose, a design that facilitates low-pressure operation and high clogging resistance. Electrospray ionization is carried out directly from a short metal capillary integrated into the chip outlet. Fabrication, involving laser ablation of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), is exceedingly straightforward and inexpensive. High sequence coverage spectra of myoglobin (Mb), ubiquitin (Ub) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests were obtained after <4 s of residence time in the reactor. Stress testing showed little loss of performance over approximately 2 h continuous use at high flow rates (30 microL/min). The device provides a convenient platform for a range of applications in proteomics and structural biology, i.e. to enable high-throughput workflows or to limit back-exchange in spatially resolved hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Liuni
- York University Chemistry Department, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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Das T, Chakraborty S. Bio-Microfluidics: Overview. MICROFLUIDICS AND MICROFABRICATION 2010. [PMCID: PMC7119918 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1543-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With a view to establish unique interfacial synergistic interactions between two seemingly distant fields of microfluidics and biology, Bio-microfluidics has become a progressive arena of research in recent times. Bio-microfluidic tools in the format of lab-on-a-chip devices have been extensively utilized to uncouth hitherto un-illuminated regions of cellular-molecular biology, biotechnology and biomedical engineering. This chapter elaborately delineates the linking between the fundamental microscale physics and biologically relevant physico-chemical events and how, in practice, these relations are exploited in microfluidic devices. Finally, potential directions of future biomicrofluidic research are also discussed.
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